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Chapter 14

1. Fluid machinery includes pumps and turbomachines. Pumps apply mechanical energy to generate fluid flow or increase pressure, or both. There are two main types - positive displacement machines that confine fluid in a varying chamber, and turbomachines that use rotary motion like fans and propellers. 2. Centrifugal pumps work by fluid entering axially and being directed radially outward by impeller blades, increasing velocity and pressure. Common configurations have backward-curved impeller blades. Performance is shown by curves of pressure head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate. 3. Cavitation can occur if the liquid vaporizes in the pump. The net positive suction head parameter characterizes

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38 views15 pages

Chapter 14

1. Fluid machinery includes pumps and turbomachines. Pumps apply mechanical energy to generate fluid flow or increase pressure, or both. There are two main types - positive displacement machines that confine fluid in a varying chamber, and turbomachines that use rotary motion like fans and propellers. 2. Centrifugal pumps work by fluid entering axially and being directed radially outward by impeller blades, increasing velocity and pressure. Common configurations have backward-curved impeller blades. Performance is shown by curves of pressure head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate. 3. Cavitation can occur if the liquid vaporizes in the pump. The net positive suction head parameter characterizes

Uploaded by

Hamza Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Machinery

Fluid Machinery

• A pump is a machine whose purpose is to


apply mechanical energy to a fluid,
thereby generating flow, or producing a
higher pressure, or both

• There are two principal types of fluid


machines:
1. positive displacement machines
2. turbomachines.
Positive displacement machines
a fluid is confined in a chamber whose volume is varied
Turbomachine
involve rotary motion. Window fans and aircraft propellers
Centrifugal Pumps

 Fluid enters the pump casing axially.


 It then encounters the impeller blades that direct the flow
tangentially and radially outward into the outer part of the
casing and is then discharged.
 The fluid experiences an increase in velocity and pressure
as it passes through the impeller.
 The discharge section, which is doughnut shaped, causes
the flow to decelerate and the pressure to increase further
 The impeller blades shown have a backward-curved shape,
which is the most common configuration.
Centrifugal Pumps
We now focus on the control volume designated in Figure 14.3

For steady, adiabatic flow with no viscous work, becomes


 Using the energy equation, neglecting friction losses

𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑊𝑠 = −𝑚
𝜌
 the efficiency, can now be expressed in broad terms as the
ratio of actual output to required input. For a centrifugal
pump the efficiency, designated h, is:

Power added to the fluid


𝜂=
Shaft power to the impeller
Shaft Power (flow exiting a centrifugal pump impeller)
 Power delivered to the fluid is:

𝑚
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑚𝑟2 𝜔 𝑟2 𝜔 − cot 𝛽2
2𝜌𝜋𝑟2 𝐿
 To reduce friction losses:

𝑣𝑟1 = 𝑟1 𝜔 tan 𝛽2
 Remember:
𝑚
= 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿𝑣𝑟1
𝜌
Typical Performance Curve
Typical Performance Curve

 Pressure head, brake horsepower, and efficiency are all


shown as functions of volumetric flow rate.
 It is reasonable to choose operating conditions at or near
the flow rate where maximum efficiency is achieved.
 See Example 1
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
 A major concern in pump operation is the
presence of cavitation.
 Cavitation occurs when a liquid being pumped
vaporizes or boils.
 If this occurs, the vapor bubbles that have been
formed cause a decrease in efficiency and, often,
structural damage to the pump that may lead to
catastrophic failure.
 The parameter designated net positive suction
head (NPSH) characterizes the likelihood for
cavitation to occur.
 At the suction
side of the
NPSH impeller, where
pressure is lowest
thus the location
where cavitation
will first occur,
the NPSH can be
expressed as:
𝑃𝑣 𝑣𝑖2 𝑃𝑖
NPSH + = +
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
 Subscript i denotes
inlet conditions and
𝑃𝑣 is liquid vapor
pressure
NPSH  Applying the energy eq:

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃2 𝑣22
= 𝑦2 + + + ℎ𝐿
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

 Then:

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃𝑣
NPSH = − 𝑦2 − − ℎ𝐿
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

 See Example 2

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