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Vertebrates: (Humans)

Vertebrates are animals that have backbones and skeletons. They include humans. Vertebrates are classified into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key characteristics of vertebrates are they have internal skeletons and backbones made of bone or cartilage. Humans are vertebrates because they have backbones consisting of vertebrae that surround and protect the spinal cord.

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Shevaniga Sridhar
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84 views17 pages

Vertebrates: (Humans)

Vertebrates are animals that have backbones and skeletons. They include humans. Vertebrates are classified into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key characteristics of vertebrates are they have internal skeletons and backbones made of bone or cartilage. Humans are vertebrates because they have backbones consisting of vertebrae that surround and protect the spinal cord.

Uploaded by

Shevaniga Sridhar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Vertebrates

(Humans)
WHAT ARE VERTEBRATES ?
• Vertebrates are organisms which have an internal backbone surrounded by bone, also called
vertebrae. They have a hard skeleton made of bone, that supports the body's tissue and
anchor muscle. Animals that don't have spines are called invertebrates.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
VERTEBRATES
#

AMPHIBIANS
#

FISH
#

REPTILES
#
BIRDS
#
MAMMALS
•Amphibians are vertebrates.
•Their skin is smooth and slimy.
•Amphibians breath through their skin, as well as their lungs in some cases.

AMPHIBIANS
•Amphibians are cold-blooded.
•They have a complex life cycle (larval and adult stages).
•Many species of amphibians vocalize.

Amphibia refers to all amphibians- which


are animals capable of surviving both on
land and in water. These are vertebrates
that are usually not very large in size.
This term is derived from the Greek term
‘amphibious’ which essentially implies
‘double life’.
All fish share two traits: they live in water and they have a backbone—they are
vertebrates. Apart from these similarities, however, many of the species in this
group differ markedly from one another. Fin fish like salmon have gills, are
covered in scales, and reproduce by laying eggs

FISH
•There are over 30,000 species of fish. ...
•Fish breathe through their gills. ...
•Most fish don't have eyelids. ...
•Fish are cold-blooded! ...
•Scales help fish to swim. ...
Reptiles are defined as a vertebrate animal of a
class that includes snake, lizards, turtles and
tortoise

REPTILES
•These are creeping and burrowing terrestrial animals
with scales on their body.
•They are cold-blooded animals found in most of the
warmer regions of the world.
•Their skin is dry, and rough, without any glands.
•The body is divided into head, neck, trunk, and tail.
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates
constituting the class Aves

• Birds are warm-blooded animals.

BIRDS
• Their forelimbs are modified into wings.
• They have well-developed flight muscles that
help during the flight.
• Their hind limbs are adapted for walking,
hopping, perching, grasping, wading and
swimming.
• There are epidermal scales on their legs.
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class
Mammalia.

• The presence of hair or fur.

MAMMALS
• Sweat glands.
• Glands specialized to produce milk, known as
mammary glands.
• Three middle ear bones.
• A neocortex region in the brain, which specializes in
seeing and hearing.
• Specialized teeth.
• A four-chambered heart
Humans
H 1.The notochord is present only at the time of embryonic

U
development which later differentiates into a vertebral
column.

M
2.Humans have two sets of limbs for locomotion, 4
chambered hearts, and kidneys for filtration and

A
excretion.
3.They have a well-developed skull and spinal cord

N inside the hollow vertebrae and a very complex nervous


system running throughout the body.

S 4.Thus, humans are vertebrates.


A vertebrate is an animal that
has a backbone and a skeleton.
Vertebrate animals include
humans. When you think
about vertebrates, think about
bones: this word has to do with
animals that have a lot of
bones, in the form of a
skeleton. It especially refers to
animals with a backbone, which
protects their spinal cord.
Among other animal
characteristics, humans can move on their
own, so they are placed in the animal
kingdom. Further, humans belong to the
animal phylum known as chordates,
because we have a backbone. The human
animal has hair and milk glands, so we
are placed in the class of mammals.
Characteristics of Chordata.
Animals in the phylum Chordata share four key
features that appear at some stage during their development :
a notochord
a dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
a post-anal tail
Skeletal System Anatomy
• The skeletal system in an adult body is made
up of 206 individual bones. These bones are
arranged into two major divisions: the axial
skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
• The axial skeleton runs along the body’s
midline axis and is made up of 80 bones
• The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126
bones
Vertebrae
• Twenty-six vertebrae form the vertebral column of the human body. They are
named by region:
• Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae
• Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae
• Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebrae
• Sacrum - 1 vertebra
• Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra
• With the exception of the singular sacrum and coccyx, each vertebra is named
for the first letter of its region and its position along the superior-inferior axis.
For example, the most superior thoracic vertebra is called T1 and the most
inferior is called T12.
This vertebrae is the main the important
characteristic that humans are placed
under chordata
Where is the human
notochord?

With the formation of the


vertebral column, the
notochord is incorporated
into the column as the
centres of the intervertebral
discs, called the nuclei
pulposi, which cushion the
vertebrae.
- J.Manish

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