Operating System-22516

Subject Teacher: Mrs. Anjali Khandagale

Contents
-Overview of syllabus
-Definition Of Operating System.
-Abstract view of computer system
-Components of Operating System
-Hardware,os,application programs and users
-Views of Operating System
-User’s and System’s viewpoint
-Operating system operations
-memory,processor,device,file,security,job accounting,error detecting
aids
Program name:-Information Technology
Program Code:-IF(Third Year -IF5I )
Course:-Operating System
Course code:-22516
Examination Scheme:-
Theory :-ESE- 70 Marks
TH-PA- 30 Marks
Practical:-ESE – 25@Marks
PR-PA- 25 Marks
Total:-150 Marks
 CH1:- Overview of Operating System
Definition:-Operating System (OS)
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and
computer hardware.

An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks

like file management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
Examples:-
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System,
Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
 OS

Processor
p1 P1,P2,P3,P4

p2

Secondary Memory(Hard disk)

p3

Primary memory(RAM)
Components of Operating System/Computer System
Abstract View of System Components
 1. Hardware
Physical parts of machine which provides basic computing
resources
• CPU(Central Processing Unit)
• Memory (Primary or Secondary memory)
• Input devices e.g keyboard ,mouse,
Microphone,webcamera,scanner
• Output devices e.g.printer, Monitor,Plotter,speaker
• Network devices e .g. LAN card,Router,hub,switches,modem
• Other devices e.g. Mother board, power supply,DVD writer
 2.Operating system
OS is a software program that enables computer
hardware to communicate and operate with the
computer software.

It controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among

the various application programs for the various users.

Examples:- Microsoft windows,Apple MAC OS, Ubuntu

Linux,Google Ios,Android
 3.Applications programs
They define the ways in which the system resources are used to
solve the computing problems of the users

Example:-
Word processors,compilers, spreadsheets,Web
browsers,database systems, video games, business programs.
 4.Users
There are different users like people, machines, other computers which solve
different problems.
On the basis of the role of user they can be categorized as
1.Programmers:-They are the designers or producers of softwares developed
for themselves and others
2.Operational Users:-They are the users responsible for
• Installation of the software
• Proper maintainance of software
• Taking regular backup,removing unnecessary files and directories.
• Checking disk space being used and free space

3.End users:- They are the actual users of the applications and performed
specific tasks as defined.
 Views of OS
Operating System explored from two viewpoints

The User’s viewpoint: An operating system should provide

i)Conveinent for users
ii)Better performance
iii)Maximize resource utilization.
iv)Better usability in either stand alone system or in network

The System’s viewpoint: From computer’s point of view operating system is program that interact
with hardware
It emphasizes the need to control various peripherals and user programs. OS should be
i)Resource allocator
ii)Memory manager
iii)Must manage execution of user programs
Operating System Operations
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Job accounting
• Error detecting aids
• Coordination between other software and users
 Memory Management
• Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory ( Main
Memory) or secondary memory. Main memory is a large array of words or
bytes where each word or byte has its own address.
• Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the
CPU. For a program to be executed, it must in the main memory.
An Operating System does the following activities for memory management
−
i)Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what
part are not in use.
ii)In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and
how much.
iii)Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
iv)De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.
 Processor Management
• In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process
gets the processor when and for how much time. This function is
called process scheduling.

An Operating System does the following activities for processor

management −
• Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
• Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
• De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
 Device Management
• An Operating System manages device communication via their
respective drivers.

It does the following activities for device management −

• Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known
as the I/O controller.
• Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
• Allocates the device in the efficient way.
• De-allocates devices.
 File Management
• A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation
and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions.

An Operating System does the following activities for file management

−
• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective
facilities are often known as file system.
• Decides who gets the resources.
• Allocates the resources.
• De-allocates the resources.
• Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it
prevents unauthorized access to programs and data.

• Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various

jobs and users.

• Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages,

and other debugging and error detecting aids.
Objectives of Operating System
1)Conveinence:-
An OS makes computer more conveinient to users

2)Efficiency:-
OS Allows the computer resources in efficient manner

3)Ability to evolve:-
OS must be constructed in such a way that it must permit further
development ,testing and introduction to new system functions.
Thank You..
Contents
• Overview of Operating System
• Evolution OR Types of Operating System
• Serial Processing
• Batch processing
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Multitasking Operating System
• Time sharing Operating System
• Real Time Opearting System
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing
file,process, and memory.
Operating system acts as manager of all the resources, i.e. resource
manager.
Operating system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Types of Operating System
• Sequential or Serial processing
• Batch Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Multitasking Operating System
• Time sharing Operating System
• Real Time Opearting System
1) Serial Processing:

It Performs all the instructions into a Sequence Manner or

The Instructions those are given by the user will be executed by using the FIFO
Manner means First in First Out.
All the Instructions those are Entered First in the System will be Executed First
and the Instructions those are Entered Later Will be Executed Later.
For Running the Instructions the Program Counter is used which is used for
Executing all the Instructions.
In this the Program Counter will determines which instruction is going to Execute
and the which instruction will be Execute after this.
Mainly the Punch Cards are used for this. In this all the Jobs are firstly Prepared
and Stored on the Card and after that card will be entered in the System and
after that all the Instructions will be executed one by One.
But the Main Problem is that a user doesn’t interact with the System while he is
working on the System, means the user can’t be able to enter the data for
Execution.
Steps in serial processing

Type a program on punched card.

Insert punched card into card reader to read the program
Program is submitted to computing machine
In the case of error ,error is indicated by light.
The programmer examines the registers and main memory to identify
cause of the error.
If programmer suceessfully executed the output is printed from the
printer.
Then the programmer ready for next program.
• Advantages of Serial Processing
 Very simple in operation
 Make the Programmer’s task easier

Disadvantages of Serial Processing

Required Setup time is more
2 ) Batch Operating System –

 Does not interact with the computer directly.

 There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same requirement and
group them into batches.
 It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with similar needs.
 Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and
submits it to the computer operator.
 To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and
run as a group.
 The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator
then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.
Steps in Batch processing

Firstly, user prepares his job using punch cards.

Then, he submits the job to the computer operator.
Operator collects the jobs from different users and
sort the jobs into batches with similar needs.
Then, operator submits the batches to the
processor one by one.
All the jobs of one batch are executed together.
Advantages –Batch operating system

Increased performance as jobs are executed without manual

intervention.

Scheduling and setup time required is reduced.

The batch systems can manage large repeated work easily.

Disadvantages –Batch operating system
1) Priority can not be set for the jobs.
In batch operating system,
• All the jobs of a batch are executed sequentially one after the other.
• The output is obtained only after all the jobs are executed.
• Thus, priority can not be implemented if a certain job has to be
executed on an urgent basis.
2) Batch operating system may lead to starvation.
In batch operating system,
• The jobs of a particular batch might take long time for their execution.
• This might lead to starvation to other jobs in other batches.
3)CPU may remain idle for a long time.
In batch operating system,
• If the jobs of a batch require some I/O operation, then CPU must wait till
the I/O operation gets completed.
• Since I/O devices are very slow, CPU remains idle for a long time.
• CPU can not take any other job and execute it.
4) There is a lack of interaction between a user and his job.
In batch operating system,
• Once a batch is submitted for execution, the user is not able to interact
with any of his jobs.
• If a job requires the user to input data during run time, then user must wait
till the other jobs of the batch get executed.
• This also increases the overall execution time.
Examples of BOS
• 1.Payroll system -Batch systems are ideal for making payrolls. The
salaries of employees can be printed at the end of month by the
batch systems. So the statements can be made easy by using batch
systems.

• Bank statements -At the end of month the bank makes statements for
each account holder. So these bank statements can be made easily by
batch systems at the end of month.
• Contents
 Multiprogramming
 Time sharing
 Multitasking
 Real Time operating System
 3) Multi-Programming:
In the Batch Processing System there are multiple jobs Executed by the
System.
The System first prepare a batch and after that he will Execute all the
jobs those are Stored into the Batch.
But the Main Problem is that if a process or job requires an Input and
Output Operation, then it is not possible to process second job, the
CPU will remain idle at that Time and there will be the wastage of the
Time

But With the help of Multi programming we can Execute Multiple

Programs on the System at a Time
In Multi-programming the CPU will never get idle And a user can also
interact with the System through input.
• Multiprogramming
• when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time,then
sharing the processor is referred as multiprogramming.
• Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that
the CPU always has one to execute.
• The following figure shows the memory layout for a
multiprogramming system.
In the image below, program A runs for some time and then goes to
waiting state. In the mean time program B begins its execution. So the
CPU does not waste its resources and gives program B an opportunity to
run.
An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.

• The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.

• This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
• The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in
the memory.
• Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active
programs and system resources using memory management
programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle, unless there are no
jobs to process.
Advantages of Multiprogramming Opearting System

Execute number of programs simultaneously by single proessor.

High and efficient CPU utilization.
The concurrent execution of programs improves utilization of system
resources and enhances system throughput
Efficient memory utilization
CPU never sits idle so it increases CPU performance.
Response time is good as that is each user feels that he is been
attended immediately.
Disadvantages of Multiprogramming Opearting System

CPU scheduling is required.

To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is
required.
2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –
Time-Sharing Systems is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
It allow large number of users to interact with single computer system
concurrently
It allow many users to share computer resources simultaneously means
resources are assigned in fixed time slots.
In timesharing small time slots are available for each user.
The short period of time during which user gets attention of CPU is known
as time slice or quatum.
Time slots may be few microseconds
Thus by using multiprogramming technique CPU is swiched between users
for given time quantum.
An alarm clock mechanism to send an interrupt signal to the CPU after
every time slice.
In above figure the user 5 is active state but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are in waiting
state whereas user 6 is in ready state.
As soon as the time slice of user 5 is completed, the control moves on to the next ready user i.e.
user 6. In this state user 2, user 3, user 4, and user 5 are in waiting state and user 1 is in ready
state. The process continues in the same way and so on.
• The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming
systems.
• In time-shared systems multiple processes are managed simultaneously
which requires an adequate management of main memory so that the
processes can be swapped in or swapped out within a short time.
Advantages Of Timesharing OS
Each user can get the CPU time.
Efficient CPU utilization.
Time sharing systems were developed to provide interactive use of
computer system at reasonable cost.
Time shared system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to
provide each user with small portion of CPU time
Provides the advantage of quick response.
Reduces CPU idle time
Disadvantages Of Timesharing OS
The time shared system are more complex than Multiprogramming
system
In time shared system multiple processes are managed simultaneously
which requires adequate management of memory so that processes
can be swapped in or swapped out within a short time.
Questions of security and integrity of user programs and data.
Problem of data reliability.
Problem of data communication.
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc.
• Multitasking Operating System
• Definition – Multitasking operating system provides the interface for
executing the multiple program tasks by single user at a same time on the
one computer system. For example, any editing task can be performed
while other programs are executing concurrently. Other example, user can
open Gmail and Power Point same time.
• Multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming system that
supports multiple programs to run concurrently.
• Multitasking, in an operating system, is allowing a user to perform
more than one computer task (such as the operation of an application
program) at a time.
• The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these
tasks and go from one to the other without losing information.
• Multitasking is when one person handles more than one task at the
same time.
• Examples include chewing gum while walking, sending e-mails during a
meeting, and talking on the phone while watching television.
Advantages of Multitasking Operating System
1.Time Shareable
In which, all tasks are allocated specific piece of time, so they do not
need for waiting time for CPU.
2.Manage Several Users
Handles the multiple users concurrently and several programs can run
smoothly without degradation of system’s performance.
3.Background Processing
• Creates the better environment to execute the background programs.
These background programs are not transparent for normal users, but
these programs help to run other programs smoothly such as firewall,
antivirus software, and more.
4.Use Multiple Programs
Users can operate multiple programs such as internet browser, PowerPoint, MS Excel,
games, and other utilities concurrently.
5.Optimize Computer Resources
• Multitasking operating system is able to handle smoothly multiple computers’
resources such as RAM, input/output devices, CPU, hard disk, and more.
• Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems.
There are some examples of multi tasking OS like as –
• Windows XP
• Windows Vista
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
• Windows 10
• Windows 2000
• IBM’s OS/390
• Linux
• UNIX
Real Time Operating System
 A Real-Time operating System(RTOS) is intended to serve .
 Real time operating system is used in environment where a large number of events external to
the computer system must be accepted and processed in short time or within stipulated deadline.
 Response should be guaranteed within a specified timing constraint or system should meet the
specified deadline.
 For example: flight control system, satellite applications,nuclear power plant control
 Real Time systems,Each job has well defined,fixed time constraints otherwise system will fail .
 Each job carries a certain deadline within which the Job is supposed to be completed, otherwise
the huge loss will be there or even if the result is produced then it will be completely useless.
 The Application of a Real Time system exists in the case of military applications, if you want to
drop a missile then the missile is supposed to be dropped with certain precision.
 A real time system is a data processing system.
 The time taken by the system to respond to an input and provide the output or display the
updated information is known as the response time. So, in these systems, the response
time should be very minimum. The system should complete the task within the deadline.
Main characteristics of real time operating system

• Provide quick event response time

• User convenience and resource utilization are secondary.
• Processor is allocated to highest priority processes.
• Main memory management requirement is less as comparative to
other OS.
• Move the data efficiently among the proessess and perform
coordination among processes.
Types of real time systems based on timing constraints:
1) Hard Real Time System
In hard real time system, the time requirement is a critical constraint.
The system should perform within the deadline.
If the system didn’t perform within the deadline, it is considered as a
task failure.
Air traffic control systems, missile, and nuclear reactor control systems
are few examples for hard real time systems.
If the aircraft control system didn’t give the instructions to the aircraft
within the deadline, it can cause the air craft to crash.
Therefore, in a hard-real time system, meeting the deadline is
extremely important.
These systems are deployed mainly into safety critical systems.
These types of systems should not miss the deadline.
Examples of hard real time system are:

• Inkjet printer system

• Railway signaling system
• Air traffic control systems
• Nuclear reactor control systems
• Anti-missile system
2) Soft Real Time System

In a soft real time, system, the time requirement is not very
crucial.
The system should perform the task or give the output within
the deadline but there can be a small tolerance occasionally.
 If the system, did not perform the task within the deadline it is
not considered as a failure as long as it provides the required
output. But performance is considered to be degraded.
These systems are less restrictive.
Examples of soft real time systems are:

• DVD player
• Electronic games,
• Multimedia streaming
• Web browsing
• Online transaction systems
• Telephone switches
• Virtual reality
• Weather station
• Mobile communication etc.
Thank You
Difference between Hard real time and Soft real time system :

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

In hard real time system, the size of data In soft real time system, the size of data
file is small or medium. file is large.
In this system response time is in
In this system response time are higher.
millisecond.
Peak load performance should be In soft real time system, peak load can be
predictable. tolerated.
In this system safety is critical. In this system safety is not critical.

A hard real time system is very restrictive. A Soft real time system is less restrictive.

In case of an soft real time system,

In case of an error in a hard real time
computation is rolled back to previously
system, the computation is rolled back.
established a checkpoint.
Satellite launch, Railway signaling system DVD player, telephone switches, electronic
etc. games etc.
Contents
• Multiprocessor Operating System(Tightly Coupled System)
• Distributed System(Loosely Coupled Systems)
• Clustered Systems(Parallel System)
Multiprocessor Operating System(Tightly coupled systems)

Definition –
 Multiprocessor Operating System refers to the use of two or
more central processing units (CPU) within a single computer system.
 These multiple CPUs are in a close communication sharing the computer
bus, memory and other peripheral devices.
 These systems are referred as tightly coupled systems.
 Main objective of using multiprocessor operating system is to consume
high computing power and increase the execution speed of system.
Types of Multiprocessors
There are mainly two types of multiprocessors i.e. symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessors.

Symmetric Multiprocessors
 In these types of systems, each processor contains a similar copy of the operating system and they all
communicate with each other.

 All the processors are in a peer to peer relationship i.e. no master - slave relationship exists between them.
 In Symmetric multiprocessing there is no master –slave concept used. So many
processes can run simultaneously,so we must carefully control I/O to ensure that
the data reach the appropriate processor.
 As CPU’S are separate,one may be sitting Idle while another is overloaded
,resulting in inefficiencies.
Asymmetric Multiprocessors
In asymmetric systems, each processor is given a predefined
task.
 There is a master processor that gives instruction to all the
other processors
Asymmetric multiprocessor system contains a master slave
relationship.
A master processor controls the system and slave processors
follow the instructions of master or perform their predefined
task.
Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems
More reliable Systems
In a multiprocessor system, even if one processor fails, the system will
not halt.
Enhanced Throughput
If multiple processors are working in tandem, then the throughput of
the system increases i.e. number of processes getting executed per
unit of time increase.

More Economic Systems

Multiprocessor systems are cheaper than single processor systems in
the long run because they share the data storage, peripheral devices,
power supplies etc.

High performance due to parallel processing.

Disadvantages of Multiprocessor Systems
Complicated Operating System Required
There are multiple processors in a multiprocessor system that share
peripherals, memory etc. So, it is much more complicated to schedule
processes and impart resources to processes than in single processor
systems. Hence, a more complex and complicated operating system is
required in multiprocessor systems.

Large Main Memory Required

All the processors in the multiprocessor system share the memory. So
a much larger pool of memory is required as compared to single
processor systems.
Disadvantages of Multiprocessor Systems

Multiprocessor has complicated nature in both form such as

H/W and S/W.

It is more expensive due to its large architecture.

Its speed can get degrade due to fail any one processor.
Distributed System(Loosely Coupled Systems)
A distributed system consist of autonomous computers connected
through a network and distribution middleware.
The middleware enables computers to coordinate their activities and to
share the resources of the system so that user perceives the system as a
single ,integrated computing facility.
The processors communicate with one another through various
communications lines such as high speed buses or telephone lines.
These systems are usually reffered as Loosely Coupled Systems.
Middleware is the bridge that connects distributed applications across
dissimilar physical locations with dissimilar hardware platforms,network
technologies ,operating systems and programming languages.
The middleware software is designed according to agreed standards
and protocols
It provides the standard services such as naming,prsistance, concurreny
control authorization to resources and security.
Types of Distributed Systems
The nodes in the distributed systems can be arranged in the form of
client/server systems or peer to peer systems. Details about these are
as follows −
Client/Server Systems
• In client server systems, the client requests a resource and the
server provides that resource. A server may serve multiple clients at
the same time while a client is in contact with only one server.
• Both the client and server usually communicate via a computer
network and so they are a part of distributed systems.
Peer to Peer Systems
• The peer to peer systems contains nodes that are equal participants
in data sharing. All the tasks are equally divided between all the
nodes. The nodes interact with each other as required as share
resources. This is done with the help of a network.
Advantages of Distributed Systems
Reliability:-
If one machine from system crashes, the rest of computers remain unaffected and
the system can survive as a whole.
Incremental Growth:
More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as
required.
Sharing of resources:-
All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. So nodes can
easily share data and resources with other nodes. Resources like printers can be
shared with multiple nodes rather than being restricted to just one.
Speed:-
A distributed computing system can have more computing power than a
mainframe.
Open system:-As it is open it can communicate with other system at anytime.
Performance:- Provides higher performance
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems
It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed
systems.Some messages and data can be lost in the network
while moving from one node to another.
The database connected to the distributed systems is quite
complicated and difficult to handle as compared to a single user
system.
Overloading may occur in the network if all the nodes of the
distributed system try to send data at once.
Troubleshooting and diagnosing problems is difficult.
Distributed systems are more complex than centralized
systems
Clustered Systems(Parallel Systems)
Like parallel systems, clustered systems gather together
multiple CPUs to accomplish computational work.
A cluster is collection of computers in which any member of the
cluster is capable of supporting the processing functions of any
other member.
Cluster is defined as “ a group of interconnected,whole
computers linked with a computational network,operating as
single computer.
A cluster has a redundant n+k configuration ,where n
processing nodes are actively processing the applications and k
processing nodes are in standby state serving as spares
In the event of failure of an active node ,the application that
was running on the failed node is moved to one of the standby
node.
Clustered Systems
Clustering is usually performed to provide high availability.

A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. Each node can
monitor one or more of the others. If the monitored machine fails, the
monitoring machine can take ownership of its storage, and restart the
application(s) that were running on the failed machine. The failed machine
can remain down, but the users and clients of the application would only see
a brief interruption of service.
Types of clustering
Asymmetric Clustering - In this, one machine is in hot standby mode
while the other is running the applications. The hot standby host (machine)
does nothing but monitor the active server. If that server fails, the hot
standby host becomes the active server.

Symmetric Clustering - In this, two or more hosts are running

applications, and they are monitoring each other. This mode is obviously
more efficient, as it uses all of the available hardware.
Advantages of Clustered System
Automatic Recovery from failure i.e. Recovery without user
intervention.
High performance
Large capacity
High availability
Incemental growth
Disadvantages of Clustered System
They are more complex

They have inability to recover from database corruption.

Thank You
 Mobile OS
 Android

 iOS
Mobile Operating System
It is an operating system for mobile phones,tablets,smartwatches.
Mobile operating systems combines features of a personal computer
operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use
and usually including a wireless inbuilt modem and SIM tray for telephony
and data connection.
For eg. A touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPS mobile
navigation, camera, video camera, speech recognition, voice
recorder, music player
A mobile operating system (OS) is software that allows smartphones,
tablet PCs (personal computers) and other devices to run applications
and programs. A mobile OS typically starts up when a device powers on,
presenting a screen with icons or tiles that present information and provide
application access.
• Many mobile OSes offer a native web browser application, which
allows users to search the internet and visit webpages.
• Mobile operating systems also offer application stores, which allow
users to download and interface with mobile applications.
• Several mobile operating systems also have native GPS (global
positioning system) applications that allow users to search for
locations, follow step-by-step directions and, in some cases, share
location with different devices. The GPS feature, of course, relies on
the mobile device's hardware and can't run without that support.
Android − This Linux-based OS by Google is the most popular mobile OS
currently. Almost 85% of mobile devices use it.

Windows Phone 7 − It is the latest mobile OS developed by Microsoft.

HTC Corporation, Samsung, LG, Dell, Fujitsu, Nokia, Acer, Alcatel and
ZTE have all released Windows Phone-based devices.

Apple iOS − This mobile OS is an OS developed by Apple exclusively for

its own mobile devices like iPhone, iPad, etc.

Blackberry OS − This is the OS used by all blackberry mobile devices like

smartphones and playbooks. BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile
operating system designed specifically for Research In Motion's (RIM)
BlackBerry devices. The BlackBerry OS runs on Blackberry variant phones
like the BlackBerry Bold, Curve, Pearl and Storm series
 Android Operating System

Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablet computers.
Sr.No. Feature & Description
1 Beautiful UI
Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.
2 Connectivity
GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
3 Storage
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.
4 Media support
H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
5 Messaging
SMS and MMS
6 Web browser
Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

7 Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero.
8 Multi-tasking
User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run simultaneously.
9 Resizable widgets
Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink them to save space.
10 Multi-Language
Supports single direction and bi-directional text.
Android Applications
• Android applications are usually developed in the Java
language using the Android Software Development Kit.
• Once developed, Android applications can be packaged easily
and sold out either through a store such as Google
Play, SlideME, Opera Mobile Store, Mobango, F-droid and
the Amazon Appstore.
• Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more
than 190 countries around the world.
1.Linux kernel:
• The android uses the powerful Linux kernel and it supports a wide
range of hardware drivers.
• The kernel is the heart of the operating system that manages input
and output requests from the software. This provides basic system
functionalities like process management, memory management,
device management like camera, keypad, display etc the kernel
handles all the things.
• The kernel itself does not interact directly with the user but rather
interacts with the shell and other programs as well as with the
hardware devices on the system.
2.Libraries:
• The on top of a Linux kennel there is a set of libraries including
open-source web browsers such as WebKit, library libc.
• These libraries are used to play and record audio and video.
• The SQLite is a database that is useful for the storage and sharing of
application data.
• The SSL libraries are responsible for internet security etc.
3.Android Runtime:
• The android runtime provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual
Machine which is a kind of java virtual machine. It is specially
designed and optimized for android.
• The Dalvik VM is the process virtual machine in the android
operating system. It is a software that runs apps on android devices.
• The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory
management and multithreading which is in java language.
4.Application framework:
• The application framework layer provides many higher-level
services to applications such as windows manager, view system,
package manager, resource manager, etc. The application
developers are allowed to make use of these services in their
application.
5.Applications and Features:
• You will find all the android applications at the top layer and you
will write your application and install it on this layer.
• Examples of such applications are contacts, books, browsers,
services, etc. Each application performs a different role in the
Apple iOS Operating System
iOS is a mobile operating system developed and distributed by
Apple Inc.

 It was originally released in 2007 for the iPhone, iPod Touch,

and Apple TV.

 It is programmed in C,C++,Objective-C.

 Apple doesn’t license ios for installation on non- apple

hardware.
Apple softwares

Ilife suits : It is used for organising , editing ,publishing photos ,

videos & music.
Iwork : It is the easiest way to create great-looking documents ,
spreadsheets & presentations.
 Itunes: Through the iTunes Store , users can purchase and
download music, music videos, television shows, audiobooks
etc.
Icloud : The service allows users to store music,ios applications
on remote computer server.
Similarities Between iOS and Android
Some of the similarities between iOS and Android are as follows −
• The basic functions in iOS and Android are alike. Both the iOS and
Android phones have calling, messaging, web browsing, video chat,
maps, voice commands etc.
• The user interfaces of iOS and Android have a lot of similarities. Both
of these support swiping, tapping, pinch and zoom etc on their phone
screens.
• There is a status bar on both the iOS and Android devices and it
offers similar information such as battery life, time, app notifications,
wifi etc.
• 4G cellular network can be enjoyed on both the iOS and Android
devices. This is very important as cellular network is crucial for
internet surfing.
• Privacy settings are paramount in both iOS and Android. Users are
presented with app permissions as this lessens the risk of data
leakage.
Differences Between iOS and Android
Some of the differences between iOS and Android are as follows −
iOS is a closed system whereas Android is more open. Users have
barely any system permissions in iOS but in Android, users can
customize their phones easily.
Android software is available for many manufacturers such as
Samsung, LG etc. and this may lead to some quality problems in the
cheaper phones. However, iOS is strictly controlled by Apple and
there is no quality problem as there are few models.
The Android applications are obtained from Google Play while iOS
applications are available in the Apple app store.
Integration with other devices is better in Apple iOS as compared to
Google Android.
There are different voice assistants for iOS and Android namely Siri
and Google Assistant. Google assistant is much more powerful than
Siri.
The running speed of iOS devices remains consistent with time. In
contrast to this, the performance of Android devices may decline
over time.
Thank You
A command line interface (CLI) is a text-based user interface (UI) used to view
and manage computer files.
Windows, Mac, and even Ubuntu Desktop use a GUI for interacting
with the operating system.
Sr. No. Key GUI CLI

Interaction User interacts with computer using User interacts with computer using
1
Graphics like images, icons. commands.
2 Navigation Navigation is easy. Navigation is difficult.
Peripherals Keyboard, mouse or any other pointing Only keyboard.
3
used device.
4 Precision GUI has low precision. CLI has high precision.
5 Speed GUI is of low speed. ClI is of high speed.
6 Usage Usage is easy. Usage is difficult, requires expertise.
Memory High memory requirement. Low memory requirement.
7 requirement

8 Flexibility Highly flexibile user interface. Little flexibile user interface.

9 Customize GUI is highly customizable. CLI appearance is not easily changable.
Typing Check GUI normally handles type errors and CLI don't handles type errors.
10
correct them.
Thank You