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NOTES
Moving Charges and
Magnetism
 Magnetic Field Intensity

• A current carrying conductor

behaves as magnet.
• The orientation of the magnetic • Magnetic field does not exert any
field around the current force on the charge which is at rest.
carrying conductor is like It only start applying force when
circular rings around the the charge starts moving
conductor and the strength of
the magnetic field is larger in
the vicinity of the conductor
 Biot - Savart’s Law

Right hand grip rule

Magnetic Field intensity in vector form

𝜇0 𝑖(𝑑𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟)
Ԧ
𝑑𝐵 = 3
4𝜋 𝑟

Unit: 𝑁𝐴−1 𝑚−1 or 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎 (𝑇) • Point your thumb in the direction of the
current flow and curl your finger

• The direction of your fingers will mirror the

curled direction of the induced magnetic
𝜇0 = 10−7 𝑁𝐴−2
Field
Magnetic Field due to a Straight wire

Net magnetic Field at point P:

𝛷1 Case :1
2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑎 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
න 𝑑𝐵 = න
4𝜋 𝑎 2
−𝛷2 cos 𝜃
𝛷1
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= න cos 𝜃 𝜇0 𝐼(𝑑𝑙. 𝑟. sin 0°)
4𝜋 𝑎
−𝛷2 𝑑𝐵 = =0
4𝜋 𝑟3

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= sin 𝜃
𝛷1
−𝛷2
Case :2
4𝜋 𝑎

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= sin 𝛷1 + sin 𝛷2
4𝜋 𝑎

𝜇0 𝐼(𝑑𝑙. 𝑟. sin 180°)

𝑑𝐵 = =0
4𝜋 𝑟3
 Magnetic Field due to a Straight wire

Special Cases :

Case :1 Case :2

Semi infinite wire (𝛷1 = 0°, 𝛷2 = 90°) Infinite wire (𝛷1 = 𝛷2 = 90°)

𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= 𝐵=
4𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑎

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= sin 𝛷1 + sin 𝛷2
4𝜋 𝑎
 Calculate the magnetic field due to all the sides of the square at point ′𝑃′ .

Solution: Magnetic Field at point P :

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= sin 𝛷1 + sin 𝛷2
4𝜋 𝑎

𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵1 = (sin 45° + sin 45°)
4𝜋 𝑎/2

𝜇0 2𝑖 2
𝐵1 =
4𝜋 𝑎 2 𝜇0 16𝑖 𝜇0 16𝑖
A C
4𝜋 𝑎 2 4𝜋 𝑎
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + 𝐵3 + 𝐵4 = 4𝐵1

𝜇0 16𝑖
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠) 𝜇0 4𝑖 𝜇0 4𝑖
4𝜋 𝑎 2 B D
4𝜋 𝑎 2 4𝜋 𝑎
 Magnetic Field due to Circular arc

Magnetic Field at point ‘O’

𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 90°

𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑎2
𝐼
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑎2

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑎 𝐵𝑂 = න 𝑑𝐵 = න
𝜃 − 4𝜋 𝑎2
+

𝜇0 𝐼 𝑙
𝐵𝑂 = න 𝑑𝑙 ∵ 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑙 = 𝑎𝜃
𝑂 4𝜋 𝑎2 𝑎

𝜇0 𝐼𝜃
𝐵𝑂 = 𝜃 in radian
4𝜋𝑎
 Cases

Case – 1 (Semicircular loop) Case – 2 (quarter arc)

Magnetic Field at point ‘O’ Magnetic Field at point ‘O’

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 90° 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 sin 90°

𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑎2 4𝜋 𝑎2

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑎2 4𝜋 𝑎2

𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝐵𝑂 = න 𝑑𝐵 = න 𝐵𝑂 = න 𝑑𝐵 = න
4𝜋 𝑎2 4𝜋 𝑎2

𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜋𝑎
𝐵𝑂 = න 𝑑𝑙 ∵ 𝑙 = 𝜋𝑎 𝐵𝑂 = න 𝑑𝑙 ∵𝑙=
4𝜋 𝑎2 4𝜋 𝑎2 2

𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵𝑂 = 𝐵𝑂 =
4𝑎 8𝑎
 Calculate the magnetic field at point ′𝑂′ .

𝜇0 𝐼 1 1
A −
4 𝑅2 𝑅1

Solution: Magnetic Field due to a current

𝜇0 𝐼 1 1
carrying conductor at point ′𝑂′ B −
4 𝑅1 𝑅2

𝜇0 𝐼 1 𝜇0 𝐼 1 𝜇0 𝐼 1
𝐵1 = 𝐵𝑂 = − As 𝐵1 > 𝐵2 𝜇0 𝐼 2 1
2 𝑅1 2 2 𝑅2 2
2 𝑅1 2 C −
4 𝑅1 𝑅2

𝜇0 𝐼 1 1 𝜇0 𝐼 1 2
𝜇0 𝐼 1 𝐵𝑂 = − D −
𝐵2 = 4 𝑅1 𝑅2 4 𝑅1 𝑅2
2 𝑅2 2
Two identical long conducting wires 𝐴𝑂𝐵 and 𝐶𝑂𝐷 are placed at right angles to
each other, with one above other such that 𝑂 is the common point for the two.
The wires carry 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 currents, respectively. A point 𝑃 is lying at distance 𝑑
from 𝑂, along a direction perpendicular to the plane containing the wires. The
magnetic field at the point 𝑃 will be

𝜇0 𝐼1
𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 A
For wire 1: 𝐵1 = (along 𝑦-axis) 2𝜋𝑑 𝐼2
2𝜋𝑑
𝜇𝑜 𝐼2
For wire 2: 𝐵2 = (along 𝑥-axis) 𝜇0
2𝜋𝑑 B 𝐼 + 𝐼2
2𝜋𝑑 1
𝐵𝑃 = 𝐵12 + 𝐵22
𝜇0 2
C 𝐼 − 𝐼22
2𝜋𝑑 1
𝜇0 2
𝐵𝑃 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼22 1/2
2𝜋𝑑
𝜇0 2
D 𝐼1 + 𝐼22 1/2
2𝜋𝑑
A current loop consists of two identical semicircular parts each of radius 𝑅,
one lying in the 𝑋 − 𝑌 plane and the other in 𝑌 − 𝑍 plane. If the current in the
loop is 𝑖, the resultant magnetic field due to the two semicircular parts at their
common centre is :

𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵1 = (Along 𝑍-axis) 𝐵2 = (Along 𝑋-axis)
4𝑅 4𝑅
𝜇0 𝑖
Magnetic field at the centre is : A
2𝑅
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝐵1 )2 + (𝐵2 )2 𝜇0 𝑖
B
2𝑅
2 2
𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇0 𝑖
= + 𝜇0 𝑖
4𝑅 4𝑅 C
2 2𝑅

𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵𝐶 = D
2 2𝑅 4𝑅
 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Coil

𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 (𝑎 + 𝑑 2 )
2

𝑑𝐵𝑋 = 𝑑𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐵𝑌 = 0

Using Biot-Savart’s Law :

𝜇0 𝑖(𝑑𝑙Ԧ × 𝑟)
Ԧ 𝜇0 𝑖 𝑎 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵 ⊥ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ & 𝑑𝐵 ⊥ 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝐵𝑋 =
4𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑑2 3/2
4𝜋 𝑟3 𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙
⇒ 𝑑𝐵 =
𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 𝑟 sin 90° 4𝜋 𝑟 2
⇒ 𝑑𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑎2
4𝜋 𝑟3 𝜇0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 𝐵𝑋 = 𝐵𝑌 = 0
𝑑𝐵 = 2 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 3/2
4𝜋 (𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 )
 A very tightly wound circular coil with 200 turns has a radius of 10 𝑐𝑚 and carries
a current of 2 𝐴. At what distance from the centre along the axis of the coil will
3
the magnetic field 𝐵 drop to half its value at the centre? (Given 4 = 1.5874)

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑎2
𝐵𝑃 = 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 = 22/3 × 𝑎2 A 10 𝑐𝑚
2 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 3/2

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 10−2 + 𝑑 2 = 22/3 × (10−1 )2

𝐵𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 =
2𝑎 B 7.66 𝑐𝑚
1 𝑑 2 = (1.5874 − 1) × 10−2
𝐵𝑃 = 𝐵𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
2
C 8.33 𝑐𝑚
2 𝑑= 10−2 × 0.5874
𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑎 1 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝑖
=
2 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 3/2 2 2𝑎

2𝑎3 = 𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 3/2 𝑑 = 7.66 𝑐𝑚 D 5.77 𝑐𝑚

 Ampere’s Circuital Law

𝑖1 𝑖2 Steps to apply Ampere’s

𝐵
Circuital Law :

Draw Ampere’s Loop and

define a sense of rotation to
𝑑𝑙Ԧ
it

Use right hand thumb rule

to determine direction

Ampere’s Circuital Law : The line

integral of 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ along any closed path Consider 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
in a region is equal to 𝜇0 times the total
current crossing the enclosed area.
Closed line integral of 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ
ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 ∙ 𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 for the loop
 Magnetic Field due to Long Straight Wire

If 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ is defined in direction of 𝐵 : If 𝑑𝑙Ԧ is defined opposite to 𝐵 :

Here, 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐 = −𝑖
ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = ර 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 0°
From Ampere’s Circuital Law,

ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐
ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵 ර 𝑑𝑙

⇒ ර 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 180° = 𝜇0 (−𝑖)

ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑑

⇒ −𝐵 ර 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 (−𝑖)
From Ampere’s
circuital law,
⇒ −𝐵(2𝜋𝑑) = 𝜇0 (−𝑖)
𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑑 = 𝜇0 𝑖

𝜇0 𝑖 𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵= 𝐵=
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑
 Magnetic Field due to Hollow Current Carrying Wire

InsideHeading
the Conductor
1 Outside the Conductor
Heading 1

Applying Ampere’s Applying Ampere’s

Circuital Law: Circuital Law:

ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

⟹ 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑑 = 𝜇0 × 𝐼
⟹ ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 × 0
𝜇0 𝐼
∴𝐵=
∴𝐵=0 2𝜋𝑑
 Magnetic Field due to Solid Current Carrying Wire

InsideHeading
the Conductor
1 Outside the Conductor
Heading 1

Applying Ampere’s Applying Ampere’s

Circuital Law: Circuital Law:

ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

⟹ 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑑 = 𝜇0 × 𝐼
⟹ ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝐽𝜋𝑑 2

𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑑 2 𝜇0 𝐼
= ∴𝐵=
𝑅2 2𝜋𝑑
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑑 2
⟹ 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑑 =
𝑅2

𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑑
∴𝐵 =
2𝜋𝑅2
 Magnetic Field due to Current Carrying Wire

Due to Hollow Current Carrying Wire Due to Solid Current Carrying Wire
 A long straight wire of radius 𝑎 carries a steady current 𝐼. The current is
uniformly distributed over its cross section. The ratio of magnetic fields 𝐵 and 𝐵′
at radial distances 𝑎/2 and 2𝑎 respectively, from the axis of the wire is:

Inner Loop: Outer Loop:

𝑎
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= 2 𝐵′ = A 1
2𝜋𝑎2 2𝜋 2𝑎 𝑎ൗ
2
2𝑎
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= 𝐵′ = B 4
4𝜋𝑎 4𝜋𝑎

𝐵 1
=1 𝑎
𝐵′ C 4

1
D
2
 Solenoid

A solenoid is a type of electromagnet, the purpose of

which is to generate a controlled magnetic field
through a coil wound into a tightly packed helix.

Magnetic Field at any general point Special Case: Magnetic Field at edge

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝐵= cos 𝜃1 − cos 𝜃2 (𝜃1 ≈ 0° and 𝜃2 = 90°) 𝐵=
2 2
 Ideal Solenoid

For a solenoid to be ideal:

• 𝑙 ≫ 𝑅 ⇒ Long solenoid
• 𝑛 = 𝑁/𝐿 is a very large number
⇒ Turns are very closely wound.

𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
𝑙 𝐵= cos 𝜃1 − cos 𝜃2
𝐷 𝐶 2
𝜃2 𝑅
𝐴 𝜃1 𝐵 Case: Ideal Solenoid
𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑃 𝑥=𝑏 (𝜃1 ≈ 0° and 𝜃2 ≈ 180°)
𝑥=0
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
 Solenoid

𝐵 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖

𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖/2

𝑂 𝑙
 Magnetic Field due to Ideal Solenoid

Using Ampere’s Law:

ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑖𝑛

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑖𝑛

ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑙Ԧ = 𝐵𝑥 𝜇0 . 𝑖𝑖𝑛 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖𝑥

𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
An ideal solenoid carrying current produces a magnetic field 𝐵 along its axis. If
the current is doubled and the number of turns 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑚 is halved, the new value
of the magnetic field is:

A 𝐵

𝐵
B
2

𝑛 C 2𝐵
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖 𝐵′ = 𝜇0 2𝑖 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
2
𝐵′ = 𝐵
D 4𝐵
 Toroid

A toroid is essentially a solenoid that is bent into the shape of ring.

Magnetic Field
Heading
due 1
to Toroid

Inside the Toroid

Heading 1 Outside the Toroid
Heading 1 Interior
HeadingPoint
1

𝜇0 𝑁𝑖
𝐵=0 𝐵= 𝐵=0
2𝜋𝑟
Two toroid's 1 and 2 have total number of turns 200 and 100 respectively with
average radii 40 𝑐𝑚 and 20 𝑐𝑚, respectively. If they carry same current 𝑖, the ratio
of the magnetic fields along the two loops is:

Magnetic field along the loops is:

Toroid 1: Toroid 2:
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝑖 𝜇0 𝑁2 𝑖
𝐵1 = 𝐵2 =
2𝜋𝑅1 2𝜋𝑅1

𝐵1 𝑁1 𝑅2 200 0.2 A 1: 2 C 4: 1
∴ = × = × = 1: 1
𝐵2 𝑅1 𝑁2 0.4 100

B 1: 1 D 2: 1
 Force on a charge

Due Heading
to Electric
1 field Due to Magnetic
Heading 1 Field

Charge is at rest Charge is given some

initial velocity
No motion of the
particle is observed.

An electrostatic force is acting on a charge

when it is placed in an electric field
𝐹 ∝ 𝑞𝑣⊥ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣⊥ 𝐵
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞𝐸 ⇒ 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑞𝑣⊥ 𝐵 ∴ 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)
 A proton is projected with velocity 2 × 105 𝑚/𝑠 making an angle of 60° with magnetic field
of 0.1 𝑇. Find the force on the charge.

Solution:
2 × 105 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵
A 0.277 × 10−14 𝑁
60°
+
B 0.4 × 10−14 𝑁

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃

−19 5
C 0.277 × 10−16 𝑁
𝐹 = 1.6 × 10 2 × 10 0.1 sin 60°

3
𝐹 = 3.2 × 10−15 × D 5 × 10−14 𝑁
2
𝐹 = 0.277 × 10−14 𝑁
 Direction of magnetic force

Fleming’s left hand

Heading 1 rule Vector cross product
Heading 1

𝐹Ԧ = ±𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)

𝐵
 Work done by magnetic force Radius of circular path

Radius of circular path is given by

According to work-energy theorem 𝑚𝑣
𝑟=
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑔 = ∆ 𝐾𝐸 𝑞𝐵
𝑝2
1 1 momentum: 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 Kinetic energy: K = = 𝑞𝑉
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 2𝑚
2 2

∵ 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2𝑚𝐾 2𝑚𝑞𝑉

𝑟= 𝑟=
∴ 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 0 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
 Two particles X and 𝑌 having equal charges, after being accelerated through the same
potential difference, enter a region of uniform magnetic field and describe circular path of
radius 𝑅X and 𝑅Y respectively. The ratio of mass of X and Y is

Solution:

Radius of circular path is given by

2𝑚𝐾
𝑅=
𝑞𝐵

1 2𝑚𝑉
𝑅= 1
𝑅𝑋 2
𝐵 𝑞
A 𝑅𝑋 2
C
𝑅𝑌 𝑅𝑌

∴𝑟∝ 𝑚

2
𝑚𝑋 𝑅𝑋
∴ =
𝑚𝑌 𝑅𝑌
𝑅𝑋 𝑅𝑋
B D 𝑅𝑌
𝑅𝑌
 Time period of the circular motion

2𝜋𝑟 𝑚𝑣
𝑇= 𝑟=
𝑣 𝑞𝐵

𝑟 2𝜋𝑚
𝑇=
𝑞𝐵

𝐹 2𝜋
1 𝜔=
𝑓= 𝑇
𝑇
𝑣
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
𝑓= 𝜔=
2𝜋𝑚 𝑚
 Time period of the circular motion

𝜃 • Magnetic force is always applied

perpendicular to the velocity and
magnetic field both.
𝐹
• Entry angle and exit angle from
the magnetic field of charge
particles are equal.
𝑣
𝐹
𝜃 • Path of particles will be
semicircle only if it enters and
exit at 90° .
 Time period of the circular motion

Angular displacement = 𝜔𝑡 Angular displacement = 𝜔𝑡

𝜋 − 2𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡 𝜋 + 2𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑚 𝑚

𝑚(𝜋 − 2𝜃) 𝑚(𝜋 + 2𝜃)

𝑡= 𝑡=
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
 Angle of emergence

Angle at which the charge particle exits the magnetic field.

𝑑
𝐴 In ΔABC : sin 𝜃 =
𝑅
𝜃 𝑅
𝑑
90° − 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 = sin−1
𝑅
𝐵 +𝐶

𝑑
 Path traced by charge particles

Case-I: Case-II: Case-III:

Heading
𝑑<𝑅 1 Heading
𝑑=𝑅 1 Heading
𝑑<𝑅 1

𝐴 𝐴
+𝐶
𝑅 𝑅
+
+
𝐶

+ + +
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
 A Charge having 𝑒/𝑚 equal to 108 𝐶/𝐾𝑔 and with velocity 3 × 105 𝑚/𝑠 enters a
uniform magnetic Field 𝐵 = 0.3 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑎 at an angle 30° with direction of Field. The
radius of the helical path will be

Solution : A 0.01 𝑐𝑚
Radius :

𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑚𝑣
𝑅= 𝑒 𝑅= B 0.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑞𝐵
𝑚 𝐵
𝑣 sin 𝜃
3 × 105 × sin 300
𝑅=
108 × 0.3
C 1 𝑐𝑚
1
𝑅= × 10−2 𝑚
2 30°
𝑅 = 0.5 𝑐𝑚 𝐵 D 2 𝑐𝑚
(𝑚)
 Motion of Charged Particle in Magnetic Field

𝑦
Radius :
𝑣
𝑅=
𝑣 𝑞𝐵
𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝐵 𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃
𝑅=
30° 𝑞𝐵

Pitch of helix :
𝑧
𝑃 = 𝑣|| 𝑇
𝑥
2𝜋𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃
𝑞𝐵
 A charged particle q, m is moving with 𝑣Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ in a magnetic field 𝐵 = 3𝑗.Find
Ƹ
radius 𝑅, time period 𝑇, pitch 𝑃.

𝑚𝑣 4𝑚 2𝜋𝑚 4𝜋𝑚
Radius 𝑅 = A 𝑅= ,𝑇 = ,𝑃 =
𝑞𝐵 3𝑞 3𝑞 𝑞

𝑚×3 𝑚
𝑅= = . . . . (𝐴𝑛𝑠1)
𝑞×3 𝑞
𝑚 2𝜋𝑚 8𝜋𝑚
2𝜋𝑚 B 𝑅= ,𝑇 = ,𝑃 =
𝑞 3𝑞 3𝑞
Time Period 𝑇 =
𝑞𝐵

2𝜋𝑚
𝑇= … . . (𝐴𝑛𝑠2) 3𝑚 4𝜋𝑚 6𝜋𝑚
𝑞×3 C 𝑅= ,𝑇 = ,𝑃 =
4𝑞 3𝑞 4𝑞
Pitch 𝑃 = 𝑣𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 × 𝑇

2𝜋𝑚 8𝜋𝑚 𝑚 4𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚

𝑃 =4× = … (𝐴𝑛𝑠 3) D 𝑅= ,𝑇 = ,𝑃 =
𝑞×3 3𝑞 𝑞 3𝑞 𝑞
 Lorentz Force

Lorentz Force :
It is a force on electrically charged
particles due to electromagnetic field. It
is also called electromagnetic force.
𝐵
𝐹𝑀 𝑣 Electric Force

𝐹Ԧ𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸
+
Magnetic Force
𝐹𝐸
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 )
𝐸
Lorentz Force

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝑞𝐸 + 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 )
 Case - 1

Case-1 Charge at rest (𝑢 = 0)

𝑦 Force due to Electric Field

𝐹Ԧ𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑎𝑡
𝐸
𝐵
𝐹𝐸 𝑣𝑥 𝑣 =𝑎𝑡
+
𝑞𝐸𝑡
𝑣Ԧ = = 𝑣𝑥 & 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑚
Force due to magnetic Field

𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 )
𝑥 𝐹𝑀 = 0

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝑞𝐸
 Case - 2

Case-1 Charge moving parallel to 𝐸 and 𝐵

Force due to Electric Field
𝑦
𝐹Ԧ𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑎𝑡
𝐸
𝐵 𝑞𝐸
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑡
𝐹𝐸 𝑣0 𝑚
+
𝑞𝐸𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + = 𝑣𝑥 & 𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑚
Force due to magnetic Field

𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 )

𝑥 𝐹𝑀 = 0

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝑞𝐸
 Case - 3

Case-3 Charge moving perpendicular to 𝐸 and 𝐵

Electric Force in x direction
𝑦
(𝐹𝐸 )𝑥 = 𝑞𝐸
𝑣𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
𝐸
𝐵 𝑞𝐸𝑡 𝑞𝐸
𝑣𝑥 = 0 + 𝑢𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑥 =
𝐹𝐸 𝑣𝑥 𝑚 𝑚
+ 𝑞𝐸𝑡
𝑣𝑥 = 0 +
𝑚
Lorentz Force

𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 )
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 90° = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 (𝜃 = 90°)
𝑥
𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀

𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑞𝑣0 𝐵𝑘෠

 Case - 4

𝑌
Charge (𝑞) moving in perpendicular to both
𝐸 &𝐵

𝐹Ԧ𝑀 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸 … … … … … . (𝑖𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

= 𝑞𝐸(−𝑗)Ƹ

+ 𝑣 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 90°

𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 … … … … … . (𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐹Ԧ𝐸
= 𝑞𝑣𝐵 (+𝑗)Ƹ
𝐸
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀

𝑋
 Case - 4

𝐸
𝐸 𝑣=
If |𝐹𝐸 | > |𝐹𝑀 | 𝐸 If 𝐹𝐸 < |𝐹𝑀 | 𝑣> If 𝐹𝐸 = |𝐹𝑀 | 𝐵
𝑣< 𝐵
𝐵
𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀
𝑞𝐸 > 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑞𝐸 < 𝑞𝑣𝐵
𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀
𝐹𝐿 = 0
𝐹𝐿 = (𝑞𝐸 − 𝑞𝑣𝐵)(−𝑗)Ƹ 𝐹𝐿 = (𝑞𝑣𝐵 − 𝑞𝐸)(+𝑗)Ƹ
Charges moves in a straight line
 Velocity Selector

𝑣 < 𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝐹Ԧ𝑀

𝑣 𝐸
+ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ 𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝐵

𝐹Ԧ𝐸 𝑣 > 𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞

𝑋
When a proton is released from rest in a room, it starts with an initial
acceleration 𝑎0 towards west. When it is projected towards north with a it moves
with an initial acceleration 3𝑎0 , towards west. The electric and magnetic fields in
the room are speed 𝑣0
Case 1: Proton at rest
𝑚𝑎0 2𝑚𝑎0
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 0 A west, up
𝑒 𝑒𝑣0
𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ 0

𝐹Ԧ𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑒𝐸
𝑚𝑎0 2𝑚𝑎0
𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ 0 = 𝑒𝐸 B west, down
𝑒 𝑒𝑣0
𝑚𝑎0
𝐸= West
𝑒

Case 2: Proton in motion 𝑚𝑎0 3𝑚𝑎0

C east, up
𝐹Ԧ𝐿 = 𝐹Ԧ𝐸 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑚(3𝑎Ԧ 0 ) 𝑒 𝑒𝑣0
𝑚𝑎Ԧ 0 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 3𝑚𝑎Ԧ 0 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑒𝑣0 𝐵

2𝑚𝑎0 = 𝑒𝑣0 𝐵 𝑚𝑎0 3𝑚𝑎0

D west, down
2𝑚𝑎𝑜 𝑒 𝑒𝑣0
𝐵= Down
𝑒𝑣0
 Cyclotron Setup

Cyclotron is a machine used to accelerate charged particle to a very high speed.

• Electric field generated by the AC

oscillator, exists only between the
Dees, since the field inside a
conductor is zero.

• Electric field keeps changing

direction periodically.

• Magnetic field perpendicular to

the plane causes the particle to
move in a circular path.
 Cyclotron Setup

Force due to magnetic field = Centrifugal force

𝑚𝑣 2
𝑞𝑣𝐵 =
𝑅
𝑚𝑣
𝑅=
𝑞𝐵
𝑣1 𝑣
𝑅∝𝑣

Therefore, as velocity increases, radius of circle increases, but

𝑅
remains constant hence 𝑇 remains constant.
𝑣
 Cyclotron Setup

Cyclotron – Velocity of the Particle Cyclotron – Kinetic energy of the particle Cyclotron – Frequency and Time period

Initial velocity = 𝑢 = 0
𝑞𝐸 𝑅𝐷 - Radius of Dees Time period of 𝑞 = Time period of 𝐴𝐶 oscillator
𝐹Ԧ𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑇𝑞 = 𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑞 = 𝑓𝐴𝐶
𝑚 At exit :
𝑅𝑞𝐵
𝑚𝑣𝑓 We know that, 𝑣 =
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡1 𝑅𝐷 = 𝑚
𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑅
𝑇𝑞 =
𝑣1 = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡2 𝑅𝐷 𝑞𝐵 𝑣
𝑣𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑚
𝑚
𝑇𝑞 =
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 𝑎𝑡3 𝑞𝐵
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 𝑞𝐵
2 𝑓𝐴𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑚
∴ 𝑣2 > 𝑣1 > 𝑣 → 𝑟2 > 𝑟1 > 𝑟 𝑞 2 𝑅𝐷2 𝐵2
𝐾. 𝐸 =
2𝑚 𝑓𝐴𝐶 is called cyclotron frequency
 Uses of Cyclotron Limitations of Cyclotron

• It cannot accelerate uncharged particles.

• It cannot accelerate very small particles like electron.

• Particles having very less mass, will have more acceleration

and quicky reach the speed comparable to the speed of light.

𝑞𝐸
𝑎= 𝑚↓ ⇒ 𝑎↑ ⇒ 𝑣↑
• To study nuclear reactions. 𝑚

• At relativistic speed, mass of the particle increases.

• To insert an ion in a solid. 𝑞𝐵
𝑓𝑞 = , Since mass changes, frequency changes. ∴ 𝑓𝑞 ≠ 𝑓𝐴𝐶
2𝜋𝑚

• Used in artificial radioactivity. • Electron falls out of step from cyclotron frequency.
An alternating electric field, of frequency 𝜈, is applied across the dees (radius = 𝑅)
of a cyclotron that is being used to accelerate protons (mass = 𝑚). The operating
magnetic field (𝐵) used in cyclotron and the kinetic energy (𝐾) of the proton
beam, produced by it, are given by

Solution :

𝑒𝐵 2𝜋𝑚𝜈 𝑚𝑣
We know that, 𝜈 = ⇒ 𝐵= A 𝐵= and 𝐾 = 2𝑚𝜋 2 𝜈 2 𝑅 2
2𝜋𝑚 𝑒 𝑒

𝑒 2 𝑅2 𝐵2
We know that, 𝐾 = 2𝑚𝑣
2𝑚 B 𝐵=
𝑒
and 𝐾 = 2𝑚𝜋 2 𝜈 2 𝑅2
𝑅2 𝜈 2 4𝜋 2 𝑚2
𝐾=
2𝑚 2𝑚𝑣
C 𝐵= and 𝐾 = 𝑚𝜋 2 𝜈 2 𝑅 2
𝑒
𝐾 = 2𝑚𝜋 2 𝜈 2 𝑅2
𝑚𝑣
D 𝐵= and 𝐾 = 𝑚𝜋 2 𝜈 2 𝑅 2
𝑒
 Force on a current carrying wire

𝐹𝑀 = Force on an electron

Since electron is negatively charged, the force experienced by it will be

along +𝑧 direction from right hand thumb rule.

Force on an electron = 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐹𝑀 = 𝑛𝐴𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜃

No. of 𝑒 − in elemental region 𝑁 Total force on the wire

= electron density × volume 𝐿 𝐿

𝐹𝑀 = න 𝑛𝐴𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝑣𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 න 𝑑𝑙
= 𝑛 × 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝐴𝑑𝑙 0 0

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑣𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝐴 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝐿
Force on all 𝑒 − in the elemental region:

𝑑𝐹𝑀 = 𝑁𝐹𝑀 𝑖

𝑑𝐹𝑀 = 𝑛𝐴𝑑𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐵𝐿 sin 𝜃

 Force on a current carrying wire

𝐵
𝑖
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐵𝐿 sin 𝜃 𝐿

𝐿 𝑑𝐿

𝑒− 𝜃

𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑖(𝐵 × 𝐿) 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑖(𝐿 × 𝐵) 𝑣𝑑

𝑖
𝐹𝑀
𝐿 𝐿

𝐵 𝐵

𝐹𝑀
 Force on a current carrying wire – special cases

Case 3 : When 𝜃 = 90°

Case 2 : When 𝜃 = 180°
Case 1 : When 𝜃 = 0°
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑖(𝐿 × 𝐵)
𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑖(𝐿 × 𝐵) 𝐹Ԧ𝑀 = 𝑖(𝐿 × 𝐵) 𝜋
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐵𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐵𝐿
2
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐵𝐿 sin 0° = 0 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐵𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 = 0 Force is maximum when the
current flow is perpendicular
to the magnetic field.
𝐹𝑀 = 0 𝐹𝑀 = 0
 Force on an arbitrarily shaped current carrying wire

From polygon law of vector addition, the effective

length is considered from the tail of first vector to
the head of the last vector.

𝐹Ԧ1 = 𝑖(𝐿1 × 𝐵)

𝐹Ԧ2 = 𝑖(𝐿2 × 𝐵)

𝐹Ԧ𝑛 = 𝑖(𝐿𝑛 × 𝐵)

For a closed loop, initial and final points

𝐹Ԧ𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + … … + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛 will be same (A and C).

𝐹Ԧ𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑖(𝐿1 × 𝐵) + 𝑖(𝐿2 × 𝐵) + … … + 𝑖(𝐿𝑛 × 𝐵)

Displacement length 𝐿𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝐹Ԧ𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑖 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + … … + 𝐿𝑛 × 𝐵
𝐹𝑀 = ෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 0
𝐹Ԧ𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑖 𝐿𝐴𝐶 × 𝐵
 Find the net force on the wire AB.

Method 1: Method 2:

A 2𝑖𝐿𝐵 sin 30°

𝑖𝐿𝐵
B
2
𝐹 = 𝑖𝐿𝐵
𝐹𝑦 = +𝑖𝐿𝐵 sin 60° − 𝑖𝐿𝐵 sin 60°
=0 𝐿 𝐿 C 0
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 sin 30° + 𝐿 sin 30° = + =𝐿
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑖𝐿𝐵 cos 60° + 𝑖𝐿𝐵 cos 60° 2 2
1 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼𝐵𝐿
= 2𝑖𝐿𝐵 2
= 𝑖𝐿𝐵 D 𝑖𝐿𝐵
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑖𝐿𝐵
 Find the force on the wire 𝐴𝐶.

A 𝑖𝜋𝑅𝐵

B 2𝑖𝑅𝐵

Magnetic Force on C 0
a curved wire is:
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝐵 sin 𝜃
⇒ 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖(2𝑅)𝐵 sin 90° D 𝑖𝑅𝐵
∴ 𝐹𝑀 = 𝑖(2𝑅)𝐵
 Force on Finite Current Carrying Conductor

Find Magnetic Field

• Magnetic Field at distance 𝑥 is: • Force on the rod is:
𝜇0 2𝑖1
𝐵= 𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑎+𝑙
4𝜋 𝑥 𝐹= ln
Find Force on Small Element 2𝜋 𝑎
• Force on small element is:

𝜇0 2𝑖1
Integrate to find Force 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑖2 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 𝑥
 Find net force on square loop of side 𝑑 as shown in figure.

∞
Forces on side 1 and 3 are: 𝐹3
𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑎+𝑑 𝑖2 𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑑2
𝐹1 = log 𝑒 = 𝐹3 A
2𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑖2 𝑖2
∴ 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ3 = 0 𝐹2 𝐹4
𝑖1
𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑎2
Net force on the wire is: 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹Ԧ2 + 𝐹Ԧ4
𝑖2 B
2𝜋 𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑎
Forces on side 2 and 4 are:
𝐹1
𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 C 0
𝐹2 = 𝑑 𝐹4 = 𝑑
2𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑑
∞
𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑎
2 D 2
𝜇0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑡 =
2𝜋 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑
 Parallel Infinite Current Carrying Wires

∞ ∞ Force on wire 2 Force on wire 1

due to wire 1 is: due to wire 2 is:

𝐹21 = 𝑖2 𝐵1 𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝐹12 = 𝑖1 𝐵2 𝑙 sin 𝜃

𝑖1 𝑖2 𝐹21 = 𝑖2 𝐵1 𝑙 𝐹12 = 𝑖1 𝐵2 𝑙

𝐹21 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝜇0 2𝑖2

𝐹21 = 𝑖2 𝑙 𝐹12 = 𝑖1 𝑙
4𝜋 𝑑 4𝜋 𝑑

𝐹21 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2 𝐹12 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2

𝐹12 ∴ = ∴ =
𝑙 4𝜋 𝑑 𝑙 4𝜋 𝑑

∞ ∞ 𝐹Ԧ12 = −𝐹Ԧ21 Attraction is observed

 Parallel Infinite Current Carrying Wires

∞ ∞ Force on wire 2 Force on wire 1

due to wire 1 is: due to wire 2 is:

𝐹21 = 𝑖2 𝐵1 𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝐹12 = 𝑖1 𝐵2 𝑙 sin 𝜃

𝑖1 𝑖2 ⇒ 𝐹21 = 𝑖2 𝐵1 𝑙 ⇒ 𝐹12 = 𝑖1 𝐵2 𝑙

𝐹12 𝐹21 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝜇0 2𝑖2

⇒ 𝐹21 = 𝑖2 𝑙 ⇒ 𝐹12 = 𝑖1 𝑙
4𝜋 𝑑 4𝜋 𝑑

𝐹21 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2 𝐹12 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2

∴ = ∴ =
𝑙 4𝜋 𝑑 𝑙 4𝜋 𝑑

∞ ∞ 𝐹Ԧ12 = −𝐹Ԧ21 Repulsion is observed

 One Ampere

One Ampere is that current which when flows in two parallel infinite wires
in same direction kept at 1 𝑚 apart in air or vacuum, produces a force of
attraction per unit length between them of 2 × 10−7 𝑁/𝑚.

∞ ∞
𝐹21 𝐹12 𝜇0 2𝑖1 𝑖2
= =
𝑙 𝑙 4𝜋 𝑑
𝑖1 𝑖2
For 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = 1 𝐴 and 𝑑 = 1 𝑚:
𝐹21
𝐹21 𝐹12
= = 2 × 10−7 𝑁/𝑚
𝑙 𝑙
𝐹12
𝑑

∞ ∞
 Find net force per unit length on wire 𝐵.

Force per unit Force per unit

length on 𝐵 due length on 𝐵 due to
to 𝐴 is: 𝐶 is:
𝜇0 2𝑖𝐴 𝜇0 2𝑖𝐶
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 𝑖𝐵 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 𝑖𝐵
4𝜋 𝑑 4𝜋 𝑑

8𝜇0 8𝜇0
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = A 8 × 10−7 𝑁/𝑚
4𝜋 4𝜋

B 0
16𝜇0
𝐹𝐵 = = 16 × 10−7 𝑁/𝑚
4𝜋
C 16 × 10−7 𝑁/𝑚

D 4 × 10−7 𝑁/𝑚
 Magnetic Dipole Moment for a Current carrying Loop

• Magnetic dipole moment is given by: 𝑀 = 𝑖 𝐴Ԧ

• Direction can also be given by right hand thumb rule.

 Magnetic Dipole Moment for a Current carrying Loop

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑖
𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑎 𝑖 𝑎
𝑀 = 𝑖𝑎2 𝑘෠ 2 𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑖𝑎2 𝑗Ƹ
𝑖 𝑀 = 𝑖𝑎 𝑖Ƹ
𝑖 𝑖
𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖 𝑖 𝑥
𝑖 𝑎
𝑎
𝑖
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑦 𝑦

𝑖 𝑖
𝑖 𝑎 𝑏 𝑖 𝑀 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑖Ƹ − cos 𝜃 𝑘෠
𝑀 = 𝑖𝑎2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ
𝑖
𝑖 𝑖
𝑖 𝑥 𝑥
𝑖 𝑖 𝑎 𝑎

𝑧 𝑎 𝑧
 Relation between Magnetic Moment & Angular Momentum

𝑒−
𝑟
+
𝑚

Current is given by: Magnetic moment is: The relationship between magnetic moment
𝑑𝑞 and angular momentum is given by:
𝐼= 𝑀 = 𝐼 𝐴Ԧ 𝑒𝑣𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 = 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑃Ԧ 𝑀
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 = 2
𝐼= = 𝑀= 𝐴= × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿 𝑚𝑣𝑟
𝑇 2𝜋𝑟/𝑣 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 𝐿 = 𝑟𝑚𝑣 sin 90°

𝑒𝑣𝑟 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑣𝑟 𝑀 𝑒
𝑒𝑣 𝑀= =
𝐼= 2 𝐿 2𝑚
2𝜋𝑟
 Bohr’s Model

The orbital angular momentum of an 𝑒 − is an integral multiple of ℎ/2𝜋.

𝑛ℎ 𝑀 𝑒
𝐿= =
2𝜋 𝐿 2𝑚
4
3
2
1 𝑛𝑒ℎ ℎ = Planck’s constant
+ 𝑀=
4𝜋𝑚 𝑛 = Integer
𝐾
𝐿
𝑀 Special Case: 𝑛 = 1, 𝑀 ⟶ Minimum:
𝑁
𝑒ℎ
𝜇𝐵 = = 9.27 × 10−24 𝐴𝑚2
4𝜋𝑚

(Bohr’s Magneton)
 Magnetic Moment for Rotating Charge Distributions

Magnetic Moment: Angular Momentum:

𝑞 𝑞 𝑞𝜔
𝐼= = = 𝐿 = 𝑟Ԧ × 𝑝Ԧ
𝑇 2𝜋/𝜔 2𝜋
𝜔

++ + 𝑞𝜔
𝑀 = 𝐼𝐴 = × 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔
2𝜋
𝑅

𝑞𝜔𝑅2
𝑀= 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑅2 𝜔
2

𝑀 𝑞
=
𝐿 2𝑚
 Magnetic Moment for Rotating Charge Distributions

Uniform Non-Conducting Uniform Non-Conducting

Uniformly charged rod Hollow/Conducting Sphere Disc Sphere

𝑄𝜔𝑙 2 𝑄𝜔𝑅2 𝑄𝜔𝑅2 𝑄𝜔𝑅2

𝑀= 𝑀= 𝑀= 𝑀=
6 3 4 5
 A non conducting ring of radius, 𝑟 = 10 𝑐𝑚, and mass, 𝑚 = 500 𝑔, has a total
charge, 𝑄 = 5 𝐶, distributed uniformly on it. The ring is rotated about its axis with
a uniform speed, 𝑣 = 0.2𝜋 𝑚/𝑠 as shown. Find the magnetic moment of the ring.

Magnetic moment for a ring is:

2
A 0.01𝜋 𝐴𝑚2
𝑄𝜔𝑅
𝑀=
2
0.2𝜋
5× × 0.12 B 0.05𝜋 𝐴𝑚2
⇒𝑀 = 0.1
2

∴ 𝑀 = 0.05𝜋 𝐴𝑚2
C 0.03𝜋 𝐴𝑚2

D 0.1𝜋 𝐴𝑚2
 Torque on a Current Carrying Loop in Magnetic Field

Torque is given by:

𝜏Ԧ = 𝐹 × (𝑑⊥ )

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹 × (𝑑⊥ ) + 𝐹 × (𝑑⊥ )

𝑎 𝑎
𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹 × sin 𝜃 + 𝐹 × sin 𝜃
2 2

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝐼𝑏𝐵𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜃

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃

Angle between 𝐵 and 𝑀 = 0

𝐹=0 𝜏=0
 Special Cases

𝐼𝑏𝐵
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑀 × 𝐵

𝐼𝑎𝐵 𝐵
𝐼
𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝜃

𝐼𝑎𝐵
𝜃 = 90° 𝜃 = 0° or 180°

𝐼𝑏𝐵
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝐵 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
 A rectangular coil of length 0.12 𝑚 and width 0.1 𝑚 having 50 turns of wire is suspended
vertically in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.2 𝑊𝑏/𝑚2 . The coil carries a current of
2 𝐴. If the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle 30∘ with the direction of the field, the
magnitude of torque acting on the loop is:

Length (𝑎) = 0.12 𝑚2 , Width 𝑏 = 0.1 𝑚,

𝑁 = 50, 𝐼 = 2 𝐴, 𝐵 = 0.2 𝑊𝑏/𝑚2 , 𝜃 = 30°
𝜏

Torque required to keep the coil in stable

equilibrium is given by:
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝜏 = 50 × 2 × (0.12 × 0.1) × 0.2 sin(90° − 30°)

𝜏 = 0.20 𝑁𝑚
 DC Motor

DC Motor: It is an electrical device which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy.

Soft iron core

Armature
Working Principle: When a
current-carrying conductor is kept
Strong magnets
in a magnetic field, it experience
Split ring/ torque and develops a tendency
Commutator to rotate.

Carbon brushes
 Moving Coil Galvanometer

Device used to measure or detect currents of small magnitude.

• Torque acting on loop :

𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 90°
𝜏 = 𝑁𝑖𝐴𝐵
 Moving Coil Galvanometer

As coil rotates the wire, the wire starts twisting due to which a restoring torque develops in the wire.

𝜏𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜏𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝜏𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑐𝜙 𝑁𝑖𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝜙
𝑐𝜙
Where, 𝑐 → Torsional constant 𝑖=
𝑁𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃
 Moving Coil Galvanometer

For radial field:

𝜏𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜏𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑁𝑖𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐𝜙

N S 𝑖=
𝑐𝜙
𝑁𝐴𝐵

∴𝑖∝𝜙

Greater the current, greater is the deflection.

 Sensitivity of Galvanometer

• Current sensitivity is defined as

deflection per unit current.

𝜙 𝑁𝐴𝐵
=
𝑖 𝑐

• Voltage sensitivity is defined as

deflection per unit voltage.

N S 𝜙 𝑁𝐴𝐵
=
𝑉 𝑐𝑅
 Two moving coil galvanometers having same area of coils are in the same
magnetic field. The number of turns are 20 and 30 and the resistances are 8 Ω
and 16 Ω respectively. Find the ratio of current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity
of both the galvanometers.

𝑁1 = 20, 𝑁2 = 30
𝑅1 = 8 Ω, 𝑅2 = 16 Ω
𝐵1 = 𝐵2 = 𝐵 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴
A 1.33, 0.67
𝜙 𝜙
ൗ𝑖 and ൗ𝑉

B 0.67, 1.33
The ratio of current The ratio of voltage
sensitivity is: sensitivity is:
𝜙1 𝑁1 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝜙1 𝑁1 𝐴1 𝐵1 C 1.5, 0.75
𝑖1 𝑐 𝑖1 𝑐𝑅1
= = 0.67 = = 1.33
𝜙2 𝑁2 𝐴2 𝐵2 𝜙2 𝑁2 𝐴2 𝐵2
𝑖2 𝑐 𝑖2 𝑐𝑅2 D 0.75, 1.5