Cyber security controls are effective, cyberspace is considered a reliable, resilient, and trustworthy digital

infrastructure. Where cyber security controls are absent, incomplete, or poorly designed, cyberspace is
considered the wild west of the digital age.
Even those who work in the security profession will have a different view of cyber security depending on the
aspects of cyberspace with which they personally interact. Whether a system is a physical facility or a
collection of cyberspace components, the role of a security professional assigned to that system is to plan for
potential attack and prepare for its consequences.
Although the word “cyber” is mainstream vernacular, to what exactly it refers is elusive. Once a term of
science fiction based on the then-emerging field of computer control and communication known as
cybernetics, it now refers generally to electronic automation (Safire 1994). The corresponding term
“cyberspace” has definitions that range from conceptual to technical, and has been claimed by some to be a
fourth domain, where land, sea, and air are the first three (Kuehl 2009). There are numerous definitions of
cyberspace and cyber security scattered throughout literature. Our intent is not to engage in a debate on
semantics, so we do not include these definitions. Moreover, such debates are unnecessary for our purpose,
as we generally use the term “cyber” not as a noun, but as an adjective that modifies its subject with the
property of supporting a collection of automated electronic systems accessible over networks. As well
reflected in language-usage debates in both the field of cognitive linguistics and popular literature on
lexicography, the way language is used by a given community becomes the de facto definition (Zimmer 2009),
and so we request that our readers set aside the possibility that they will be confused by references to
“cyberspace” and “cyber security” and simply refer to their own current concept of these terms when it makes
sense to do so, while keeping in mind that we generally the term cyber as an adjective whose detailed
attributes will change with the system of interest. At a high level, cyber security is typically explained in terms
of a few triads that describe the objectives of security professionals and their methods, respectively (Bayuk
2010).

Three that combine to cover most uses of the term are:

 prevent, detect, respond

 people, process, technology
 confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
These reflect the goals of cyber security, the means to achieve cyber security, and the mechanisms by which
cyber security goals are achieved, respectively. Prevent, detect, respond addresses goals common to both
physical and cyber security. Traditionally, the primary goal of security planning has been to prevent a
successful adversary attack. However, all security professionals are aware that it is simply not possible to
prevent all attacks, and so planning and preparation must also include methods to detect attacks in progress,
preferably before they cause damage. However, whether or not detection processes are effective, once it
becomes obvious that a system is threatened, security includes the ability to respond to such incidents. In
physical security, the term “first responders” refers to the heroic individuals in policy, fire, and emergency
medical professions. Response typically includes repelling the attack, treating human survivors, and
safeguarding damaged assets. In cyber security, the third element of the triad is often stated in slightly more
optimistic form. Rather than “respond” it is “recover” or “correct.” This more positive expectation on the
outcome of the third triad activity, to recover rather than simply respond, reflects the literature of information
security planning, wherein security management is recommended to include complete reconstitution and
recovery of any business critical system. Because information technology allows diversity, redundancy, and
reconstitution for the data and programs required to operate systems, information security professionals
expect that damage can be completely allayed. In either case, the lessons learned in response are expected to
inform prevention planning, creating a loop of continuous security improvement.
People, process, technology addresses methods common to both technology managements in general and to
cyber security management as a specialized field. This triad observes that systems require operators, and
operators must follow established routines in order for systems to accomplish their missions. When applied to
security, this triad highlights the fact that security is not achieved by security professionals alone, and also that
cyber security cannot be accomplished with technology alone. The system or organization to be secured is
acknowledged to include other human elements whose decisions and actions play a vital role in the success of
security programs. Even if all these people had motivation and interest to behave securely, they would
individually not know how to collectively act to prevent, detect, and recover from harm without preplanned
process. So security professionals are expected to weave security programs into existing organizational
processes and make strategic use of technology in support of cyber security goals.
Confidentiality, integrity, and availability addresses the security objectives that are specific to information.
Confidentiality refers to a system’s capability to limit dissemination of information to authorized use. Integrity
refers to ability to maintain the authenticity, accuracy, and provenance of recorded and reported information.
Availability refers to the timely delivery of functional capability. These information security goals applied to
information even before they were on computers, but the advent of cyberspace has changed the methods by
which the goals are achieved, as well as the relative difficulty of goal achievement. Technologies to support
confidentiality, integrity, and availability are often at odds with each other. For example, efforts to achieve a
high level of availability for information in cyberspace often make it harder to maintain information
confidentiality. Sorting out just what confidentiality, integrity, and availability means for each type of
information in a given system is the specialty of the cyber security professional. Cyber security refers in
general to methods of using people, process, and technology to prevent, detect, and recover from damage to
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in cyberspace.
1.2 What Is Cyber Security Policy?
Cyber has created productivity enhancements throughout society, effectively distributing information on a
just-in-time basis. No matter what industry or application in which cyber is introduced, increased productivity
has been in the focus. The rapid delivery of information to cyberspace often reduces overall system security.
To technologists engaged in productivity enhancements, security measures often seem in direct opposition to
progress due to prevention measures that reduce, inhibit, or delay user access, detection measures that
consume vital system resources, and response requirements that divert management attention from system
features that provide more immediately satisfying system capabilities. The tension between demand for cyber
functionality and requirements for security is addressed through cyber security policy.
www.it-ebooks.info 4 Introduction The word “policy” is applied to a variety of situations that concern cyber
security. It has been used to refer to laws and regulations concerning information distribution, private
enterprise objectives for information protection, computer operations methods for controlling technology,
and configuration variables in electronic devices (Gallaher, Link et al. 2008). But there is a myriad of other
ways in which literature uses the phrase cyber security policy. As with the term “cyberspace,” there is not one
definition, but there is a common theme when the term cyber security is applied to a policy statement as an
adjective. The objective of this guidebook is to provide the reader with enough background to understand and
appreciate the theme and its derivatives. Those who read it should be able to confidently decipher the
numerous varieties of cyber security policy. Generally, the term “cyber security policy” refers to directives
designed to maintain cyber security. Cyber security policy is illustrated in Figure 1.1 using a modeling tool that
is used to make sense of complex topics called a systemigram (Boardman and Sauser 2008). A systemigram
creates an illustrative definition succinctly by way of introducing components of the thing to be defined (all
nouns) and associating them with the activity they generate (all verbs). The tool requires that all major
components be connected via a “mainstay” that links the concept to be defined (top left) to its