Electromagnetic Formula Sheet

Cylindrical to Rectangular and Vice Versa

𝐴𝑥 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜙 0 𝐴𝜌 𝐴𝜌 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜙 0 𝐴𝑥
[𝐴𝑦 ] = [ sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 0] [𝐴𝜙 ], [𝐴𝜙 ] = [− sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 0] [𝐴𝑦 ],
𝐴𝑧 0 0 1 𝐴𝑧 𝐴𝑧 0 0 1 𝐴𝑧

𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 , 𝜌 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ,
𝑦
𝜙 = tan−1
𝑥
Spherical to Rectangular and Vice Versa
𝐴𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜙 𝐴𝑟 𝐴𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝐴𝑥
[𝐴𝑦 ] = [ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 ] [ 𝐴𝜃 ], [ 𝐴𝜃 ] = [cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −sin 𝜃 ] [𝐴𝑦 ],
𝐴𝑧 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 0 𝐴𝜙 𝐴𝜙 − sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 0 𝐴𝑧

𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙, 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ,

√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
−1
𝜃 = tan ( )
𝑧
Electrostatics:
𝜌𝑣 𝑄
𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐅𝟏𝟐 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝐚
𝑅2 𝑅12
𝑄1 𝑄 2
= 4𝜋𝜀 𝐑 , 𝐅 = 𝑄𝐄, ∇ ∙ 𝐄 =
𝑅3 12
, ∇ × 𝐄 = 0, ∮𝑆 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝑺 = 𝜀 (Gauss’s law),
0 0 𝜀0 0
𝑄 1 𝜌 1 𝜌𝑣
∮𝑐 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐥 = 0, 𝐄 = 4𝜋𝜖 2
𝐚𝑅 , 𝐩 = 𝑄𝐝, 𝐄 = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫𝑣 𝑅2 𝑑𝑣𝐚𝑅 , 𝐄 = ∫
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑣 𝑅 2
𝑑𝑣𝐚𝑅 , 𝐄 =
0𝑅 0
1 𝜌 1 𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝑄
∫ 𝑠 𝑑𝑆𝐚𝑅 , 𝐄 = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫𝐿 𝑅𝐿2 𝑑𝑙𝐚𝑅 , 𝐄 = 2𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝜌 𝐚𝜌 , 𝐄 = 2𝜀𝑠 𝐚𝑛 , 𝐄 = −∇𝑉, 𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑅, 𝑉𝐴𝐵 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑆 𝑅 2 0 0 0 0
𝑤 𝐵 𝑄𝑑 cos 𝜃
= − ∫𝐴 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐥, 𝐃 = 𝜀0 𝐄, 𝑄 = ∮𝑠 𝐃 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∫𝑣 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 , ∇ ∙ 𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 , 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 2 , 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉,
𝑄
𝜀𝑆 2𝜋𝜀𝐿 4𝜋𝜀
𝐶= (for parallel-plate capacitor), 𝐶 = 𝑏 (for cylindrical capacitor), 𝐶 = 1 1 (for
𝑑 ln( ) −
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
𝜌𝑣
spherical capacitor), ∇2 𝑉 = − (Poisson’s equation) (∇2 is Laplacian operator), ∇2 𝑉 = 0
𝜀
(Laplace’s equation) (no charge is present 𝜌 = 0)
Magnetostatics:
𝐼𝑑𝐥 × 𝐚𝑅 𝐼𝑑𝐥 × 𝐑 𝐼𝑑𝐥 × 𝐚𝑅 𝐊𝑑𝑆 × 𝐚𝑅
𝑑𝐇 = = , 𝐇 = ∫𝐿 (Line Current), 𝐇 = ∫𝑆 (Surface Current), 𝐇 =
4𝜋𝑅 2 4𝜋𝑅 3 4𝜋𝑅 2 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝐉𝑑𝑣 × 𝐚𝑅 𝐼 𝐼 ∆𝑄
∫𝑉 (Volume Current), 𝐇 = 4𝜋𝜌 (cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛼1 )𝐚𝜙 , 𝐇 = 2𝜋𝜌 𝐚𝜙 , 𝐼 = , 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐉. 𝑑𝐒,
4𝜋𝑅 2 ∆𝑡
𝜕𝜌
𝐉 = 𝜎𝐄 (A/m2) (Ohm’s Law in Waveform), . 𝐉 = − (Equation of Continuity) (A /m3 ),
𝜕𝑡
𝐉 1
. 𝐉 = 0 (for Steady Current Divergenceless), ∮𝑆 𝐉. 𝑑𝐒 = 0,  𝑥 (𝜎) = 0, ∮𝐶 𝜎 𝐉. 𝑑𝐥 = 0,
𝐅𝑚 = 𝑄𝐮 × 𝐁, 𝐅 = 𝐅𝑒 + 𝐅𝑚 = 𝑄(𝐄 + 𝐮 × 𝐁) (Lorentz Force Equation), . 𝐁 = 0, ∇ ×
𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐉, ∮𝑆 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 0 (Law of Conservation of Magnetic Flux), ∮𝐶 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐥 = 𝜇0 𝐼, 𝐁 = ∇ × 𝐀,
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥′ 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥′ 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐚𝑅
. 𝐀 = 0, ∇2 𝐀 = −𝜇0 𝐉, 𝐀 = ∮𝐶 ,𝐁= ∮𝐶 ∇ × ( 𝑅 ), 𝐁 = ∮𝐶( ), 𝐁 =
4𝜋 𝑅 4𝜋 4𝜋 𝑅2
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝐥 ′ × 𝐑
∮( ), 𝐁 = 𝜇𝐇, 𝐌 = 𝛸𝑚 𝐇, 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝛸𝑚 , ∮𝐿 𝐇. 𝑑𝐥 = 𝐼enc (Ampere’s Circuit Law),
4𝜋 𝐿 𝑅3
 0 𝜇 𝐼
𝛹 = ∮𝐶 𝑨 . 𝑑𝒍 = ∮𝑆 𝑩 . 𝑑𝐒, 𝐁𝜙 = 2𝜋𝜌 𝐚𝜙 (Line of Current), 𝐚𝜙 = 𝐚𝑙 × 𝐚𝜌 , λ12 = 𝑀12 𝐼2 =
𝑁1 𝛹12 , 𝐅𝑚 = ∮𝐿 𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐁

Analog Relation between the Quantities in Electrostatics and those in Magnetostatics is

as follows:
Electrostatics Magnetostatics
𝐅𝑒 = 𝑄𝑬 𝐅m = 𝑄𝐮 × 𝐁
𝑄1 𝑄2 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝐥 × 𝐚𝑅
𝐅= 𝐚𝑟 𝑑𝐁 =
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
4𝜋𝑅2
𝜌𝑣
∇∙𝐄 = ∇∙𝐁 =0
𝜀0
𝑉 𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑙 (V/m) 𝐻 = 𝑙 (A/m)
∇×𝐄= 0 ∇ × 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐉
𝑄
∮𝑆 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = ∮𝑆 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 0
𝜀0
∮𝐶 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐥 = 0 ∮𝐶 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐥 = 𝜇0 𝐼
Irrotational Divergenceless
Not Solenoidal unless 𝜌 = 0 Solenoidal
𝛹 𝛹
𝐃 = 𝑆 (C/m2) 𝐁 = 𝑆 (Wb/m2)
𝐃 = 𝜀𝐄 𝐁 = 𝜇𝐇
1
𝜀0 = 36𝜋 × 10−9 F/m 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 H/m
𝐏 = 𝜀0 𝛸𝑒 𝐄, 𝜀𝑟 = 1 + 𝛸𝑒 , 𝐌 = 𝛸𝑚 𝐇, 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝛸𝑚
𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐉 ∙ 𝑑𝐒
𝐄 = −∇𝑉 𝐁= ∇×𝐀
𝐇 = −∇𝑉𝑚 (𝐉 = 0)
𝜌𝐿 𝑑𝑙 𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝐥
𝑉=∫ 𝐀=∫
4𝜋𝜀𝑟 4𝜋𝑅
1 𝜌 𝜇0 𝐉𝑑𝑣
𝑉= ∫ 𝑑𝑣 𝐀=∫
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑣 𝑅 𝑣 4𝜋𝑅

𝛹 = ∫ 𝐃 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 𝛹 = ∫ 𝐁 ∙ 𝑑𝐒
𝛹 = 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 𝛹 = 𝐿𝐼
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐼
𝐼=𝐶 𝑉=𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
𝜌𝑣 2
∇ 𝑉=− ∇ 𝐀 = −𝜇𝐉
𝜀
1 1
𝑤𝐸 = 𝐃. 𝐄 𝑤𝑚 = 𝐁. 𝐇
2 2
𝐸1𝑡 = 𝐸2𝑡 𝐵1𝑛 = 𝐵2𝑛
𝐷1𝑛 − 𝐷2𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠 𝐻1𝑡 − 𝐻2𝑡 = 𝐽𝑠𝑛
1 −9
𝜀0 is permittivity of free space whose value is 36π × 10 F/m, σ is conductivity, 𝜇0 is
permeability of free space whose value is 4π × 10−7 H/m, 𝛸𝑚 is magnetic susceptibility, 𝛹 is
flux
Vector Calculus:
Elements Rectangular Cylindrical Spherical
dl 𝑑𝑥𝐚𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦𝐚𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑧 𝑑𝜌𝐚𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝐚𝜙 + 𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑧 𝑑𝑟𝐚𝑟 + 𝑟𝑑𝜃𝐚𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜙𝐚𝜙
2
dS 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧𝐚𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝐚𝑧 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑧𝐚𝜌 + 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝐚𝜙 + 𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜌𝐚𝑧 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙𝐚𝑟 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙𝐚𝜃 + 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝐚𝜙
dv 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑧 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙

Coordinate Systems Gradient Divergence

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑧
Rectangular ∇𝑉 = 𝜕𝑥 𝐚𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝐚𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝐚𝑧 ∇. 𝐀 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕 𝜕𝐴
1 𝜙 𝜕𝐴𝑧
Cylindrical ∇𝑉 = 𝐚 + 𝐚 + 𝐚 ∇. 𝐀 = (𝜌𝐴𝜌 ) + +
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝐴𝜙
Spherical ∇𝑉 = 𝐚𝑟 + 𝐚𝜃 + 𝐚 ∇. 𝐀 = 2 (𝑟 𝐴𝑟 ) + (𝐴𝜃 sin 𝜃) +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙

Maxwell’s Equations for Static EM Fields

Differential (or Point)
Integral Form Remarks
Form
∇. 𝐃 = 𝜌𝑣 ∮ 𝐃. 𝑑𝐒 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 Gauss’s law
𝑆 𝑣
Nonexistence of magnetic
∇. 𝐁 = 0 ∮ 𝐁. 𝑑𝐒 = 0
𝑆 monopole
Conservative nature of
∇×𝐄= 0 ∮ 𝐄. 𝑑𝐥 = 0
𝐿 electrostatic field
∇×𝐇= 𝐉 ∮ 𝐇. 𝑑𝐥 = ∫ 𝐉. 𝑑𝐒 Ampere’s law
𝐿 𝑆