— pata link layer Design sssues : mM inter Connections’ mn Ink larger wn te DSI Lopen syste in » ‘) ht data bin laeyer- This layer id the network lows model i¢ in wi the physical ai ‘ wield tebe toca coments the raw hansmission face ty 7 ° fayty toa rehabhe and error s'pree tine h } M % rf layed Qre The mann funthions ond phe design issues of thts layer Q $ Proureling senices 40 the network layer © Prana * Enor controL * Flow controv Sewntes to the networie layer - Dn tne OS1 model beiow vt and provides gach layty uses the Semiced of Fhe layix Senlives 40 the layer above terre data hak layer uses the Sewi'ces offered by the pliynéal leiiyes © the Pamary function of! ins layer 6 10, provide a well! epined Seite. miteface 40 netuork layer above it jy + [Netuoove Tayer} vst } sekurces tote network, : layer Data hink, ,layer| ASENICLS From the Physical layer.» physical layer] a ici | The types of sewiees Provided can be oj 1 fF three types Unarknowledged connestionlgts rsequved «af By Uaecenowledged connec tion less Seruice 3 Heknowledged connection -ovitmted Serwee Framing + |. Thedata Im layer encapsulates ea MOO layy'y MAD frame trae ay ‘® Frome has’ 3 pares nameid ° Frome header St ° Payload field that ¢, wh date parte Eom the et MOR transmitted’. ontaind the cata packet wm nepwnrk layer , " & TratlerCC ___ Ricwiuing Ht dol Sending Machine rach mc let [peewee } (f ) sa fran fierd | [Peaden} [reader | [rai (rraiter) fitld vee Emor control Tht data Ink layer ensureé error free Im¥ for data 4vomimission Te ISSUES it eaters 40 Lith seapeet 10 esvoy Contant oie 7 Sealing anth hansmission errors > Bending acthowlidgernent —prarne's Betransraitting lost! frames Adentifging vclapWeate frarret oved detecting thoes 1 _ Contains |ccess ‘4b Shaved ge te reliable tgcme tion o> MNT Cone op Boakdeasting Flow control: | 7 data ink lay aeguiates ting contob'ad that a {Ose Sender | oes NOE drown o stow vecertey “when the sender Suds fromneg Ae ITY high speeds’ a’ Siow Fecenien may not ke able 40 Mandte \ There will be frame losses even WE thE ‘Hadsmission i enw free The boo Cornmon appypather for Flow control ave % Feedback based ftow esntrot # Rate based fle control. ™ Favor petecti0n and cewection: i F Metwork must be able fo wansfer data’ from one eyice 10 another with complete aceunacy: * Pate con be corupted chamg ‘promemission. for relate esrornunyea tw errors must be detected ond corrected ° Fror detection and. covection are tenplernen ted 4 other ab tne alate Ime layes > on the 4¥aNs Pore layer of the OST Medel # h drngle bre a. mtultiple ere 5 Bure” Types OF errors | Slogle bre enow: : ' Single bre errovs ake the least Weely type of EVOKE im Seavel data sransrnisson btoz the noise rust hayes a Veay Short tuvtaton woh Te very save. towel, fis tand of earOrs con happen toporallél pangenission 64 ap data is Sent ae mbps HHO zach bit lasts only ‘] ropvaoy sect WS shy Lae [elol of of 10] (eLolo] TT) sent . vecerved® ps Multiple bit enor ale weceived Burst EXVOY ® yorjotlulelylel tt jotolt__3 gurse enor rs mastly Ineety £0 op ormalty longer ran the duration of pen mn Serio transrniS500 Once poe duration of noise KM bre Tos # The no-oF bike affected cepindy on the data rate $ duration oF nove; t "3 1 Ay : ie De dato went at rate = Hebps snen a Norse oF Yipo See can apfect os Ciao 190) Error detection" Brrov oe tect00 meong to decide whether the received data fs Comat os noe without rowing a Copy oF the ongnal msq- id : roy deteettoo uses Fhe concept oF edundenty wh mean) adding entra bits for cereetiag enors at the destination E There ore four types F detection methods cupe Me Caer SCRE, cme aUPD URE Eveuical vecendancy cheer] ReceeTPeformance vs. > GE cary detec’ Single bit eNOT i Fotat number of 6777 Yaie cam aeteet buree evvory only Hf the odd Bee © [hengitucinnt Redundaney check’) bi > [reioion [rovoro [eotneo1[ isis [10041 \ tee Data Performance Use eros > Ue wwereases the Ikeltheod of aeteetang bruce enor YF KOO bits Mm OMe data the game ONIES Fave comaged and two bits Mm enacts 'M amotner cata unt are also dornaged the Le detect pasitiong Chee AE not an enor CYCHE Reckunclaney cheer: : + Guen a e-pre pame of Message the honsmriter gentiates an n-byi SeQUUME EMA as a frome Mmeck Sequence [peg YeSUteing ame CONSYSINg, oF emy bit Precetammed nomniees % The veceues then chundes $9, tae 8 SS eHACHY Aweaibu ‘by Som, ‘he _meoming frame by the Come no ond assumes dna there was "0 cror ofvate (feeb ona} 'F neve & NO TeMOMAder le mbyes, ss sit 3 Tovursor] onows — frre Tpata_] Dwisor AG ~ Ytrmamder Fi ite aw EEO ning Femamecr } ew accepe Sereler non- 2670, rejeet: ‘ Recen ey i Polynomial: i ic * MS amg | 4 many duutsion: 18!) 1901 000000 ti16; P Horny 1900 1104 PEMMORIOL 8 Ovi omcheek. Suro: ‘ pt the sender n bit ob rhe unit as dinded meo K Section cach, #. Irs © pl) sections art added together using ones complement to gee the Sum | 8 gh Sum 16 complemmttd and becomes the checksum © 7he checksum Ws sent with the data At tne vecevuer: eo o7he amit td aided wto K section each of nr bits 9 MIL sections one adeled together using one's complement to get the sum : 7 ° ahe sum Ie comnplerntnted © af Ihe result iS zero the data ore aceepted otherwise they are ngyected pe formance! ~ 2 rhe Check Sum sotects off e170 senuoluing an odd number of bits 9 Qt cetects mast enore mauoluing an eurn number of bits 9 9F ont ov more bits of a Segment are damaged amd the coarespond bit ov bie oF opposite value ya Second segmint aye also damaged the Sums of those columns ’ will rot change and Me! receiver gant not deteet a problem Frey cowec ton: Enor conection can be done tm two oa ys Backward error conection: when the receiuer detects an enor m the data recewed ; it VEQUSE back the Senter 46 Ve hanemt tthe alka unt foward prror correckon' 7 wunin tht yeceney actects Some enor m the data receiued it eMECLERS Cor ~cowvecting code web helps it to auto-recouer and to comcet Somt lands of ear. ~~ Fuse one backward exro¥ tore tion {6 Srnple ond can only be eFfeefently uted where ve hangmitttin t ernttting (8 noe expensive. | EY) Fine optits. | But m the cose of wneleas trans MISSION re transnarthing may cast | 700 Pnuch =m the latker case , forward eV0x Correction is xtsed, > 7 covieck the eNO in data frame the veceiwer must eno | wae t wer bit WH the frame js eorepted - 79 Jocate me bit m \ ewDY Lacduncbnt bitd are used as parity bres for error ale iec tion: | £9) ASCH words C1bits cata) rheve Gould be 8 kid of. mf? we need past 9 bits to LeU ua oth bie is CeroY ond one more bit 40 te that dneve iano ew.ee, provide £09 A deta bits v redundant bits ove Used F brts CON fF a combrnation of tae? i the YBIES thin, By mia wwe codeword thee is possibility That h mw ae May gt conupted 69 the nb. of WV BWES thornsetues rmay 9) Ase Muse inf about mie bit locations plus 0 enor toe? he many a semi Flementary ata lnk layer protocols Mee are classi pied mo S eategones they are Vowestaveted gimplea protocel + 1 Data Hansmitting iS carved out in one Hangmigsinn CT) and yécéivn time can be Wgnared om tg ard no exons ove oceanng Of fide 2 AW Mm Com be Yemesunted in dweetion only - The CRe) ove always aeody and the processe protocol mfimite burper space if ounlobe that 1% no darnage framew ond no lost: ctaqroromnatreatty as follows Simpler stop omd wait protocbt'y In Anis protocol we assume that data i trancmitted mone. alweee tio" “ofly. lo eRFORE OGEUIRE he YeeeLver® can Only Eoca ge the yeeerued” Ine at frnwte vate» These assumptions tenply trated Aromem@tter canmot Send Frames ak YOU faster Aton the oyecti™ can process them o i The main pobum vs how +0 prevent ine fhe recener to auoid thi wehaue dome eps. SIPAS~ the recemer send the Sender vetiingy the Serider Phat the thse yeeetwed frame hai been processed ond passed +o the bon: sSkp-2) permrssi0D 40 Send the nme frame is gronted rhe sender after sending tne send frame har to wart fox an tis receiver before Sending trome 0m Ihe acknowledge pome from Did vasa i cdiled srmplen Stop ond wart protocol , the Sender pti one prame and waits for feedback from the receiver wohen se the nenk frome sre acenowlltdgement amiues Mit sender Seeds the Diagramatically: Sender Receluer rs (8) Request Yual <—~fck ana anwal Bequest prrival <— cena paul: Tmt Time Simple protocol fox Noisy chormeti Dota transfer rv only m one direction consider Separate sender ond FECL FyMEE —PIEUSING capacity omd specd at Hhe veceiuer gimee it 16 @ noisy channel errors mchtoa frames vv acknowled. GME promes ort expeeted every prome how a umique sequince number PRICY & frame has been tHanumvited the trey ié started for Fimvee Hime + Before the bacleiw Eumer expires if the ¢ NOE recewed the frome the frome gets ye ace rowledgement gee corrupted or gent data Frames gees lama ged ew long the Sinden rs hold wart +o transmit yne nene mfinice Eee acknowledgement \s ouy THE Simplee protocol for noisy channel 15 dagrammat cali nepresenied as e 7 Sencky Rectiuer Request renal nivel rena Tm timeSling window protocat* protocat ; i real tf Wry Shing wmdow isa technique for sending adh i WO ceuvens (AE A time FE controls the clata packets bho the & wWhNE rehable ond gradually delivery of cata Pomes kK Meee 4 % ala used mn TEPC TaNSmissioN eavtrol. protocol J” 4) Th FeCPN|UE each Frame has sent FOM the SequENde, NO THE Sequence numbers are used vo find the méssing data inthe | Yecever end rhe purpose of sliding window fechntpe 40 axon! | duplicate lata som uss the Sequence Number | Types of siding wrndew protocol! 1 GO-Rack —N ARG SO -Goek NORE protocal Yepeat yequest i$ also known as G&o-Back-M Automatic TE Ww data lnk layer protocal that uses a shang wmdows method i thE OF ony prame is conupted ot lost , all subsequint frames hau to be sent again The Size of the sender window i AL in thes protocol - Por enomple GD Bate 8, te S120 of Window Size ws always 4-96 the veceiuer recerurs 2 comupted Frome : fe Cancets it he Wecertey dees not aceepe ConTUP EC frome - when the ctu en PCL the sendey sends che covece ame agaia- ther [ser a JLEEESE Epp: La: Selectwe Reptat ARQ! selective Repeat Ae9 parormaeic repeat acguist feu a shaling window method 9 provocol warts | alin known as the selertie Repeat fo data link Inyer protocol that sy he tip ~ back AR yell ip ve Fies fewer evrors rhe to re pre ts a for of enor Mine fvarre Inte of bardworith loss Ve But Seneiing the frames agnn: sour use the selectine veprat OPA protncal fo tit peorocel., the, csmMa be TOMA Polls [- cgmn|co a come csmn | CA token passingeee ee ee ee ee eee ee " Rordom neces protocols Dn this ait stations haut Sarne Supemonty that i no Station has MEE PAONIY than omotner Sabon. ANY station can send data. ckepending on mediume state: M ThrE IS no Ee A tre for Sending, data Rothe te neg ey oF Sla€ions sendmg data 9) ALOHA, Pewas designed for wwe less CAN but is alto appheabie for Shaved mediurr -an ing Ss multiple SEALIONS Com vransmré data gut Same tm ond can tead Fo collision amd data berng © Slotted atoha &) CsmAs Commer sense murtipl access ensure Station i required 40 farce sense Tronsmithing data fe wars Feurr coltisiong ag the tne medium be pore De fe is AW then 1 sendy data otneroige MUL the Chonnel beeomes sd. Foweuy shure ng Stl Chante a6 coltsion in ESMA clue £0 propaga tiory otelay | CSMA” access modes! I~ persistent | | | © PUYE aloha | Non - persistene P- persistent O - persistent 4) csmal ca: Carew sense routttple access with collision 9, wordanee « rhe PROLESS of COMMONS detection muolued Sender eee m, SIGMA. $F there o juse one SMALL then the data "8 syceess full See but there (are M20, signaled they i” mp ONS ag eollr sit F acknonpas occured csma] ca avords collision BY J. Foeerfrarne space! Station wares por medrum 10 becorne HE and ie fourrd wile rt clot nok immediately send daca valhey /F wares for @ period of tue cated mlerprame spree oy PFS: 2 Contentton windows * Te is #ht amount of UME dutded meo SloLs FF the sender ws yea 40 send data tt chooses a random number of slots are wrt time web dewble cuny ene medium 1 noe found rate Gf the medium w& found busy 1 doce moe restave the eatin proce ge vather ik restart dhe Ermer when the channel Ws found wlle agar 3 Acknowledgement * phe sender ae-hansmies the data if ac knowledgerunt fe not mtceed before, bimme out csmalco: Convitr sense multrple access with collfsion detect ton Stations can Hammate trangmi ssion oF daca sf Collision ond ctetected controlled Access protocal : Pt 1S ametnod of reducing dato frarne eolhksi0N ora Gharect chanel m the controlled access metnod Fach Station, nieracts and de 40 send @ data fume’ bya particular gration approutd by all other Gra0NsS Fe means a Mat a smgk gration come seme the data frome unless ail otheT “SEALIONS are not approued it channelization: Gn this the auarlable band wid th of the Ink is shared be Arequiney and code to multiple stations to aceess channels smut toreod + Fomn [prequency division multiple access] * he bandwidth of the Ink és divided mto, equat bands so that tach station cam be allocated rus own bond | Bands ore also added 60) that number a bare overlap 40 avoid crass dalk to noise © TOMA [ Trme chuision multiple: access] In ia the bandwidth 16 shored blw muttiple stations to auord collision time 1 awwited mto Blows and station ave alioted, ¢hese Globe 40 trangmit’ data F * COMA code piuiition mute rple’ access] hang missions srmilbancously there K Pe ther the diusion ¢ band width nov ohurswn of time. : LAS OF phot ware many prope m a room au “peaking ay the Same time then also perfect veception of dato only a jersons speak tre dame tang One Channel comes ait 18 peqgsttou. °F1 } r anal Somitorly data from tft stations ean be transmitted $770! t400y | ™ def code tong | Orthogonal frequiney duision mn CororA)’ ‘i to 6nd dn” Seba ie ‘adaildbl gandaorith i diuided m0 ~ cub cartes morder to MOEASE Fhe overall performance MEY We data @ transmitted fhrough these senatl Subcarmves Switched local orca networks: pdldlve S611Ng: LAN [ Local Mec network J , rts Seni arneng meni hasts, Ang fra LAN: the data Bomdcast chonnet shaved fo tne brondcast addrese reach alt hoses on tne Farirea | AN Rhames boaveleast 1hDs¢ who con't want Fpnore ce Cows topology), ' as Frames gene 10 partiealar pane address yeach only the aestination host ( star topology): usea hose reay 2 Anan MAC Addy ss * Re is ured forget frame one mimface to another phy svealiy connected nto face ' I A Most aie 4B bibs bong, depends or link layee protocot — pddress ols burtd m0 tne adaptrr Pom — Broadcast address usually git ones (eperpy Hep: (Pddvess Resoultiony protocol] PRED foridording A packet, with {py a Tutor Enews wher fhe packee had veathed tke destinatioo network, : © beep an kp table maps on Building a6 Hep table! ° ORP table ¢ OIP Heldvess 2 PIBE Address 2 Trh Ley: 2omin) “ IPS oddyess 10 mpc Pnldlre g 6aktress Bown beble - # HestA has no entry for P P broadcast ep Bury for © Ail hosts on LAN veceiwe query umicast to + hose with addwss 8 responds Y + Math ts MOC 6 ness j coal be hear, Quy end yeuponse cache Hansiations fo £m they PP tables - EL gered Packet from AtowB ulaRg nttd ARP fom ALOR , ReoB mse IP teeta 38 - Gus AASy : * aen.pe-20 ~6+-9°-00-17-B8!4) IP: 222.2 92-202 221 IP 5999-299 209.220 . * 1PL222-222,222-220 1A -23-F9 -CD-06 -9e, 99BD - 02 =c1-S6 “24 Aue ARP table fO% Node 299. ‘222-299-226 IP Peldvess MAC Address 222-222-227 .95, 88-82-27 -sy “1A -of 222-292-922 -2 49-80 -p2-ces-29 Ethernet: Orgroaily wed obus- Row nearly att mstatlations use 4 star hubs’ ta ssuntth’.err ere ite ee eee ee Frame format: Source [Tyee ol [eee] del | nated £ : ; { preamble [ Data OOP packer ereapsulated mate crhenet frome » (olols ° promble 1 bytes 9¢ 10101010. followed by one byte of 101 © Adhesses Grytes type: higher leuet pavtagl SCRE errr deteruon] concetion HUBS UE Gurtches Hub nie veptatEN ond oignat ompliyty eonneets too LON Segment TeRIhe eavinds mor distonte bio g née cormeens aeaaee domame - ‘ | Swrteh + LIME layer forward, aewites : + Stores ond! forced ® Domes ving MAc pddress "EES IME Lager protddgl when fouameling Frames Separates cottinon domamns. : # Switches us Routers ‘ host suit poater vee xb real Neatwn cc Dil unk network, come ransport ved renoore tna BEM ue crcl} eas fink ghysreat, © Both use store andl, povwend surtths foward frorneg FOULCT forward IP PUCkLes : ° Routes compute pathy blu IP newurke usm roUbINg a (govidhn o surttnes ase a Leaning Aigonithm to connect Ine formmg o émgle 4P matwonrle VLANS hy ot # Hoot to benit the cprcad of bomdeog t tra pene Wont to folate -petyie por crit submiee without | Separate physical switth for each Subnet - * wank to Fleuibrity of mowing phases IW Submety without rewring them * usa Single switch with snbeturgence 40 qe Ven: & PE Usea routcy wth the Gwtth tp Puke blo ULANLY re pun mg a pags that krews wth pogee beeLink virtualization, 9 network aso link layer Jibk untualizaben is a technique tae is used m computer networking t create umtual links (9 Connections bho Arf ckuces used IN the CentRE of the hme layer ach, THM techniteee WU of ten Wht sctond layer o¢ the OS) mavel MPLS [ mult! protocol label swr'ichng] Goitiod goat’ high speed IP fonvarding using Fraed lengtty label (instead of \p_ @ctdvess) # Fast look UP using fred length raentifer 4 Gonmwrng ideas HOM wntual errewe (uc) approach 4 But Ip datagram still Feips ip Address PPP oY MPLS Ip header remamder of Frhanet header Ime -layer frame heoders MPLS capable routcrs > Ale +0 a Label switched router > forward pacietes 0 outgoing mtarface based only on label value Flenibiity. MPLS fowsard my deersions can aitrer fmm chose of IP 2 use aestimation and source address 10 route flows foSome aestinate ah Preentty - : o re-route flows quiciely ‘fF link farts MPLS US IP paths: | Pe-8 —1P vou toronty PiP3 Rs MPLS and IP outers 1p routing: path 10 dygtination detormmed by datination address alone MPLS qouting' path EO destination can be based on Source and destwmat address. MPLS signaling : e Modiry Ospr 95-98 Ink State flooding protocele 40 carry mo used b Ss wueing serie "J rautd ink bandwidth £9 lang bandwidth, gmeunt of aesee tO Setup movotol ¢ * Fotry pprs route users’ RgvP-TE Signaling «fp MELE fomwmoting ae clowrrtcam routers ‘ Data centty neeworrs 1 108 to 1006 0% thousands of hoite often Closly carpled Cle promtmity © - busie Sé o content Sere rs © Sench engmes, data mmning 2 chastenges © Mulkiple appliatione each Seuing rnastiue navof chents. ° Managme | balantng lead, auording prscesing ne workemg , dab tren tad balances applitation layer Fouting , & Fetus eutrmat cleme requests 2 cect Workload with data centey 3 9 tN aecuteT 40 extrac cient: G mth mir connec ton ermeng suntches e merased thioughput blu rwees 2 morasd yelrability ura redundanty ~ i Petro spetewue’ er pag To the Vitek wer Page : Request: Tae s* oomest, "9 EB ar 6 200073 wtb Sener 641139 IOta reing Started : DACP »UDP.1P OOF 6 TS once [ Dorner | vnp pooner lp | pov OfF|_cu + soutey Cruns DHCP) # connecting laptop needs 40 gee ibs ou IP Address oF frst hyp wouter , addesS of Drts sevucy: USE DHCP * DHCP requut encapsulated m Lop, encapsulated ™ IP and iin $02 3 etnemet ; > Ernie frome broadcast (dest PREFER) on Lan rectild at outer wumning -pHCP sevury 4 ° Etremet derunid to 1p cithuntd, vOP ckmuned to prep 2 Dcp semuer formulates pHcP Feenewkdgemme containing Clrtnts W Addyess , IP Address of FIvSt —hop wouter tor cient ,Mame and IP Adohtss of DAS SevutY © Fritapsulatiwn at BHCP sevuey Frame forward trough Lan. demuttipltwmng ot client © DHCP ClenE veeeiues PHCP acienuw reply. t cay fo the hee (@RP) (before nis, before HTT py ° Before sending ATID wQuese netd IP adedrtss Of cure gorgle corn: DMS © OMS quig cntattd ,entapsalattd m upp ; incopsulated m ipg m eihurntt to sind mere frame to yours need pec address y qourty mtn fact : ARP ° bP Gury byoadease vecewed by woulry weh replres with OPP oply Quine mac address of outer mirrface- * Chent no) knew MAC Address of HEE hop ToUtu eo can NO sind frarne coratorng ONE qumy. Usteg DNG 099 detagraen forwarded mii 7 FIOM) Campus NetwWot INLD cumcare network , uted co ONS Scouty « ° Oermunred tO png Seuet alSOM Serer veplits to eHent with Paddres¢ af ceux. (PE! com rying HTrpr ,clent prise Opens ICP Sdehet LO wep, TEP connection o¢ AT Ip request fh Teply tabhshed - HTTP request gene inet ap datagron) centamy google comm ; web Seay Yesponds with hHp reply. Dp alata mam con cain Dttp vepl > FD socpet MG DAP request’ Touterted w urwo. YY routercey back ty cheng.