Patterns of Pascal’s Triangle

An Investigatory Paper

Presented to

Mrs. Anna Lisa Mugar

BSED MATH 14 Instructor

In Final Fulfillment

of the Requirements of the Course

BSED MATH 14

Math Investigators:

Ragudo, May Ann G.

Sadagnot, Renalyn B.
Quitay, Beverlyn P.
Salomeo, Mary Jean E.
Cordero, Catherine K.
Supat, Casey Y.

1
 January 2023

ABSTRACT

The study of patterns in mathematics has always been a fascinating and intriguing

subject. One such pattern that has captured the attention of mathematicians for centuries is the

Pascal's Triangle. This triangular array of numbers, named after the French mathematician Blaise

Pascal, exhibits numerous interesting patterns and properties. In our mathematical investigatory

project, we aimed to explore and analyze the various patterns present in Pascal's Triangle. We

began by constructing the triangle using a recursive formula, where each number is obtained by

adding the two numbers directly above it. As we progressed through different rows of the

triangle, we observed several recurring patterns. One prominent pattern we discovered was the

symmetry present in each row of Pascal's Triangle. The numbers on either side of the triangle are

mirror images of each other, creating an aesthetically pleasing symmetry. Additionally, we

noticed that certain diagonal lines within the triangle contained consecutive powers of 2.

Furthermore, our investigation led us to uncover connections between Pascal's Triangle and

binomial coefficients. The entries in each row represent combinations or binomial coefficients,

which have significant applications in probability theory and algebraic expansions. Overall, our

project delved into exploring and understanding the intricate patterns inherent in Pascal's

Triangle. Through this investigation, we gained valuable insights into combinatorics and

mathematical structures while appreciating the beauty and elegance found within this timeless

mathematical concept.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page…………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………... 2
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………. 4

CHAPTER I

Background of the Study………………………………………………………………………. 5-7

Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………………………. 8
Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………………... 8
Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………………………………… 9
Review of Related Literature…………………………………………………………………10-12

CHAPTER II
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………….13-17
General Procedure……………………………………………………………………………13-15
Safe-keeping device………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Testing the device……………………………………………………………………………… 17

CHAPTER III
Results and Discussion……………………………………………………………………….. 18

CHAPTER IV
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………… 20

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Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………. 21-22
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………23-28
Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………………………… ……………23-28
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Mathematical Investigation Project would not have been possible without the

invaluable support and assistance of numerous individuals. We would like to express our sincere

gratitude and appreciation to the following individuals:

First and foremost, we extend our heartfelt thanks to our subject instructor, Mrs. Anna

Lisa Mugar, for her exceptional guidance, outstanding knowledge, and continuous motivation

throughout the entire process. Her expertise and unwavering support greatly contributed to the

success of this investigation.

We would also like to extend our deepest appreciation to our beloved parents. Their

unwavering support, encouragement, and inspiration were instrumental in our ability to complete

this project. We are grateful for their love, understanding, and holistic support every step of the

way.

Furthermore, we would like to express our profound gratitude to the Almighty Father for

granting us the knowledge and strength to undertake this investigation. His divine guidance and

supervision were vital in ensuring its success.

Lastly, we would like to acknowledge all those who have provided support,

encouragement, and assistance during this project, even if they are not specifically mentioned.

Their contributions, whether big or small, helped shape the outcome of this investigation.

4
 With sincere hearts, we extend our deepest thanks to all of you for your invaluable

contributions and unwavering support. This investigation would not have been possible without

each and every one of you.

CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

Pascal's Triangle, named after French mathematician Blaise Pascal, is a triangular array

of numbers with a rich history and a fascinating structure. Each number in the triangle is

obtained by adding the two numbers directly above it. The triangle begins with a row containing

only the number 1 and continues by constructing new rows using this addition rule. Pascal's

Triangle has been studied by mathematicians for centuries, and its intricate patterns and

properties have captivated the minds of many. In this study, we aim to delve deeper into the

structure of Pascal's Triangle and uncover the hidden patterns and relationships that lie within it.

The study of Pascal's Triangle holds great significance in the field of mathematics. It

provides insights into various mathematical concepts, including binomial coefficients,

combinatorics, and number theory. The patterns found in Pascal's Triangle have wide-ranging

applications, extending beyond mathematics into other disciplines such as computer science,

physics, and engineering. Understanding the underlying patterns and properties of Pascal's

Triangle can enhance problem-solving abilities, promote critical thinking, and foster an

appreciation for the elegance and complexity of mathematics. By exploring the patterns within

Pascal's Triangle, we hope to broaden our understanding of this fundamental mathematical

structure and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this field.

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 In algebra, a triangular arrangement of numbers is employed to provide coefficients in the

expansion of any binomial expression, such as (x + y) n. Named after the 17th-century French

mathematician Blaise Pascal, though it has ancient origins, the concept was first introduced by

Chinese mathematician Jia Xian in the 11th century. Yang Hui, another Chinese mathematician,

further studied and popularized the triangular representation in the 13th century, leading to its

designation as the Yang Hui triangle in China. The pattern was also explored by Persian

mathematician, astronomer, and poet Omar Khayyam in the 11th century.

To construct the triangle, start with placing a 1 along the left and right edges.

Subsequently, fill in the triangle from the top by adding the two numbers immediately above to

the left and right of each position. For example, the second row in Hindu-Arabic numerals is 1 1,

the third row is 1 2 1, and so forth. The coefficients for the expansion of (x + y) 0, (x + y)1, (x +

y)3, and so on, are derived from the first, second, third rows, and so forth, of the triangle,

demonstrating a consistent and remarkable pattern.

The triangle exhibits intriguing patterns, one of which involves drawing parallel "shallow

diagonals" and summing the numbers on each line, resulting in the Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2,

3, 5, 8, 13, 21,). This connection was initially observed by the medieval Italian mathematician

Leonardo Pisano ("Fibonacci") in his Liber abaci (1202; "Book of the Abacus").

A distinct geometric phenomenon associated with the triangle is Sierpiński's triangle,

named after Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński, who described the fractal in 1915.

Although the design as an art motif dates back to 13th-century Italy, the process involves starting

with a solid equilateral triangle and removing the triangle formed by connecting the midpoints of

each side. This action creates three internal triangles whose midpoints can be connected to form

new triangles, initiating a recursive process that continues indefinitely. The resulting structure,

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known as the Sierpiński gasket, exhibits a Hausdorff dimension slightly exceeding 1.5, indicating

a dimensionality between one and two.

Additionally, an interesting property of the triangle is that shading positions with odd

numbers black and those with even numbers white creates a fractal pattern known as the

Sierpiński gasket, paying homage to the 20th-century Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński.

In this study, our goal is to delve deep into the patterns of Pascal's Triangle, unravel its

secrets, and uncover hidden relationships and structures within. By applying advanced

mathematical analysis and computational methods, we aim to discern new patterns, investigate

their mathematical properties, and explore their potential applications. Through this research, we

hope to contribute to the existing body of knowledge in mathematics, inspire further

investigations into the mysteries of Pascal's Triangle, and enhance our understanding of this

captivating mathematical phenomenon.

7
Objectives of the Study

The investigators are then expected to:

1. To familiarize students with the number array known as Pascal’s Triangle to the extent

that they are able to identify at least three-fourths of the patterns.

2. To examine and analyze the patterns related to the sums of the elements in various

diagonals or rows of Pascal's Triangle, seeking to establish general rules.

3. To investigate the relationship between the binomial coefficients in Pascal's Triangle and

identify any recurring patterns or relationships that may emerge.

4. To explore the presence of prime numbers or other number-theoretic patterns within

Pascal's Triangle and establish connections between its structure and number theory

5. To discover fundamental patterns within Pascal's Triangle, such as the triangular nature of

the arrangement and the symmetry of its elements.

Significance of the Study

The study about discovering patterns of Pascal’s Triangle is important as it will provide

additional mathematical concepts and information in the field of Mathematics. This study

may lead to more mathematical discoveries and innovation. As future Mathematics

teachers, we can leverage these insights to enhance classroom teaching, making lessons

more dynamic and engaging. Integrating these discovered patterns into the curriculum not

8
 only deepens students' understanding but also inspires curiosity and future exploration.

This study contributes not just to theoretical math but also offers practical implications

for effective teaching, fostering a culture of continuous inquiry and discovery in the study

of mathematical patterns.

Scopes and Limitation

Scope

This mathematical investigation seeks to unravel the mystery surrounding the patterns within

Pascal's Triangle. By employing rigorous analysis and exploration, the study aims to identify,

document, and understand the underlying mathematical structures and symmetries inherent in the

triangle's arrangement of numbers. Through a systematic approach, the goal is to provide clarity

on the recurring patterns observed in each row, shedding light on their significance and potential

applications.

Limitation

This study is only limited on the exploration of patterns within Pascal's Triangle, specifically

focusing on its numerical symmetries, powers of 2 in diagonal lines, and connections to binomial

coefficients.

9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Howard (2019) underscores Pascal’s Triangle as a rich source of

mathematical patterns, often neglected in educational settings. Smith (1973) further emphasizes

the triangle’s enduring significance, noting its centuries of application in mathematics, while

Hilton (1987) accentuates its crucial role in combinatorics, particularly through its binomial

coefficients. Edwards (1988) delves into the historical origins of the triangle, connecting it to

Pythagorean arithmetic, Hindu combinatorics, and Arabic algebra. Through these historical

perspectives, it becomes imperative to familiarize students with the triangle and its intricate

patterns, thus fostering a comprehensive understanding of its enduring importance in

mathematical discourse.

Plaza (2020) visually illustrates that the summation of alternate terms in the (n + 1)st row of

Pascal’s Triangle corresponds to the sum of all terms in the preceding row. Building on this, Granville

(1997) formulates a rule pertaining to the count of entries congruent to 1 and -1 modulo 4 within each row

of Pascal's Triangle. Additionally, Hilton (2012) delves into the Star of David theorem and its three-

dimensional analogues, unveiling intricate patterns in the cumulative sums of elements across various

diagonals and rows. Webb (1989) contributes explicit formulas detailing the occurrences of residues

modulo 4 in Pascal's Triangle. Collectively, these studies significantly advance our comprehension of the

discernible patterns and rules governing the summation of elements within Pascal's Triangle.

Extensive examination of Pascal's Triangle and its binomial coefficients has uncovered a plethora

of patterns and interconnections. Lewis (2004) delved into the generalization of the triangle and its

10
coefficients, discerning distinct types of generalizations that share a notable property—prime number

divisibility. Shifting the focus, Su (2008) concentrated on the unimodality problem inherent in sequences

of binomial coefficients, particularly those aligned along a ray or transversal within the triangle.

Furthermore, Hilton's contributions in both 1987 and 1989 underscored the pivotal role of

symmetry within Pascal's Triangle. The latter study expanded the realm of binomial coefficients to ensure

the preservation of symmetry and pattern. Collectively, these investigations underscore the intricate and

multifaceted relationships embedded within Pascal's Triangle and its binomial coefficients, illuminating

the richness of this mathematical structure.

Taking a different avenue, Dilcher (2005) introduced a triangular array akin to Pascal's Triangle,

establishing a criterion for the occurrence of twin prime pairs. Expanding on this, Kallós (2006)

undertook a generalization of the triangle through the utilization of powers of base numbers, illuminating

connections with both binomial and multinomial theorems. Hilton (2012) elevated these insights into the

realm of three dimensions, unraveling analogues of binomial coefficient theorems. In concert, these

studies offer a compelling showcase of the intricate connections between Pascal's Triangle and number

theory, particularly in the context of prime numbers and other number-theoretic patterns.

The enduring allure of Pascal's Triangle, an age-old mathematical construct, continues to

captivate researchers through its intricate symmetries and patterns. Howard (2019) underscores the

inherent joy that researchers derive from the process of uncovering these intricate mathematical patterns,

revealing a timeless fascination with Pascal's Triangle.

Examining the nuanced role of symmetry within the triangle, Hilton's works in 1987 and 2012

provide insightful perspectives, with the latter delving into three-dimensional analogues of binomial

coefficients, pushing the boundaries of exploration. Extending the tapestry of inquiry, Gévay (2015)

introduces a novel class of configurations—Desargues–Cayley–Danzer configurations—arrangeable in a

triangular fashion reminiscent of Pascal's Triangle. This not only showcases the adaptability of the

11
triangle's concept but also significantly broadens the scope of pattern exploration within its mathematical

domain.

In essence, these collective studies affirm not only the timeless fascination but also the evolving

nature of insights and discoveries within the rich landscape of Pascal's Triangle. As researchers persist in

delving deeper into its complexities, Pascal's Triangle stands as a testament to the enduring allure and the

ever-expanding frontier of mathematical patterns and symmetries.

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 CHAPTER II
Methodology
Materials
Material:
- Pen or pencil
- Paper or a notebook
- Calculator (optional)

General Procedure
Understanding the Patterns of Pascal's Triangle
Pascal's Triangle is a fascinating arrangement of numbers that has intrigued mathematicians for
centuries. Our project aims to explore and analyze the various patterns that emerge within this
triangle. By diving into these patterns, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the
mathematical secrets hidden within Pascal's Triangle. Through our investigation, we aim to
unravel the mesmerizing patterns and uncover the endless possibilities that lie within this
magical world of numbers.
Properties and Characteristics of Pascal's Triangle
1. Each number is the sum of the two numbers above it.
2. The triangle is symmetric.
3. The diagonals going along the left and right edges contain only 1’s. The diagonals next to the
edge diagonals contain the natural numbers in order. The next diagonal is the triangular numbers.
Similarly, the next diagonals are the tetrahedral numbers or triangular pyramidal numbers.

13
Pascal’s triangle is a never-ending
equilateral triangle of numbers that follow
a rule of adding the two numbers above to
get the number below. Two of the sides are
“all 1's” and because the triangle is infinite,
there is no “bottom side.”

The sums of the rows give the powers of

2.

14
Start with any number in the triangle and proceed down the diagonal. Then change the direction
in the diagonal for the last number. That last number is the sum of every other number in the
diagonal, this is known as Hockey Stick Pattern.

Application of Pascal’s Triangle

Now let’s have a look at the application
of Pascal’s triangle.Binomial
Expansion Pascals triangle determines the
coefficients which arise in binomial
expansion. Suppose you have the binomial
(x + y) and you want to raise it to a power
such as 2 or 3.
For Example:
Let’s expand (x+y)³. Since we’re raising
(x+y) to the 3rd power, use the values in
the fourth row of Pascal’s as the
coefficients of your expansion.

15
 Fibonacci Sequence in the Triangle
By adding the numbers in the diagonals of
the Pascal triangle the Fibonacci
sequence

Pascal's Triangle Patterns

Pascal's triangle contains many
patterns. For example, the numerical
pattern shown in figure 2 kind of looks like
a sock or a stocking, with a long straight
portion and then one angled off section at
the end. The pattern works in both
directions because Pascal's triangle is
symmetrical. The sum of any number of
terms along one diagonal line in the triangle can be found at the end of that diagonal line just by
switching directions. This works as long as you start from a 1 on the edge of the triangle.

These patterns and properties demonstrate the depth and richness of Pascal's Triangle. It serves
as a valuable tool in combinatorics, algebra, and number theory, and continues to intrigue
mathematicians with its intricate patterns and connections.

16
Safe-keeping device
Responsibility is typically expected when someone makes a new discovery. As a result, all the
information you receive is subject to terms and conditions regarding the accuracy and
effectiveness of the product, which the researchers are accountable for. The researchers carefully
review the study and assess its usefulness and effectiveness for students as part of the research
process. They also ensure that the answers align with the intended concept, validate its validity,
and effectively assist students in their learning.

Testing the device

First, explore the patterns of Pascal's Triangle.
Second, investigate the relationships between the numbers in Pascal's Triangle and their
positions.
1
11
121
1331
14641
Third, observe the symmetry and symmetry-breaking patterns in Pascal's Triangle.
Lastly, analyze the connection between Pascal's Triangle and various mathematical concepts and
applications.
1
11
121
1331
14641

17
One of the patterns in Pascal's Triangle is the symmetry. The numbers in each row are
symmetrical, which means that if you fold the triangle along the middle, the numbers on one side
will be the mirror image of the numbers on the other side.

Another pattern is the relationship between the numbers in Pascal's Triangle and binomial
coefficients. The numbers in the triangle represent the coefficients in the expansion of binomial
expressions. For example, the third row of Pascal's Triangle (1 2 1) corresponds to the binomial
coefficients of the expression (a + b)^2.

CHAPTER III
Results and Discussions
Findings:
1. Symmetry in Pascal's Triangle:
- As we constructed Pascal's Triangle using the recursive formula, we observed a remarkable
symmetry in each row. The numbers on either side of the triangle were mirror images of each
other. This symmetry is a fundamental characteristic of Pascal's Triangle and contributes to its
aesthetic appeal.

2. Diagonal Lines and Powers of 2:

- While exploring different diagonals within Pascal's Triangle, we discovered a fascinating
pattern: certain diagonal lines contained consecutive powers of 2. This observation adds a layer
of complexity to the triangle's structure and highlights the intriguing relationships embedded in
its numerical arrangement.

3. Connections to Binomial Coefficients:

- Our investigation revealed a profound connection between Pascal's Triangle and binomial
coefficients. The entries in each row represented combinations or binomial coefficients. This
relationship has significant implications in probability theory and algebraic expansions,
showcasing the practical applications of Pascal's Triangle.

18
4. Application of Pascal's Triangle:
- We explored the practical application of Pascal's Triangle in the expansion of binomials. For
instance, we demonstrated the use of the triangle to find coefficients in the expansion of (x +
y)^3. This application underscores the versatility of Pascal's Triangle in algebraic computations.

5. Hockey Stick Pattern:

- By following a diagonal path in Pascal's Triangle and changing direction for the last number,
we identified the Hockey Stick Pattern. This pattern revealed a unique sum property, where the
last number in the diagonal is the sum of every other number in that diagonal.

6. Fibonacci Sequence Connection:

- Adding the numbers in specific diagonals of Pascal's Triangle resulted in the Fibonacci
sequence. This unexpected connection further emphasizes the intricate interplay of mathematical
concepts within the triangle.

Discussion:

1. Symmetry and Aesthetic Appeal:

The observed symmetry in Pascal's Triangle enhances its visual appeal. The mirror image
property in each row not only contributes to the elegance of the triangle but also reflects the
underlying order inherent in mathematical structures.

2. Diagonals and Powers of 2:

The identification of consecutive powers of 2 in certain diagonal lines introduces a layer of
mathematical complexity to Pascal's Triangle. This finding prompts further exploration into the
relationships between the triangle's structure and number theory.

3. Binomial Coefficients and Practical Applications:

The connection between Pascal's Triangle and binomial coefficients establishes a bridge between
theoretical mathematics and real-world applications. Understanding how the triangle relates to

19
algebraic expansions provides valuable insights into its utility beyond pure mathematical
exploration.

4. Versatility and Applications:

The application of Pascal's Triangle in binomial expansion demonstrates its versatility as a
computational tool. Integrating this tool into algebraic processes showcases its practical utility in
solving mathematical problems.

5. Unique Sum Property (Hockey Stick Pattern):

The identification of the Hockey Stick Pattern adds a new dimension to our understanding of
sum properties within Pascal's Triangle. This pattern reveals a concise method for calculating the
sum of specific numbers along a diagonal.

6. Fibonacci Sequence Connection:

The unexpected connection between Pascal's Triangle and the Fibonacci sequence highlights the
intricate relationships that can emerge in mathematical investigations. This connection adds
depth to the study of both Pascal's Triangle and the Fibonacci sequence.

In conclusion, our findings not only contribute to the understanding of Pascal's Triangle but also
emphasize its relevance and applicability in various mathematical contexts. The intricate patterns
uncovered in this investigation open doors to further exploration and research, showcasing the
timeless fascination and evolving nature of mathematical structures like Pascal's Triangle.

20
 CHAPTER IV

Conclusion

From the information above, the researcher has come to several conclusions.

Firstly, Pascal's Triangle has proven to be a valuable tool in combinatorics, algebra, and number
theory. Its intricate patterns and connections continue to intrigue mathematicians.

Secondly, the safe-keeping device that was tested showed promising results. It demonstrated its
effectiveness in assisting students in their learning and aligning with the intended concept.

Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to all the individuals who supported and
contributed to this project. Their invaluable assistance and encouragement played a significant
role in the successful completion of this investigation.

In conclusion, this research has provided valuable insights into Pascal's Triangle and the
effectiveness of the safe-keeping device. We hope that our findings will contribute to further
advancements in mathematics education.

21
Recommendation

22
Works Cited

Ángel Plaza (2020) Half Row Sums in Pascal’s Triangle, Mathematics Magazine, 93:4, 308,
https://doi.org/10.1080/0025570X.2019.1638209
Andrew Granville (1997) Correction to: Zaphod Beeblebrox's Brain and the Fifty-Ninth Row of
Pascal's Triangle, The American Mathematical Monthly, 104:9, 848-851,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1997.11990728
Edwards, A. W. F. (2019). Pascal’s Arithmetical Triangle: The Story of a Mathematical Idea. In
Google Books. Courier Dover Publications. 1-9 https://tinyurl.com/8nva6c5r
Hilton, P., & Pedersen, J. (1989). Extending the binomial coefficients to preserve symmetry and
pattern. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 17(1), 89–102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(89)90150-8
Hilton, P., & Pedersen, J. (1987). Looking into Pascal’s Triangle: Combinatorics, Arithmetic, and
Geometry. Mathematics Magazine, 60(5), 305–316.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.1987.11977330
Hosch, W. L. (2023, September 1). Pascal’s triangle. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Pascals-triangle
Howard, M. (2019). Discovering Patterns in Pascal’s Triangle. Mathematics Teaching in the
Middle School, 24(4), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.24.4.0247
Gévay, G. (2018). Pascal’s Triangle of Configurations. In: Conder, M., Deza, A., Weiss, A. (eds)
Discrete Geometry and Symmetry. GSC 2015. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics &
Statistics, vol 234. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78434-2_10
Kallós, G. (2006). A Generalization of Pascal’s Triangle Using Powers of Base Numbers.
PAMM, 6(1), 681–682. https://doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200610321

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Karl Dilcher & Kenneth B. Stolarsky (2005) A Pascal-Type Triangle Characterizing Twin
Primes, The American Mathematical Monthly, 112:8, 673-681,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2005.11920240
Lewis, B. (2004). Generalising Pascal’s Triangle. The Mathematical Gazette, 88(513), 447–456.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200176089
Smith, K. J. (1973). Pascal’s Triangle. Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, 4(1), 1.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00494925.1973.11974228
Peter Hilton & Jean Pedersen (2012) Mathematics, Models, and Magz, Part I: Patterns in Pascal's
Triangle and Tetrahedron, Mathematics Magazine, 85:2, 97-109,
https://doi.org/10.4169/math.mag.85.2.097
Peter Hilton & Jean Pedersen (1987) Looking into Pascal's Triangle: Combinatorics, Arithmetic,
and Geometry, Mathematics Magazine, 60:5, 305-316,
https://doi.org/10.1080/0025570X.1987.11977330
Webb, W.A. (1989). Pascal’s Triangle Modulo 3.
https://tinyurl.com/2w5nep93

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 Appendix

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: May Ann G. Ragudo

Nickname: Yana

Age: 20

Parents:

Mother: Helen G. Ragudo

Father: Nito G. Ragudo

Hobbies: Acting, Singing, Cooking, Dancing, Watching Movies

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Canaway Elementary School

Junior High School: Siaton National High School

Senior High School: Siaton National High School

25
Name: Renalyn B. Sadagnot

Nickname: Ren

Age: 20

Parents:

Mother: Elsa B. Sadagnot

Father: Artemio O. Sadagnot

Hobbies: Watching volleyball in TV, sleeping, and Tiktok

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Jagna Elementary School- W/honors

Junior High School: Nagbalaye High School

Senior High School: Casiano Zamora Napigkit National High School

26
Name: Beverlyn P. Quitay

Nickname: bev, lyn, ber, babe, bev's

Age: 20

Parents: Babe Quitay

Hobbies: Cooking, Watching k-drama etc.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Casalaan Elementary School

Junior High School: Candugay High School

Senior High School: Candugay High School

27
Name: Mary Jean E. Salomeo

Nickname: MJ/Jean

Age: 20

Parents:

Mother: Petra E. Salomeo

Father: Diego M. Salomeo

Hobbies: Watching TV, K-drama and Wattpad

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Manhoy Elementary School

Junior High School: Arturo Jugo National High School

Senior High School: Gregorio Elmaga Memorial High School

28
Name: Catherine K. Cordero

Nickname: Cath²

Age: 21

Parents:

Mother: Verna Cordero

Father: Jonas Cordero

Hobbies: Reading

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Salag Elementary School

Junior High School: Siaton Science High School

Senior High School: Siaton Science High School

29
Name: Casey Y. Supat

Nickname: King², Casot, Cass and Case

Age: 22

Parents:

Mother: Salelang Y. Supat

Father: Reneboy Y. Supat

Hobbies: Painting, designer, drawing, badminton, sleeping, watching c-drama and Korea.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Cabangahan Elementary School

Junior High School: Aurelia G. Merecido Memorial High School

Senior High School: Aurelia G. Merecido Memorial High School

30