The Wireless Communication System

Wireless Communication

 Cellular phone system

 Cordless telephone system
 Bluetooth
 Infrared communication
 Microwave communication
 IEEE Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi)
 Satellite communication
 Network Structure

Public Switched Telephone Network , Public Switched Data Network,

Circuit Switched Public Data Network
 Cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells

possible radio coverage of the cell

idealized shape of the cell

cell

 use of several carrier frequencies

 not the same frequency in adjoining cells
 cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
 hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
 if a mobile user changes cells
handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
 Handover decision

receive level receive level

BTSold BTSNew

HO_MARGIN

MS MS

BTSold BTSnew

A base transceiver station (BTS) is a fixed radio transceiver in any mobile

network. The BTS connects mobile devices to the network. It sends and
receives radio signals to mobile devices and converts them to digital
signals that it passes on the network to route to other terminals in the
network or to the Internet. A mobile station (MS) comprises all user equipment and
software needed for communication with a mobile network.
 Frequency Assignments

UK
890 MHz 915 935 960

US
825 845 870 890

Japan
870 885 925 940
 HANDOFFS

Types of Handoff
•Hard Handoff
•Soft Handoff
 Hard Handoff

When there is an actual break in the connectivity while switching

from one Base Station to another Base Station. There is no
burden on the Base Station and MSC because the switching
takes place so quickly that it can hardly be noticed by the users.
The connection quality is not that good. Hard Handoff adopted
the ‘break before make’ policy.
It is generally implemented in Time Division Multiplexing and
Frequency Division Multiplexing when a user connects to the
base station with a fluctuating radio frequency.
 Soft Handoff

Soft Handoff is a mechanism in which the device gets connected

with two or more base stations at the same time. At least one of
the links is kept when radio signals are added or removed to the
Base Station. Soft Handoff adopted the ‘make before break’
policy. If a channel is in power loss then another channel will
always be on standby mode so this makes it best in terms of
quality as compared to Hard handoff. Soft handoffs are used in
devices supporting CDMA/WDMA networks
 UPLINK-DOWNLINK

The term uplink indicates transmissions from ground side

towards cell tower and downlink indicates transmissions from cell
tower towards ground side.
 AMPS
WCDMA
NMT GSM
CDMA2000
TACS GPRS
TD SCDMA
HCMTS

1G 2G 3G
• AMPT (Advanced Mobile Phone System): North America
• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony): North Europe
• TACS (Total Access Communication Service): Europe, China
• HCMTS (High Capacity Mobile Telephone System): Japan
• GSM : Global System of Mobilephone / Global System for Mobile Communications
• GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

• Direct Spread CDMA(WCDMA) : Europe, Japan

Multi-Carrier CDMA(CDMA 2000) : North America
TD-Synchronous CDMA(CDMA TDD) : Europe, China
 1G
• Start early 80’s
• Analogue technique
• AMPT (Advanced Mobile Phone System): North America
• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony): North Europe
• TACS (Total Access Communication Service): Europe, China
• HCMTS (High Capacity Mobile Telephone System): Japan
 FDMA
• Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Different carrier frequencies are assigned to
different traffic channels(speech)
• One carrier frequency can only carry one
single speech channel at one time
FDMA
 Shortage
• Voice information only
• Unsafe （eavesdropping）
• Waste of frequency resource
 2G
• Start early 90’s
• Digital technique
• GSM : Global System of Mobilephone / Global System for Mobile
Communications

• GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

• D-AMPS : Digital AMPS
 GSM
• TD/FDMA: A mix of FDMA and TDMA
• The whole useable spectrum was divided to
many 200k Hz carrier frequencies —FD
• Each carrier was divided into 8 timeslots (burst)
—TD
• Each burst is assigned to a user(a logical traffic
channel)
• One carrier frequency can carry up to 8 logical
traffic channels (voice or data) at the same time
• The maximum data communication rate is 14.4
kbps
FD / TDMA
 BTS,BSC and MSC
• BTS & BSC: Base Transceiver System and
Base Station Controller. Radio signal
transceiver, a connection between
handset and MSC
• MSC: Mobile services Switching Center,
switching center of the GSM network,
and connect to other networks
 Databases
• HLR : Home Location Register, contains static
information of subscribers and location update
data
• VLR : Visitor Location Register, embedded in MSC
to avoid delay, contains current location
information of handsets
• AUC : Authentication Center, stores secret keys
for authentication and encryption of the
radio channel
• EIR : Equipment Identity Register, contains a list
of all valid mobile equipment in the network,
by its International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
 GPRS
• Upgrade of existed GSM network
• Improves the data communication ability
• General packet radio service (GPRS) is defined as a mobile
communications standard that operates on 2G and 3G cellular
networks to enable moderately high-speed data transfers using
packet-based technologies.
• The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is the
primary standard for the second generation (2G) cellular
network, while GPRS is an improved version. GPRS is not like
GSM’s short messaging service (GSM-SMS), which has a
message length limit of 160 bytes. GPRS has a theoretical
maximum speed of 115 kbps, although most networks operate at
roughly 35 kbps. GPRS is sometimes known as 2.5G unofficially.
It’s a third-generation route to gain availability on the internet.
 Data communications
• In GSM, one user occupies one traffic channel to
exchange voice/data information
• In GPRS, up to 8 traffic channels(a whole carrier)
can be dynamically combined together for one
data communication application
• The theoretically maximum data transmission rate:
14.4k bps * 8 = 115.2k bps
 Advantages of GPRS
• Higher data rate
• Seamless connection to internet
• Packet switching rather than circuit switch,
bandwidth is only used when the data is
actually used, even though it is always
connected
• A primary step to 3G
 shortage
• Not fast enough for the multimedia service
• The data rate falls when the network is busy
• Upgrade of handset
 3G

Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) refers to a group of radio

technologies associated with the third generation of cellular networks (3G).
Compared to its predecessors, UMTS made it possible to deploy a wider range of
data-intensive IoT applications. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access) UMTS standard for 3G digital mobile networks, using CDMA technology.
TD-SCDMA, or Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access, is a
3G mobile telecommunications standard, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE) is a digital mobile phone technology that allows for improved data transfer
rates. Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications is a technology that offers
wireless communication services for the transmission of voice, data, fax,
multimedia, etc. This mechanism has brought cordless telephone systems into
existence.
 3G-Standards
• Three CDMA standards approved by ITU:
• Direct Spread CDMA(WCDMA) : Europe,
Japan
• Multi-Carrier CDMA(CDMA 2000) : North
America
• TD-Synchronous CDMA(CDMA TDD) :
Europe, China
 3G-CDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access
• Spread spectrum technology
• Each single traffic channel occupies the
whole spectrum, but distinguished by a
unique digital code
• Walsh code: an orthogonal 64 bit pattern,
unique in the network
CDMA
 Features
• Better voice quality
• Up to 2 Mbps data communication rate
• Increase battery life
• Soft hand-off
• Excellent data safety
• More effective spectrum usage than 2G
Conclusion
 Conclusion
1G 2G 3G

Voice Quality OK OK Good

Data N/A ~115K ~2M

communication
Spectrum usage X 5~6X 10~20X

Communication Weak OK Good

safety
 Idea!
• Partition the region into smaller regions
called cells.
• Each cell gets at least one base station or
tower
• Users within a cell talks to the tower
• How can we divide the region into cells?
“Cell”ular Structure
 Properties of Cell structure
• Typical Cell sizes
– some cites few hundred meters
– country side few tens of kilometers
• Advantages of cell structures:
– more capacity due to frequency reusage
– less transmission power needed
– more robust, tolerate failures
– deals interference, transmission area locally
• Problems:
– fixed network needed for the base stations
– handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
– interference with other cells
 Inside a cell
• Center-excited cell where the tower is
placed somewhat near the center with a
omni-directional antenna
• Edge-excited cell where the towers are
placed on three of the six corners with
sectored directional antennas.
 Channels Reuse
• Cell structure can reuse frequency only when
certain distance is maintained between cells that
use the same channels.
• Fixed frequency assignment:
– certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell
– problem: different traffic load in different cells
• Dynamic frequency assignment:
– base station chooses frequencies depending on the
frequencies already used in neighbor cells
– more capacity in cells with more traffic
– assignment can also be based on interference
measurements
 Interference
• Co-channel interference
– Signals from cells that share a channel cause co-
channel interference
– Can’t remove it by increasing power.
• Adjacent channel interference
– Signals from adjacent cells cause this.
– Use filter to reduce it
• But, available channels decrease for incoming
calls.
 Frequency reuse factor
• Total available channels = S
• N “adjacent” cells (called a cluster) share
S channels
• System has M clusters
• Each cell gets k channels
– S=kN
• Capacity of the system is C = MkN
• Frequency reuse factor is 1/ N
 • Standard 7 cells sharing system (N = 7)

f3

f5 f2

f4 f6 f5

f1 f4

f3 f7 f1

f2

Frequency reuse schemes have been proposed to improve

spectral efficiency and signal quality. The different schemes
provide different trade-offs between resource utilization and
QoS. The classical reuse-3 scheme proposed for GSM
systems offers a protection against intercell interference.
The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a
cellular system. As each cell uses radio frequencies only
within its boundaries, the same frequencies can be reused
in other cells not far away with a limited possibility of
interference.
 Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum refers to a system originally developed for
military applications, to provide secure communications by
spreading the signal over a large frequency band.
Figure represents a narrow band signal in the frequency
domain. These narrowband signals are easily jammed by any
other signal in the same band.

The idea behind spread spectrum is to use more

bandwidth than the original message while
maintaining the same signal power. A spread
spectrum signal does not have a clearly
distinguishable peak in the spectrum. This makes the
signal more difficult to distinguish from noise and
therefore more difficult to jam or intercept. This
concept is illustrated in Figure.
 Spread Spectrum

Most stations use air as the medium for communication, stations must be able to
share the medium without an interception and without being subject to jamming from
a malicious intruder. To achieve this, spread-spectrum techniques add redundancy
means it uses extended bandwidth to accommodate signals in a protective envelope
so that more secure transmission is possible. The spread code is a series of numbers
that looks random but are actually a pattern. The original bandwidth of the signal
gets enlarged (spread) through the spread code as shown in the figure.
 Spread Spectrum
Principles of Spread Spectrum process:
1.To allow redundancy, it is necessary that the bandwidth allocated to each station
should be much larger than needed.
2.The spreading process occurs after the signal is created by the source.
Conditions of Spread Spectrum are:
1.The spread spectrum is a type of modulation where modulated signal BW is much
larger than the baseband signal BW i.e. spread spectrum is a wide band scheme.
2.A special code (pseudo noise) is used for spectrum spreading and the same code is
to be used to despread the signal at the receiver.
Characteristics of the Spread Spectrum are:
1.Higher channel capacity.
2.They cannot easily intercept any unauthorized person.
3.They are resistant to jamming.
4.The spread spectrum provides immunity to distortion due to multipath propagation.
5.The spread spectrum offers multiple access capabilities.
 Spread Spectrum
Two types of techniques for Spread Spectrum are:
1.Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
2.Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), different carrier frequencies are

modulated by the source signal i.e. M carrier frequencies are modulated by the signal.
At one moment signal modulates one carrier frequency and at the subsequent moments,
it modulates other carrier frequencies. The general block diagram of FHSS is shown in
the below figure. A pseudorandom code generator generates Pseudo-random Noise of
some pattern for each hopping period Th. The frequency corresponding to the pattern is
used for the hopping period and is passed to the frequency synthesizer. The synthesizer
generates a carrier signal of that frequency. The figure above shows the spread signal
via FHSS.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

In DSSS, the bandwidth of the original signal is also expanded by a different technique.
Here, each data bit is replaced with n bits using a spreading code called chips, and the
bit rate of the chip is called as chip-rate. The chip rate is n times the bit rate of the
original signal. The above Figure shows the DSSS block diagram.. In wireless LAN,
the sequence with n = 11 is used. The original data is multiplied by chips (spreading
code) to get the spread signal. The required bandwidth of the spread signal is 11 times
larger than the bandwidth of the original signal.
 Characteristics FHSS DSSS
FHSS signal transmission DSSS signal transmission
Signal Transmission Speed speed is slow. speed is high.
The size of the FHSS Size of DSSS network is
Size of Network network is small to medium. large

Price Less Expensive More Expensive

Complexity Complexity is less Complexity is More

Reliable Less reliable More reliable

FHSS is suitable for single- DSSS is suitable for point-
Communications point and multipoint to-point communications.
communications.
The FHSS signal The DSSS signal
Rate of Signal Transmission transmission rate is 3 Mbps. transmission rate is 11
Mbps.
Frequency-hopping spread Direct-Sequence Spread
Abbreviation spectrum Spectrum
It is used in military and It is used in consumer
industrial applications. applications such as
Examples
wireless LANs, GPS, and
Bluetooth.
 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

The third generation, or 3G, systems were initially deployed in 2001 and offer both
digital voice and broadband digital data services. 3G is loosely defined by the ITU (an
international standards body we will discuss in the next section) as providing rates of
at least 2 Mbps for stationary or walking users and 384 kbps in a moving vehicle.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), also called WCDMA
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), is the main 3G system that is being
rapidly deployed worldwide. It can provide up to 14 Mbps on the downlink and
almost 6 Mbps on the uplink
Architecture of the UMTS 3G mobile
phone network
Simplified version of the UMTS architecture is presented in the
Fig.. First, there is the air interface. This term is a fancy name for
the radio communication protocol that is used over the air between
the mobile device (e.g., the cell phone) and the cellular base
station. Advances in the air interface over the past decades have
greatly increased wireless data rates. The UMTS air interface is
based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),
The cellular base station together with its
controller forms the radio access network.
This part is the wireless side of the mobile
phone network. The controller node or RNC
(Radio Network Controller) controls how
the spectrum is used. The base station
implements the air interface. It is called Node
B, a temporary label that stuck. Each mobile
phone network has a HSS (Home Subscriber
Server)
in the core network that knows the location of
each subscriber, as well as other profile
information that is used for authentication and
authorization.
Architecture of the UMTS 3G mobile
phone network
Older mobile phone networks used a circuit-switched core in the style of the
traditional phone network to carry voice calls. This legacy is seen in the UMTS
network with the MSC (Mobile Switching Center), GMSC (Gateway Mobile
Switching Center), and MGW (Media Gateway) elements that set up connections
over a circuit-switched core network such as the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network).
Newer mobile phone networks carry
packet data at rates of multiple
Mbps. To carry all this data, the
UMTS core network nodes connect
directly to a packet-switched
network. The SGSN (Serving GPRS
Support Node) and the GGSN
(Gateway GPRS Support Node)
deliver data packets to and from
mobiles and interface to external
packet networks such as the
Internet.
CDMA
• Direct sequence spread spectrum, uses a code sequence to spread the data signal over a wider frequency
band. It is widely used commercially as a spectrally efficient way to let multiple signals share the same
frequency band. These signals can be given different codes, a method called CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access).
• CDMA allows each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time. Multiple simultaneous
transmissions are separated using coding theory. Before getting into the algorithm, let us consider an analogy:
an airport lounge with many pairs of people conversing. TDM is comparable to pairs of people in the room
taking turns speaking. FDM is comparable to the pairs of people speaking at different pitches, some high-
pitched and some low-pitched such that each pair can hold its own conversation at the same time as but
independently of the others. CDMA is comparable to each pair of people talking at once, but in a different
language. The French-speaking couple just hones in on the French, rejecting everything that is not French as
noise. Thus, the key to CDMA is to be able to extract the desired signal while rejecting everything else as
random noise. A somewhat simplified description of CDMA follows.
• In CDMA, each bit time is subdivided into m short intervals called chips. Typically, there are 64 or 128 chips
per bit, but in the example given here we will use 8 chips/bit for simplicity. Each station is assigned a unique
m-bit code called a chip sequence.

In mathematical terms, orthogonality of the chip sequences can be

expressed as follow

The normalized inner product of any chip sequence with itself is 1

CDMA
Example: Chip sequences for four stations

S1.C=[1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1]/8=1
WCDMA
WCDMA:It uses a wider frequency band and provides
higher data rates than CDMA.

• Advantage:
• One major advantage of WCDMA is its ability to handle large
amounts of data, making it well-suited for applications such as
mobile internet browsing and streaming video. It also has good
coverage and reliability, as it is able to transmit signals over
long distances and through physical barriers such as walls and
buildings.
• Disadvantage:
• However, there are also some disadvantages to WCDMA. One
drawback is that it requires a more complex and expensive
infrastructure to support its wideband frequency bands. It is
also more susceptible to interference from other sources, such
as other wireless devices or electrical equipment. Additionally,
WCDMA has been superseded by newer, faster mobile
technologies such as 4G and 5G.
 CDMA
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Direct Sequence CDMA
"megachips per second"
(Mcps)

A duplex method whereby the Uplink and the Downlink

transmissions use two separate frequency bands −
 Time Division Synchronous Code
Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA uses single unpaired spectrum for both
downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) traffic. TDD is
employed to provide access to both uplink and
downlink traffic in different time slots on this shared
spectrum. TD-SCDMA uses spectrum efficiently by
allocating time slots as per data load requirement in
downlink and uplink and hence it is ideal for
asymmetric traffic.

The TD-SCDMA standard is currently utilized in China and uses a variety of

frequency bands between 1785 MHz and 2220 MHz. For wireless local loop, it can
be deployed using the frequency band between 1900 MHz and1920 MHz. Voice
data are transmitted at 8 kbps. Possible data rates for switch circuit services such as
video are 12.2, 64, 144, 384 and 2048 kbps. Packet data rate transmissions are
either 9.6, 64, 144, 384 and 2048 kbps.
 Time Division Synchronous Code
Division Multiple Access

•The advantage of TDD over FDD are:

Does not require paired spectrum because FDD uses different frequencies for UL and
DL whereas TDD uses the same frequency hence its more easy to deploy
•Channel characteristics is the same in both directions due to same band
•You can dynamically change the UL and the DL bandwidth allocation depending on
the traffic.
 OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDM allows multiple users to share single link

OFDM allows More data Transmissions than FDM

OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Fourier Transform of the signal
OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Orthogonal: Two or
multiple objects act
independently
OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM
OFDM

Guard intervals in OFDM are not used to achieve separation between subcarriers.
They are used to prevent co-channel interference and exist at the ends of the
channel.
 OFDM

For example, the 802.11 standard, uses 20MHz wide channels. Each channel is
split into 64 subcarriers with 312.5 kHz spacing.
Of these 64 subcarriers, the first 6 are used to protect against co-channel
interference from the adjacent lower band and the last 5 are used to protect against
co-channel interference from the adjacent upper band.(the grey bands at the ends in
the figure below).
 Modulation

OFDM Equalization is the

reversal of
distortion incurred
by a signal
transmitted
through a channel.

Demodulation

The Cyclic Prefix inhibits inter-symbol

interference (ISI) between adjacent
OFDM symbols. This OFDM
modulation technique effectively
eliminates Inter-Symbol Interference
(ISI) on a channel caused by the effects
of multipath fading. To overcome this
weakness, OFDM uses a guard interval
(cyclic prefix) inserted in its
transmission.
128+16=144
144x5=720
clear ll
clc
M = 16; % Modulation order for 16QAM
nfft = 128; % Number of data carriers
cplen = 16; % Cyclic prefix length
nSym = 5; % Number of symbols per RE
nt = 1; % Number of transmit antennas
dataIn = randi([0 M-1],nfft,nSym,nt);
qamSig = qammod(dataIn,M,'UnitAveragePower',true);
% 'UnitAveragePower' A logical scalar value. If
true, the QAM constellation is scaled to average power
of 1.
y1 = ofdmmod(qamSig,nfft,cplen);

%Receiver
outSym = ofdmdemod(y1,nfft,cplen) ;
iqamSig = qamdemod(outSym,M,'UnitAveragePower',true);

out=dataIn-iqamSig
 LTE-Long Term Evolution-Architecture
Mobility Management Policy and Charging Rules Function
Entity

Packet Data
Network

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

Evolved Node B:There is no separate controller element. This simplifies the architecture and allows lower response
times. eNB uses the E-UTRA protocols OFDMA (downlink) and SC-FDMA (uplink) on its LTE-Uu interface. By
contrast, NodeB uses the UTRA protocols WCDMA or TD-SCDMA on its Uu interface..
IP Multimedia Subsystem or IMS is a standards-based architectural framework for delivering multimedia
communications services such as voice, video and text messaging over IP networks.
LTE EPC network interfaces viz. S1- MME, S1-U, S3, S4, S5, S6a, Gx, S11, SGi etc.
The X2 is the interconnecting interface between two eNodeBs in LTE network and supports both Control Plane and User
Plane. The principle Control Plane protocol is X2-AP (X2 Application Protocol) resides on SCTP (Stream Control
Transmission Protocol).
 LTE-Long Term Evolution-Architecture

Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

LTE X2-AP is responsible for the following functions:

•Mobility Management - this enables the serving eNodeB to move the specified UE responsibility to a target eNodeB.
•Load Management - procedure to report resource status, overload indications and current traffic loading between the
eNodeBs
•Reporting of General Error Situations - procedure to report general error situations
•Re-setting /Setting the X2 – procedure to setup or reset X2 interface by exchanging the necessary information between
the eNodeBs
•eNodeB Configuration Update - procedure to update the application level data required for the eNodeBs to
interoperate in the network.
 LTE-Long Term Evolution-Architecture
• Mobility Management Entity(MME) is a key
component of the standards-defined Evolved
Pack Core (EPC) for LTE. It provides mobility
session management for the LTE network and
supports subscriber authentication, roaming and
handovers to other networks. It is responsible for
•Idle mode UE (User Equipment) tracking
•Paging procedure such as re-transmissions
•Bearer activation and deactivation process
•S-GW selection for a UE at the initial attach
•Intra-LTE handover with Core Network node relocation
•User authentication with HSS
SGW (Serving Gateway):The main functions of the Serving Gateway
 Routing and forwarding of user data packets.
 It is also responsible for inter-eNB handovers in the U-plane and provides mobility between LTE and
other types of networks, such as between 2G/3G and P-GW.
 The DL data from the UEs in idle state is terminated at the SGW, and arrival of DL data triggers
paging for the UE.
 The SGW keeps context information such as parameters of the IP bearer and routing information,
and stores the UE contexts when paging happens.
 It is also responsible for replicating user traffic for lawful interception.

The functions of the PGW include:

1. Policy enforcement 2. Packet filtering 3. Charging support
4.Lawful interception 5.Packet screening
 LTE-Long Term Evolution-Architecture

The PCRF will help service providers as follows:

a. Create, personalize and launch new services faster;
b. Add value to and share revenues with over the top application and device
providers;
c. Accelerate service growth with cloud and machine to machine services;
d. Scale their networks to manage the explosion in data and signaling traffic;
e. To balance traffic across fixed and mobile networks leading to management of
network congestion.
f. Stay ahead of the technology curve by evolving to LTE and IMS.
g. Improve the quality and reliability of their own services.
h. Offer different volume or speed limits to different customer classes or tiers
i. Apply “fair use” limits to manage network congestion.
j. Improve ability to meter and charge subscribers for service features and attributes.
k. Create personalized service offers tailored to individual customers.
 4G-LTE •The higher bandwidth enables faster access to content and
applications, particularly video applications that can only be
offered today on fixed systems.
•The low latency enables time-sensitive applications like
voice services.
•The all-IP architecture enables new converging services
based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).

4G-Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP

telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing,
and 3D television.
LTE is designed to work across a number of frequency bands –
E-UTRA operating bands- currently ranging from 450 MHz up
to 3.8GHz. The available bandwidths are also flexible starting
with 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz with Carrier Aggregation allowing
use of wider multiples. LTE is developed to support both the
time division duplex technology (TDD) as well as frequency
division duplex (FDD). Availability of specific bands varies per
country and operator.