Two Marks Questions of CMC
Two Marks Questions of CMC
2 MARKS Q&A
UNIT- I- Wireless Communication Systems
1. Define Base Station.(R)(Co1)
A fixed station in mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobile stations. It is
located at the center/edge of coverage region. It contains radio channels, transmitter, receiving
antennas mounted on tower.
2. What is control channel?(R) (Co1)
A Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation and other control
purposes.
3. What is forward channel?(R) (Co1)
A Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base station to mobile.
4. List out the frequency bands of radio spectrum.(R) (Co1)
Designation Abbreviation Frequencies
faster data transmission speeds, easily access music, pictures and videos, improved messaging
and Bluetooth capabilities are able to support 2G devices, users are able to access a variety of
services within a network, ease of connecting to a network has been greatly enhanced,
Bandwidth, security and reliability are more, Provides interoperability among service providers,
Availability of fixed and variable rates, Support to devices with backward compatibility with
existing networks, Rich multimedia services are available.
12. What are the five functional entities of a DECT system? (April/May 2010) (R) (Co1)
Portable handset, radio fixed part, Cordless controller, Network specific interface unit,
Supplementary unit.
13. What is Bluetooth?(Nov/Dec 2009) (R) (Co1)
It is a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and
other electronic devices. It is used for exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile
devices, and building personal area networks (PANs).
14. What are the advantages of CCS over conventional Signaling? (Nov/Dec 2009) (R) (Co1)
Faster call setup, greater trunking efficiency, information transfer.
15. Write some third generation wireless standards.(U) (Co1)
Personal communication system, IMT-2000, UMTS
16. What is near-far effect in wireless network? (R) (Co2)
When used with FM or spread spectrum modulation, it is possible for the strongest user to
successfully capture the intended receiver , even when many users are also transmitting . If
the closest transmitter is able to capture a receiver because of small propagation path loss,
it is called as near -far effect in wireless network.
17. What are first, second, third generation cellular networks? (April/may 2011)(R) (Co1)
I Generation: - FDMA/FD, Analog FM. II Generation:- Digital Modulation formats,
TDMA/FDD, CDMA/FDD multiple access Techniques, GSM. III Generation:- Wideband
CDMA(W-CDMA), Enhanced Data rate for Enhanced GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division
Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA).
18. What is SIM? (April/May 2010) (U) (Co2)
SIM-Subscriber identity module, which is memory device that store information such as the
subscriber identity number, the network and countries where the subscriber is entitled to
service, private key, and other user specified information.
19. What is CDPD? (U) (Co2)
CDPD is a Cellular packet digital Data System that uses packet switched data .The bit rate in
the RF channel for CDPD is 19.2kbps
20. What is SMS? (R) (Co2)
SMS- short Messaging Service. It is a popular feature of GSM and allows subscribers to send
short, real time messages to other subscribers in the same network by simply dialing a
recipients cell phone number.
21. What is 3G W-CDMA? (April/may 2011) (R) (Co2)
It is an air interface standard designed for ‘always on’ packet-based wireless service, so that
computers, entertainment devices and telephony may all share the same wireless network
and be connected to the internet, anytime, anywhere. It supports packet data rate upto
2.048Mbps/user – providing high quality of data, multimedia, streaming audio & video.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain a typical cellular system and explain various performance criteria. (Nov/Dec
2011)(R) (Co1)
2. Explain in detail the various cellular components.(April/May 2010)(R) (Co1)
3. Explain the process of operation of paging systems. (April/May 2010)(U) (Co1)
4. Summarize the steps involved in making a cellular telephone call. (April/May 2010)(U) (Co1)
5. Explain the operation of cellular systems. (Nov/Dec 2009)(U) (Co2)
6. Explain the procedure for making a call from a mobile to another mobile.(April/May
2009)(U) (Co2)
7. Explain how the interference between the base and mobile transmission is reduced in PCS.
(April/May 2009)(U) (Co2)
8. Explain with suitable diagrams and specifications the difference between cellular, paging
and cordless systems. (April/May 2009)(R) (Co2)
9. Compare and contrast the features of second generation digital cellular standards GSM and
CDMA technologies.(Dec 15)
10. What are the advantages of cellular mobile communication systems over conventional mobile
telephone system? (Dec 15)
11. Summarize the air interface specification parameters of major digital cordless telephone
standards. (Dec 15)
12. Compare wireless communication systems with personal communication system. (Dec 15)
35. State the different classifications of channel assignment strategies. (U) (Co3)
Fixed and dynamic.
36. What is the use of RSSI? (R) (Co3)
This is Receiver Signal Strength Indicator. This information is sent to the cell site from the
mobile unit so that the MTSO can decide for a handoff.
Six
54. What are the disadvantages of cellular systems with small cells? (R) (Co3)
Requires complex infrastructure, requires frequent hand-over, Involves complicated frequency
planning
55. IF Bandwidth =33x106Hz, and forward and reverse channel bandwidth is 25x103Hz for a
cell size of N=12, calculate the total channels and channel Bandwidth for full duplex.
(April/may 2008)(A) (Co4)
Sol: Total bandwidth = 33Mhz. Channel Bandwidth = 25KHzx2 = 50Khz/Duplex channel
Total Available channels = 33,000/50 = 660 Channels.
For N=12 total no. of channel available per cell = 660/12 = 55 channels.
56. If 20 MHz of total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular systems and each
duplex channel has 25Khz RF bandwidth, Find the number of duplex channels. (April/May
2011). (A) (Co4)
Total Spectrum = 20 MHz; Duplex channel bandwidth=25Khz;
Total Available channels = 20,000/25 = 800 Channels.
57. Define foot print. (R) (Co4)
The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the foot print. It is determined from field
measurements or propagation prediction models.
58. In wireless communication what is meant by cell dragging. (Apri/may 2008) (R) (Co4)
It is another handoff problem. It results from the pedestrian users that provide strong signal
to base station and occurs in urban environment.
59. State the different techniques used for improving coverage and capacity in cellular
systems.(April/May 2011, Nov/Dec 2013). (U) (Co4)
Cell splitting, cell sectoring, coverage micro zone approach.
60. How does cell split improve the efficiency of a mobile systems.(April/May 2008)(U) (Co4)
Cell splitting allows an orderly growth of cellular system. It increases the number of base
stations in order to increase the capacity. It increases the number of times that channels are
reused. Cell splitting allows a system to grow by replacing large cells with smaller cells thus
increasing the efficiency.
61. What are the advantages of Microcell Zone Concept? (Nov/Dec 2009) (R) (Co4)
a. same channel is maintained, when mobile travels from one zone to another
zone within cell. (ii). The Effect of interference is highly reduced by using low power
transmitters. (iii). Improved signal quality is possible. (iv) Reduced number of
handoff when call is in progress.
62. Write 4 objectives of channel assignments. (Nov/Dec 2009)(U) (Co4)
a. If a call request is made, it can be served only if there is any unused
channels. (ii). If there is no unused channel call will be blocked. (iii). whenever call
request is made, BS within cell will request the MSC to allocated channel.
63. What is soft handoff? Mention its advantages. (April/May 2009)(R) (Co4)
The ability to select between the instantaneous received signals from a variety of base
station is called soft handoff.(Make before Break)
ADV: It exploits macroscopic space diversity at a different physical location. (ii) Selecting
/turning is the key objective.
64. What is Hard Handoff? (April/May 2009) (R) (Co4)
The channelize wireless system that assign different radio channels during a handoff is
called hard handoff. (Break before Make)
65. Explain adjacent channel interference. (April/May 2009,NOV/dec 2012)(U) (Co4)
The interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired
signal. It results from imperfect receiver filters allow nearby frequency to leak into the pass
band. It is a serious problem if an adjacent channel user is transmitting in very close to
subscriber’s receiver when receiver attempts to receive a base station desired channel.
66. Define Co-channel interference (April/May 2011)(R) (Co4)
The cells that uses same set of frequencies in given area are called co-channel cells and the
interference between signals from these cells is called co channel interference.
67. Determine the co-channel reuse ratio for the cluster with 20 cells.(Nov/Dec 2013)(A)
Q = D/R = SQRT(3N) = SQRT(3*20)=7.74
68. What are the principles of Cellular Architecture? (U) (Co4)
Low power Transmitters and Coverage Zones, Frequency Reuse, Cell splitting to increase
Capacity, Hand off and Central Control.
69. Specify the three partially separable effects of radio propagation.(R) (Co4)
The three partially separable effects of radio propagation are, Multi path fading, Shadowing
Path loss.
70. Mention the basic propagation mechanisms, which impact propagation in mobile
Communication.(may/June 2013) (R) (Co4)
The basic propagation mechanisms are Reflection, Diffraction, and Scattering.
71. What is reflection? (R) (Co4)
Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an object,
which has very large dimension when compared to the wavelength of propagating wave.
72. What is diffraction? (R) (Co4)
Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is obstructed
by a surface that has sharp irregularities.
73. What is scattering? (April/May 2011) (R) (Co4)
Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with
dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength and where the number of obstacles
per unit volume is large.
74. Give the Parameters used for mobile multipath channels. (April/May 2011,Nov/Dec 2013)
(R) (Co4)
Time Dispersion Parameter, Coherence Bandwidth, and Doppler Spread and Coherence
time.
75. Define Multipath Propagation. (April/May 2011) (R) (Co4)
In wireless telecommunications, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio
signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths.
76. Define Brewster angle? (R) (Co4)
The Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin. It
occurs when the incident angle b is such that the reflection coefficient Is equal to zero.
77. Why we use 1m intercept for mobile communication? (R) (Co4)
Within a 1m radius the antenna beam width of a high gain Omni-directional antenna is
narrow in vertical plan. Larger the elevation angle weaker the reception level.
78. State the effects of multipath Propagation ( April/May 2008) (U) (Co4)
1. Rapid change in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval.
2. Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath
signals.
3. Time dispersion (echoes) caused by multipath propagation delays.
79. What is the advantage of 2 ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss?
(April/May 2009) (R) (Co4)
It is more accurate for predicting large scale signal strength over distance of several
kilometers.
80. What is Doppler shift? (April/May 2009, 2010) (R) (Co4)
The Phase change in received signal due to the difference in path length hence the apparent
change in frequency is called doppler shift.
Fd = v/λ cosѳ = 1/2π (ΔΦ/Δt).
81. Calculate the brewster angle for a wave impinging on ground having a permitivity of ε r =4
(Nov/dec 2009) (A) (Co4)
Sol: εr =4 sin (ѳB) =√( εr – 1)/ √( (εr)2 – 1) ; = √4-1/ √16-1 = √1/5 ѳB = sin-1(√1/5) = 26.56°
82. Calculate Fraunhofer distance of an antenna at 60Mhz for a maximum dimension of 1m.
(Nov/dec 2009) (April/May 2011)(Nov/Dec2012)(A) (Co4)
Operating frequency f = 60Mhz; D =1 m; λ =c/f = 3*108/ 60*106 = 5
Distance (df) = 2d2/ λ = 2(1) /5 = 0.4m.
83. Define Absolute bandwidth. (April/May 2010) (R) (Co4)
The Term absolute bandwidth (B) denotes the width of the frequency interval occupied by a
signal spectrum which ranges from lower cutoff frequency f l to upper cutoff frequency fu.
B = fu - fl
84. What is free space propagation model? Write the expression for free space path loss
(May/june 2012). (U) (Co4)
It is used to predict the received signal strength when transmitter & receiver have clear,
unobstructed LOS path between them.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain cellular Frequency Reuse. (April /May 2009,Nov/Dec 2012) (R) (Co3)
2. Explain the Channel Assignment strategies in mobile communication. (April/ May 2008) (R)
(Co3)
3. What is Handoff? Explain the prioritizing, practical considerations.( April/ May
2008,2013,Nov/Dec 2012)(U) (Co3)
4. Explain the Interference (co channel & adjacent channel) (April/May 2008) (R) (Co3)
5. Explain channel allocation strategies in detail.
6. Explain the coverage and capacity improvements (splitting, sectoring, microzone) and derive
necessary expressions (NOV/DEC 2009,2011, May/June, Nov/Dec 2012,13)(R) (Co3)
7. Prove that for a hexagonal geometry the cochannel reuse ratio is given by Q=√3N where N
= i2 +ij+j2. (May /June 2012)(A) (Co4)
8. A total of 24MHZ of Bw is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system that uses
two 30KHZ simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels. Assume each
cellphone user generates 0. 1 Erlangs of traffic .Assume Erlang B is used. (i) find the number
of channels in each cell for a 4 cell reuse system (ii) if each cell is to offer capacity that is
90% of perfect scheduling. Find the maximum no of users that can be supported per cell
where omnidirectional antennas are used at each BS (May/June 2012).(A) (Co4)
9. Derive a expression for Free Space Propagation Model. (April/May 2011,2013)(A) (Co4)
10. Derive the equation of the path loss for the 2 ray model with antenna gains.(Nov/Dec
2009,2011)(May/June,Nov/Dec 2012, 2013)(A) (Co4)
11. A mobile is located 5Km away from BS and uses a vertical λ/4 monopole antenna with a gain
of 2.55dB to receive cellular radio signals. The E field at 1 Km from the transmitter is
measured to be 10-3 V/m. The carrier frequency used for this system is 900MHZ. a) find the
length and effective aperture of the receiving antenna. B) find the received power at the
mobile using 2 ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna
is 50m and the receiving antenna is 1.5, above the ground. (April/May 2011) pg.no.125(A)
(Co4)
12. if a transmitter produces 50W of power,express the transmit power in units of dbm and
dbW. If 50 W is pplied to a unity gain antenna with a 900MHZ carrier frequency, find the
received power in dbm at a free space distance of 100m from the antenna. What is
Pr(10km)? assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.(may/june 2013)pg.no.109(A) (Co4)
UNIT - III
threshold combining.
107. Define maximal ratio combining. (R) (Co8)
In SC and SSC, the output of the combiner equals the signal on one of the branches. In
maximal ratio combining (MRC) the output is a weighted sum of all branches, Since the
signals are cophased, αi = aie-jθi, where θ is the phase of the incoming signal on the ith
branch.
108. Define equal gain combining. (R) (Co8)
Equal gain combining (EGC) is similar to MRC because the diversity branches are co-phased,
but different from MRC because the diversity branches are not weighted. In practice, such a
scheme is useful for modulation techniques having equal energy symbols, e.g., M-PSK.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the frequency and time Diversity Techniques. (April /May 2008) (April/May 2010)
(NoV/Dec 2011) (R) (Co7)
2. Explain in detail about antenna connections and locations on the mobile unit. What parameters
control the design of mobile unit? Explain? (Nov/Dec 2011) (R) (Co7)
3. What is meant by diversity reception? Explain the various types of diversity(Nov/Dec 2013)(U)
4. Explain in brief about the diversity mechanisms with its types and ensure the improvement of
SNR. (R) (Co8)
5. Explain the significance of combining technique with its advantages. (R) (Co8)
6. Evaluate how selection combining and maximal ratio combining provides a single improved
signal in a diversity reception device. (R) (Co8)
7. Write short notes on Equal gain combining.(U) (Co8)
8. Explain in detail about the feed forward and feedback combining. (R) (Co8)
9. Explain the consideration of space diversity system.
10. Explain the theoretical model of polarization diversity.
11. Elaborate on selective diversity and equal gain combining techniques.