0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views11 pages

Two Marks Questions of CMC

This document discusses wireless communication systems. It defines key terms like base station, control channel, and forward channel. It lists radio frequency bands and examples of frequencies used. electromagnetic waves with very low frequency are not used for data transmission because of their long wavelengths and lower data rates. A page is a brief broadcast message. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves propagated by antennas that can be received by tuning a radio receiver. Mobile radio systems can be simplex or duplex. Push-to-talk systems are an example of half duplex.

Uploaded by

Puji Kamati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views11 pages

Two Marks Questions of CMC

This document discusses wireless communication systems. It defines key terms like base station, control channel, and forward channel. It lists radio frequency bands and examples of frequencies used. electromagnetic waves with very low frequency are not used for data transmission because of their long wavelengths and lower data rates. A page is a brief broadcast message. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves propagated by antennas that can be received by tuning a radio receiver. Mobile radio systems can be simplex or duplex. Push-to-talk systems are an example of half duplex.

Uploaded by

Puji Kamati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

1.

2 MARKS Q&A
UNIT- I- Wireless Communication Systems
1. Define Base Station.(R)(Co1)
A fixed station in mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobile stations. It is
located at the center/edge of coverage region. It contains radio channels, transmitter, receiving
antennas mounted on tower.
2. What is control channel?(R) (Co1)
A Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation and other control
purposes.
3. What is forward channel?(R) (Co1)
A Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base station to mobile.
4. List out the frequency bands of radio spectrum.(R) (Co1)
Designation Abbreviation Frequencies

Very Low Frequency VLF 9 kHz - 30 kHz

Low Frequency LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz

Medium Frequency MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz

High Frequency HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz

Very High Frequency VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz

Ultra High Frequency UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz

Super High Frequency SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz

Extremely High Frequency EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz


5. List out some examples of frequency bands.(R) (Co1)
AM Radio – 533 Khz – 1.7 Mhz. FM Radio – 88 Mhz – 108 Mhz. TV Stations – 54 Mhz – 220 Mhz
Cordless Phones- 40 -50 Mhz. Cellphones – 824- 849 Mhz. GPS - 1227 – 1575 Mhz.
6. Why are electromagnetic waves with very low frequency not used for data transmission in
computer networks? (R) (Co1)
Low frequency has longer wavelength, Data rates depends upon the bandwidth.
7. What is a page? (R) (Co1)
It is a brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area, usually in a simulcast
fashion by many base stations at the same time.
8. Define Radio wave. (R) (Co1)
Radio wave is a electromagnetic wave propagated by the antenna. It has different frequencies
and by tuning radio receiver to particular frequency a signal a be picked up.
9. Classify the mobile radio transmission systems.(U) (Co1)
Simplex & Duplex
10. State example for a half duplex system.(R) (Co1)
Push to talk and release to listen.
11. List any four advantages of 3G Mobile Networks.(April/May 2010)(R) (Co1)

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.2

faster data transmission speeds, easily access music, pictures and videos, improved messaging
and Bluetooth capabilities are able to support 2G devices, users are able to access a variety of
services within a network, ease of connecting to a network has been greatly enhanced,
Bandwidth, security and reliability are more, Provides interoperability among service providers,
Availability of fixed and variable rates, Support to devices with backward compatibility with
existing networks, Rich multimedia services are available.
12. What are the five functional entities of a DECT system? (April/May 2010) (R) (Co1)
Portable handset, radio fixed part, Cordless controller, Network specific interface unit,
Supplementary unit.
13. What is Bluetooth?(Nov/Dec 2009) (R) (Co1)
It is a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of mobile phones, computers, and
other electronic devices. It is used for exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile
devices, and building personal area networks (PANs).
14. What are the advantages of CCS over conventional Signaling? (Nov/Dec 2009) (R) (Co1)
Faster call setup, greater trunking efficiency, information transfer.
15. Write some third generation wireless standards.(U) (Co1)
Personal communication system, IMT-2000, UMTS
16. What is near-far effect in wireless network? (R) (Co2)
When used with FM or spread spectrum modulation, it is possible for the strongest user to
successfully capture the intended receiver , even when many users are also transmitting . If
the closest transmitter is able to capture a receiver because of small propagation path loss,
it is called as near -far effect in wireless network.
17. What are first, second, third generation cellular networks? (April/may 2011)(R) (Co1)
I Generation: - FDMA/FD, Analog FM. II Generation:- Digital Modulation formats,
TDMA/FDD, CDMA/FDD multiple access Techniques, GSM. III Generation:- Wideband
CDMA(W-CDMA), Enhanced Data rate for Enhanced GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division
Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA).
18. What is SIM? (April/May 2010) (U) (Co2)
SIM-Subscriber identity module, which is memory device that store information such as the
subscriber identity number, the network and countries where the subscriber is entitled to
service, private key, and other user specified information.
19. What is CDPD? (U) (Co2)
CDPD is a Cellular packet digital Data System that uses packet switched data .The bit rate in
the RF channel for CDPD is 19.2kbps
20. What is SMS? (R) (Co2)
SMS- short Messaging Service. It is a popular feature of GSM and allows subscribers to send
short, real time messages to other subscribers in the same network by simply dialing a
recipients cell phone number.
21. What is 3G W-CDMA? (April/may 2011) (R) (Co2)
It is an air interface standard designed for ‘always on’ packet-based wireless service, so that
computers, entertainment devices and telephony may all share the same wireless network
and be connected to the internet, anytime, anywhere. It supports packet data rate upto
2.048Mbps/user – providing high quality of data, multimedia, streaming audio & video.

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.3

22. What are Piconets? (April/May 2009) (R) (Co2)


A Network of devices connected in adhoc fashion using bluetooth technology. A Piconets is
formed when at least 2 devices are connected. It can support upto 8 devices. When piconet
is formed, one device acts as a master and others acts as a slave.
23. Differentiate GSM, EDGE (May/June 2012) (U) (Co2)
GSM EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications, or EDGE, also known as Enhanced Data for
GSM as it is popularly known, is the standard Global Evolution or Enhanced GPRS, is a
network adopted by most countries for mobile backward-compatible extension of GSM
telephony. introduced in the market in 2003.
GSM network is classified as 2G network EDGE is known as 2.75G although it
completes the requirements of 3G
network.
Slower Data transmission rate than EDGE. it offers better and faster services to its
users than GSM
To avail GSM services, you only need to have To utilize the services of EDGE, both the
the appropriate network without worrying phone and network should support EDGE,
about the handset you choose. else the phone will automatically revert
to GPRS.
24. Compare AMPS & GSM. (Nov/Dec 2011,2013) (U) (Co2)
GSM AMPS
It is a analog mobile technology It is a digital mobile technology
GSM, is the standard network adopted by AMPS is a standard system for analog signal
most countries for mobile telephony. cellular telephone service in the United States
and is also used in other countries.
The frequency range specified for GSM is AMPS allocates frequency ranges within the
1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to 800 and 900 Megahertz.
base station).
Accessing method-TDMA Accessing method-FDMA
Transmission Rate -270 kbps Transmission Rate -10 kbps
25. Give the applications of GPRS.(Nov/Dec 2013)(R) (Co2)
Used for non-real time internet usage including retrieval of email, faxes and asymmetric
web browsing
26. Differentiate between 2G and 3G systems with respect to multiple access
systems.(April/May 2008)(U) (Co2)
2G make use of TDMA, FDMA that allow multiple subscribers to make calls simultaneously.
3G make use of WCDMA multiplexing to encourage the proper distribution of bandwidths to
subscribers.
27. What is meant by beacon? (R) (Co2)
A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information used for power
management and roaming. e.g., identification of the base station subsystem(BSS)

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.4

16 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain a typical cellular system and explain various performance criteria. (Nov/Dec
2011)(R) (Co1)
2. Explain in detail the various cellular components.(April/May 2010)(R) (Co1)
3. Explain the process of operation of paging systems. (April/May 2010)(U) (Co1)
4. Summarize the steps involved in making a cellular telephone call. (April/May 2010)(U) (Co1)
5. Explain the operation of cellular systems. (Nov/Dec 2009)(U) (Co2)
6. Explain the procedure for making a call from a mobile to another mobile.(April/May
2009)(U) (Co2)
7. Explain how the interference between the base and mobile transmission is reduced in PCS.
(April/May 2009)(U) (Co2)
8. Explain with suitable diagrams and specifications the difference between cellular, paging
and cordless systems. (April/May 2009)(R) (Co2)
9. Compare and contrast the features of second generation digital cellular standards GSM and
CDMA technologies.(Dec 15)
10. What are the advantages of cellular mobile communication systems over conventional mobile
telephone system? (Dec 15)
11. Summarize the air interface specification parameters of major digital cordless telephone
standards. (Dec 15)
12. Compare wireless communication systems with personal communication system. (Dec 15)

UNIT – II CELLULAR FUNDAMENTALS


28. Define the term Roamer. (R)(Co3)
A mobile unit that operates in a service area other than that from which service has been
subscribed.
29. Recall the different types of cells. (R) (Co3)
Femto cells, pico cells, micro cells, macro cells and mega cells
30. Define handoff. (R) (Co3)
When mobile moves from one cell to another the control of this mobile is transferred from
one cell to another. This process is referred as handoff.
31. Define cluster. (R) (Co3)
The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is called a
cluster.
32. What are the basic units of a Cellular system? (R) (Co3)
Mobile stations, Base stations, Mobile Switching Center (MSC) or Mobile Telephone Switching
Office (MTSO).
33. Write the equation which illustrates the relation between capacity of a system and cluster
size. (U) (Co3)
C = MKN
34. What are the technical issues in planning of a cellular network? (R) (Co3)
Selection of frequency reuse pattern for different radio transmission techniques, Physical
deployment and radio coverage modeling, Plans to account for the growth of the network,
Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell size and the cost of infrastructure

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.5

35. State the different classifications of channel assignment strategies. (U) (Co3)
Fixed and dynamic.
36. What is the use of RSSI? (R) (Co3)
This is Receiver Signal Strength Indicator. This information is sent to the cell site from the
mobile unit so that the MTSO can decide for a handoff.

37. Recall the type of handoff used in CDMA. (R) (Co3)


Soft handoff.
38. State the different types of handoffs.(U) (Co3)
Soft handoff, hard handoff, forced handoff, delayed handoff and mobile associated handoff.
39. What is intersystem handoff? (R) (Co3)
During a course of a call, if a mobile moves from one cellular system to a different cellular
system controlled by a different MSC it is referred as intersystem handoff.
40. What is co channel interference?(Nov/Dec 2012) (R) (Co3)
Interference between signals from cells that operate in same frequency is referred as
channel interference.
41. What is grade of service?(Nov/Dec 2013) (R) (Co3)
It is a measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour.
42. What is cell splitting? (R) (Co3)
It is a process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells.
43. What is sectoring? (R) (Co3)
The process of using directional antennas in a cell is referred as sectoring.
44. State the different techniques used for improving coverage and capacity in cellular systems.
(U) (Co3)
Cell splitting, Sectoring, Repeaters for range extension and Microcell zone.
45. Define modulation. (R) (Co3)
It is the process of encoding information from a message source in a manner suitable for
transmission.
46. What is frequency planning?(May/Jun 2013,Nov/Dec 2013) (R) (Co3)
The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for the entire cellular base
stations within a system is called frequency planning.
47. State the basic constituents of a cellular system. (U) (Co3)
Mobile unit, cell site, mobile telephone switching office.
48. State the expression that relates co channel reuse ratio (Q) to radius (R) of a cell (May
2010)(U) (Co3)
Q = D/R ; D – Distance between center of co channel cells.
49. State the expression used to locate co channel cells.(U) (Co3)
N = i2 + ij + j2
50. Define the term dwell time. (R) (Co3)
The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell without handoff.
51. State the advantage of umbrella cell approach. (U) (Co3)
It provides large area coverage to high speed users while providing small area coverage to
users traveling at low speeds.
52. Define co channel cells. (R) (Co3)
The cells that operate with the same set of frequencies are referred as co channel cells.
53. How many co channels interfere is present in the first tier for a cluster size of 7?(U) (Co3)

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.6

Six
54. What are the disadvantages of cellular systems with small cells? (R) (Co3)
Requires complex infrastructure, requires frequent hand-over, Involves complicated frequency
planning
55. IF Bandwidth =33x106Hz, and forward and reverse channel bandwidth is 25x103Hz for a
cell size of N=12, calculate the total channels and channel Bandwidth for full duplex.
(April/may 2008)(A) (Co4)
Sol: Total bandwidth = 33Mhz. Channel Bandwidth = 25KHzx2 = 50Khz/Duplex channel
Total Available channels = 33,000/50 = 660 Channels.
For N=12 total no. of channel available per cell = 660/12 = 55 channels.
56. If 20 MHz of total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular systems and each
duplex channel has 25Khz RF bandwidth, Find the number of duplex channels. (April/May
2011). (A) (Co4)
Total Spectrum = 20 MHz; Duplex channel bandwidth=25Khz;
Total Available channels = 20,000/25 = 800 Channels.
57. Define foot print. (R) (Co4)
The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the foot print. It is determined from field
measurements or propagation prediction models.
58. In wireless communication what is meant by cell dragging. (Apri/may 2008) (R) (Co4)
It is another handoff problem. It results from the pedestrian users that provide strong signal
to base station and occurs in urban environment.
59. State the different techniques used for improving coverage and capacity in cellular
systems.(April/May 2011, Nov/Dec 2013). (U) (Co4)
Cell splitting, cell sectoring, coverage micro zone approach.
60. How does cell split improve the efficiency of a mobile systems.(April/May 2008)(U) (Co4)
Cell splitting allows an orderly growth of cellular system. It increases the number of base
stations in order to increase the capacity. It increases the number of times that channels are
reused. Cell splitting allows a system to grow by replacing large cells with smaller cells thus
increasing the efficiency.
61. What are the advantages of Microcell Zone Concept? (Nov/Dec 2009) (R) (Co4)
a. same channel is maintained, when mobile travels from one zone to another
zone within cell. (ii). The Effect of interference is highly reduced by using low power
transmitters. (iii). Improved signal quality is possible. (iv) Reduced number of
handoff when call is in progress.
62. Write 4 objectives of channel assignments. (Nov/Dec 2009)(U) (Co4)
a. If a call request is made, it can be served only if there is any unused
channels. (ii). If there is no unused channel call will be blocked. (iii). whenever call
request is made, BS within cell will request the MSC to allocated channel.
63. What is soft handoff? Mention its advantages. (April/May 2009)(R) (Co4)
The ability to select between the instantaneous received signals from a variety of base
station is called soft handoff.(Make before Break)
ADV: It exploits macroscopic space diversity at a different physical location. (ii) Selecting
/turning is the key objective.
64. What is Hard Handoff? (April/May 2009) (R) (Co4)
The channelize wireless system that assign different radio channels during a handoff is
called hard handoff. (Break before Make)
65. Explain adjacent channel interference. (April/May 2009,NOV/dec 2012)(U) (Co4)

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.7

The interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired
signal. It results from imperfect receiver filters allow nearby frequency to leak into the pass
band. It is a serious problem if an adjacent channel user is transmitting in very close to
subscriber’s receiver when receiver attempts to receive a base station desired channel.
66. Define Co-channel interference (April/May 2011)(R) (Co4)
The cells that uses same set of frequencies in given area are called co-channel cells and the
interference between signals from these cells is called co channel interference.
67. Determine the co-channel reuse ratio for the cluster with 20 cells.(Nov/Dec 2013)(A)
Q = D/R = SQRT(3N) = SQRT(3*20)=7.74
68. What are the principles of Cellular Architecture? (U) (Co4)
Low power Transmitters and Coverage Zones, Frequency Reuse, Cell splitting to increase
Capacity, Hand off and Central Control.
69. Specify the three partially separable effects of radio propagation.(R) (Co4)
The three partially separable effects of radio propagation are, Multi path fading, Shadowing
Path loss.
70. Mention the basic propagation mechanisms, which impact propagation in mobile
Communication.(may/June 2013) (R) (Co4)
The basic propagation mechanisms are Reflection, Diffraction, and Scattering.
71. What is reflection? (R) (Co4)
Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon an object,
which has very large dimension when compared to the wavelength of propagating wave.
72. What is diffraction? (R) (Co4)
Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is obstructed
by a surface that has sharp irregularities.
73. What is scattering? (April/May 2011) (R) (Co4)
Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with
dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength and where the number of obstacles
per unit volume is large.
74. Give the Parameters used for mobile multipath channels. (April/May 2011,Nov/Dec 2013)
(R) (Co4)
Time Dispersion Parameter, Coherence Bandwidth, and Doppler Spread and Coherence
time.
75. Define Multipath Propagation. (April/May 2011) (R) (Co4)
In wireless telecommunications, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio
signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths.
76. Define Brewster angle? (R) (Co4)
The Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin. It
occurs when the incident angle b is such that the reflection coefficient Is equal to zero.
77. Why we use 1m intercept for mobile communication? (R) (Co4)
Within a 1m radius the antenna beam width of a high gain Omni-directional antenna is
narrow in vertical plan. Larger the elevation angle weaker the reception level.
78. State the effects of multipath Propagation ( April/May 2008) (U) (Co4)
1. Rapid change in signal strength over a small travel distance or time interval.
2. Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath
signals.
3. Time dispersion (echoes) caused by multipath propagation delays.

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.8

79. What is the advantage of 2 ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss?
(April/May 2009) (R) (Co4)
It is more accurate for predicting large scale signal strength over distance of several
kilometers.
80. What is Doppler shift? (April/May 2009, 2010) (R) (Co4)
The Phase change in received signal due to the difference in path length hence the apparent
change in frequency is called doppler shift.
Fd = v/λ cosѳ = 1/2π (ΔΦ/Δt).
81. Calculate the brewster angle for a wave impinging on ground having a permitivity of ε r =4
(Nov/dec 2009) (A) (Co4)
Sol: εr =4 sin (ѳB) =√( εr – 1)/ √( (εr)2 – 1) ; = √4-1/ √16-1 = √1/5 ѳB = sin-1(√1/5) = 26.56°
82. Calculate Fraunhofer distance of an antenna at 60Mhz for a maximum dimension of 1m.
(Nov/dec 2009) (April/May 2011)(Nov/Dec2012)(A) (Co4)
Operating frequency f = 60Mhz; D =1 m; λ =c/f = 3*108/ 60*106 = 5
Distance (df) = 2d2/ λ = 2(1) /5 = 0.4m.
83. Define Absolute bandwidth. (April/May 2010) (R) (Co4)
The Term absolute bandwidth (B) denotes the width of the frequency interval occupied by a
signal spectrum which ranges from lower cutoff frequency f l to upper cutoff frequency fu.
B = fu - fl
84. What is free space propagation model? Write the expression for free space path loss
(May/june 2012). (U) (Co4)
It is used to predict the received signal strength when transmitter & receiver have clear,
unobstructed LOS path between them.

16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain cellular Frequency Reuse. (April /May 2009,Nov/Dec 2012) (R) (Co3)
2. Explain the Channel Assignment strategies in mobile communication. (April/ May 2008) (R)
(Co3)
3. What is Handoff? Explain the prioritizing, practical considerations.( April/ May
2008,2013,Nov/Dec 2012)(U) (Co3)
4. Explain the Interference (co channel & adjacent channel) (April/May 2008) (R) (Co3)
5. Explain channel allocation strategies in detail.
6. Explain the coverage and capacity improvements (splitting, sectoring, microzone) and derive
necessary expressions (NOV/DEC 2009,2011, May/June, Nov/Dec 2012,13)(R) (Co3)
7. Prove that for a hexagonal geometry the cochannel reuse ratio is given by Q=√3N where N
= i2 +ij+j2. (May /June 2012)(A) (Co4)
8. A total of 24MHZ of Bw is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system that uses
two 30KHZ simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels. Assume each
cellphone user generates 0. 1 Erlangs of traffic .Assume Erlang B is used. (i) find the number
of channels in each cell for a 4 cell reuse system (ii) if each cell is to offer capacity that is
90% of perfect scheduling. Find the maximum no of users that can be supported per cell
where omnidirectional antennas are used at each BS (May/June 2012).(A) (Co4)
9. Derive a expression for Free Space Propagation Model. (April/May 2011,2013)(A) (Co4)

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.9

10. Derive the equation of the path loss for the 2 ray model with antenna gains.(Nov/Dec
2009,2011)(May/June,Nov/Dec 2012, 2013)(A) (Co4)
11. A mobile is located 5Km away from BS and uses a vertical λ/4 monopole antenna with a gain
of 2.55dB to receive cellular radio signals. The E field at 1 Km from the transmitter is
measured to be 10-3 V/m. The carrier frequency used for this system is 900MHZ. a) find the
length and effective aperture of the receiving antenna. B) find the received power at the
mobile using 2 ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna
is 50m and the receiving antenna is 1.5, above the ground. (April/May 2011) pg.no.125(A)
(Co4)
12. if a transmitter produces 50W of power,express the transmit power in units of dbm and
dbW. If 50 W is pplied to a unity gain antenna with a 900MHZ carrier frequency, find the
received power in dbm at a free space distance of 100m from the antenna. What is
Pr(10km)? assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.(may/june 2013)pg.no.109(A) (Co4)

UNIT - III

85. Define Macroscopic Diversity. (Co7)


When the mobile improves the average SNR on forward link by selecting non shadowed
base station is called macroscopic diversity.
86. Give the practical space diversity considerations. (April/ May 2010) (Co7)
1. Selection diversity, Feedback diversity, Maximal ratio combining, Equal gain diversity
87. What is the need for using mobile station antennas? ( April/May 2011) (Co7)
To enable connection to BS in all locations and orientations of mobile unit. It acts as a
radiating element.
88. Mention the main functions of BS.(Nov/Dec 2011) (Co7)
Responsible for handling traffic and signaling between mobile phone and NSS, It carries
transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, Transmission
and reception over air interface.
89. Write the significance of diversity reception. (Nov/Dec 2011) (Co7)
Diversity scheme refers to a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using
two or more communication channels with different characteristics.
diversity reception: Radio reception in which a resultant signal is obtained by combining or
selecting signals, from two or more independent sources, that have been modulated with
identical information-bearing signals, but which may vary in their fading characteristics at any
given instant. Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects of fading.
90. Give the types of Diversity. (May/June 2012) (Co7)
Space, Polarization, Frequency, Time diversities.
91. what is the theoretical maximum data rate that can be supported in a 200KHZ channel
for SNR=10 dB,30dB? (May/June 2013)pg.no.280(Co7)
92. List any two mobile station antennas and state their significance(NOV/Dec 2013) (Co7)
Dipole Antenna and monopole Antenna; Normal mode helical antenna, Internal antennas,
planar antenna, chip antenna; chip Antenna – very small mounted in certain manner on
circuit board of phone. Normal mode helical antenna – used for circular polarization, dual
band operation using 2 different pitch angles.
93. What is the need for combining? (Nov/Dec 2012) (Co7)
In order to provide coherent voltage addition and to provide optimal SNR.
ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
1.10

94. Give two advantages of Digital modulation. (Nov/Dec 2012) (Co7)


Greater noise immunity, robustness to channel impairments, easier multiplexing of various
forms of information, greater security.
95. What is a smart antenna? (Co8)
A smart antenna system consist of an antenna array, associated RF hardware and a
computer controller that changes array pattern in response to radio frequency
environment.
96. What is meant by diversity Reception? (April/May 2011) (Co8)
Radio reception in which a resultant signal is obtained by combining or selecting signals, from
two or more independent sources, that have been modulated with identical information-
bearing signals, but which may vary in their fading characteristics at any given instant. Diversity
reception is used to minimize the effects of fading.
97. Define diversity. (R) (Co8)
Diversity is one very effective remedy that exploits the principle of providing the receiver with
multiple faded replicas of the same information bearing signal.
98. List the types of diversity. (R) (Co8)
Diversity is of three types, Space,frequency and polarization diversity techniques.
99. Recall micro and macro diversity. (R)
Diversity techniques that mitigate the effect of multipath fading are called micro diversity,
Diversity to mitigate the effects of shadowing from buildings and objects is called macro
diversity. Macrodiversity is generally implemented by combining signals received by several
base stations or access points.
100. Define Space diversity. (R) (Co8)
One method is to use multiple transmit or receive antennas, also called an antenna array,
where the elements of the array are separated in distance. this type of diversity is referred to
as space diversity.
101. What is polarization diversity? (R) (Co8)
A second method of achieving diversity is by using either two transmit antennas or two receive
antennas with different polarization (e.g. vertically and horizontally polarized waves). The two
transmitted waves follow the same path.
102. What is Frequency diversity? (R) (Co8)
Frequency diversity is achieved by transmitting the same narrowband signal at different
carrier frequencies, where the carriers are separated by the coherence bandwidth of the
channel. This technique requires additional transmit power to send the signal over multiple
frequency bands.
103. List the methods how diversity can be achieved. (R) (Co8)
The methods by which diversity can be achieved generally fall into seven categories:i)space,
ii) angle, iii) polarization, iv) field v) frequency, vi) multipath,and vii) time.
104. List the methods of diversity combining. (R) (Co8)
There are many methods for combining the signals that are received on the disparate
diversity branches, and several ways of categorizing them. Diversity combining that takes
place at RF is called predetection combining, while diversity combining that takes place at
baseband is called postdetection combining.
105. What is selective combining? (R) (Co8)
With selective combining (SC), the branch yielding the highest signal-to noise ratio is always
selected. In this case, the diversity combiner performs the operation For radio systems that
use continuous transmission, SC is impractical because it requires continuous monitoring of
all diversity branches.
106. Give the types of combining methods. (R) (Co8)
i.Diversity, ii, Selective combining,iii. Maximal ratio combining, iv. Equal gain combining and

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION


1.11

threshold combining.
107. Define maximal ratio combining. (R) (Co8)
In SC and SSC, the output of the combiner equals the signal on one of the branches. In
maximal ratio combining (MRC) the output is a weighted sum of all branches, Since the
signals are cophased, αi = aie-jθi, where θ is the phase of the incoming signal on the ith
branch.
108. Define equal gain combining. (R) (Co8)
Equal gain combining (EGC) is similar to MRC because the diversity branches are co-phased,
but different from MRC because the diversity branches are not weighted. In practice, such a
scheme is useful for modulation techniques having equal energy symbols, e.g., M-PSK.

16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain the frequency and time Diversity Techniques. (April /May 2008) (April/May 2010)
(NoV/Dec 2011) (R) (Co7)
2. Explain in detail about antenna connections and locations on the mobile unit. What parameters
control the design of mobile unit? Explain? (Nov/Dec 2011) (R) (Co7)
3. What is meant by diversity reception? Explain the various types of diversity(Nov/Dec 2013)(U)
4. Explain in brief about the diversity mechanisms with its types and ensure the improvement of
SNR. (R) (Co8)
5. Explain the significance of combining technique with its advantages. (R) (Co8)
6. Evaluate how selection combining and maximal ratio combining provides a single improved
signal in a diversity reception device. (R) (Co8)
7. Write short notes on Equal gain combining.(U) (Co8)
8. Explain in detail about the feed forward and feedback combining. (R) (Co8)
9. Explain the consideration of space diversity system.
10. Explain the theoretical model of polarization diversity.
11. Elaborate on selective diversity and equal gain combining techniques.

ECE CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

You might also like