Scribd
Upload
43 views

ELE492 - ELE492 - Image Process Lecture Notes 6

This document provides an overview of image formation and the key components of a digital camera. It explains that an image is a 2D projection of a 3D scene and can be represented as a function of light intensity. Early camera designs using pinholes or simple lenses are described. Key aspects of modern cameras such as lenses, apertures, focal length, depth of field, shutter speed and ISO settings are defined and their effects on image brightness and focus are explained. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

ozllmtkn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
43 views

ELE492 - ELE492 - Image Process Lecture Notes 6

This document provides an overview of image formation and the key components of a digital camera. It explains that an image is a 2D projection of a 3D scene and can be represented as a function of light intensity. Early camera designs using pinholes or simple lenses are described. Key aspects of modern cameras such as lenses, apertures, focal length, depth of field, shutter speed and ISO settings are defined and their effects on image brightness and focus are explained. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

ozllmtkn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

EE 492: Image Processing

Assoc. Prof. Seniha Esen Yüksel

Lecture: Image Formation

Hacettepe University
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Credit

 Most slides are from


 Dr. Yacov Hel-Or,
 Dr. Erkut Erdem,
 Dr. George Bebis,
 and several others.

2
What is an Image ?
• An image is a projection of a 3D scene into a 2D
projection plane.
• An image can be defined as a 2 variable function I(x,y),
where for each position (x,y) in the projection plane,
I(x,y) defines the light intensity at this point.

3
Camera trial #1

scene film

Put a piece of film in front of an object.


Suppose the film is sensitive to light.
Do we get a reasonable image?

source: Yung-Yu Chuang 4


Camera trial #2: Pinhole camera
pinhole camera

scene barrier film

 Add a barrier to block off most of the rays. The pinhole


projects all rays through a common center of projection
• Reduces blurring, image is inverted.
• The pinhole is known as the aperture
• Depth of the room is focal length

5
Pinhole Size
Camera
Object Aperture
sensor

Blur

 small hole => sharp, but does not collect enough light (noise)
 larger hole => easy to collect enough light, but blur occurs

source: E. Erdem 6
Why not make the aperture as small as
possible?

7
Why not make the aperture as small as
possible?
 Less light gets through
 Diffraction effects...

8
Solution:
Lenses!
 Gather
more
light in a
shorter
amount
of time.
 But need
to be
focused.

From Photography, London et al. 9


Adding a lens

“circle of
confusion”

 A lens focuses light onto the film


 There is a specific distance at which objects are
“in focus”
 other points project to a “circle of confusion” in the image
 Changing the shape of the lens changes this
distance
source: E. Erdem 10
Lenses
F

focal point
optical center
(Center Of Projection)

 Focal point is the point on the axis of a lens to which


parallel rays of light converge.
 focal point at a distance f beyond the plane of the lens
 f is a function of the shape and index of refraction of the lens
 Aperture of diameter D restricts the range of rays
 aperture may be on either side of the lens
 Lenses are typically spherical (easier to produce)
 Real cameras use many lenses together (to correct for aberrations)
11
Thin lenses

 Thin lens equation:

 d0: distance to the (focused) object


di: distance behind the lens at which the image is formed
 f: focal length

 Any object point satisfying this equation is in focus

12
A lens is focused at a single depth

Object at lens sensor


focus depth plane

All rays emerge from a single


object point=> The captured
image is sharp

13
A lens is focused at a single depth

Object away lens sensor


from focus plane
depth

Rays emerge from multiple object points


(circle of confusion) => the captured image is
blurred

14
Aperture (diameter of lens opening)

 Expressed as a fraction of focal length, in f-number


 f/2.0 on a 50mm lens means that the aperture is 25mm
 f/2.0 on a 100mm lens means that the aperture is 50mm
 The lower the number, the wider the aperture.
 The wider the aperture, the more light passes through the lens.

15
Aperture (diameter of lens opening)
Aperture Film

f / 5.6

f / 32

 Changing the aperture size affects depth of field


 A smaller aperture increases the range in which the object is
approximately in focus
Flowers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field
16
Aperture controls depth of field

Source: https://expertphotography.com/how-to-understand-aperture-5-simple-steps/
17
Main effect of aperture
 Depth of field: Allowable depth variation in the scene
that limits the circle of confusion to a tolerable number
Shallow Depth of Field Large Depth of Field

Small
Large
Aperture
Aperture
From Photography, London et al. 18
Field of View (focal length & zoom)
 The focal length of a lens defines the lens's angular field
of view. The shorter the FL, the wider the AF.

19
Exposure

 How much light falls on sensor


 Main parameters:
 Shutter speed: How long sensor is exposed to light
 Aperture (area of lens): How much light can pass
through from the lens
 Sensitivity: How much light is needed by the sensor
 Lighting conditions

20
Shutter
 Shutter is a small “curtain” in the camera that quickly
rolls over the image sensor (the digital version of film)
 Allows light to shine onto the imaging sensor for a
fraction of a second.
 The longer the shutter, the brighter the picture
 Since more light is gathered.
 Also controls blur.
 The duration that the shutter allows light onto the image
sensor is called the shutter speed, and is measured in
fractions of a second.

Source: https://improvephotography.com/photography-basics/aperture-shutter-speed-and-iso/
21
Shutter speed
 In fraction of a second: 1/30, 1/60, 1/125 etc.
 Slower shutter (e.g. 1/30th sec) = more light
 Faster shutter (e.g. 1/500th sec) = less light

Slow shutter speed Fast shutter speed

22
Overview:

expertphotography.com 23
Overview:

expertphotography.com 24
Overview

expertphotography.com 25

You might also like