4 Differential Equation

Differential Equation
An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent
variables is called a differential equation.
A differential equation is said to be ordinary, if the differential coefficients have reference to a single
d2 y 2dy
independent variable only e.g. − + cos x = 0 and it is said to be partial if there are two or more
dx2 dx
u u u
independent variables e.g. + + = 0 is a partial differential equation. We are concerned with
x y z
ordinary differential equations only.

Order of Differential Equation

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occurring in it.

Degree of Differential Equation

The exponent of the highest order differential coefficient, when the differential equation is expressed
as a polynomial in all the differential coefficient.
Thus, the differential equation:
p q
 dmy   dm−1 (y) 
f(x, y) 
m
 + (x, y) 
m− 1
 + ........... = 0 is of order m & degree p.
 dx   dx 

Note: (i) The exponents of all the differential coefficient should be free from radicals and fraction.
(ii) The degree is always positive natural number.
(iii) The degree of differential equation may or may not exist.

Example 1:
Find the order and degree of the following differential equation:

d2 y dy d2 y  dy  dy
(i) = 3 +3 (ii) = sin   (iii) = 3x + 5
dx2 dx dx2
 dx  dx
Solution:
2 3
 d2 y   dy 
(i) The given differential equation can be re-written as   = + 3  Hence order is 2
 dx2   dx 
 
and degree is 3.
(ii) The given differential equation has the order 2. Since the given differential equation
cannot be written as a polynomial in the differential coefficients, the degree of the
equation is not defined
(iii) Ist order is 1 and degree 1. Ans.

Differential Equation 125

 Example 2:
2 3
 d2s   ds 
The order and degree of the differential equation   + 3   + 4 = 0 are-
 dt2   dt 
 
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3 (C) 3, 2 (D) none of these
Solution:
Clearly order is 2 and degree is 2 (from the definition of order and degree of differential
equations). Ans. (A)

Concept Builders - 1

Find the order and degree of following differential equations.

(i) [1 + (y')2]1/2 = x2 + y (ii) (1 + y')1/2 = y" (iii) y' = sin y

Formation of A Differential Equation

In order to obtain a differential equation whose solution is
f(x1, y1, c1, c2, c3...........cn) = 0
where c1, c2, ......cn are 'n' arbitrary constant, we have to eliminate the 'n' constant for which we require
(n + 1) equations.
A differential equation is obtained as follows:
(a) Differential the given equation w.r.t the independent variable (say x) as many times as
the number of independent arbitrary constants in it.
(b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
(c) The eliminant is the required differential equation.

Note: (i) A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties.
This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.
(ii) For there being n differentiation, the resulting equation must contain a derivative of n th
order i.e. equal to number of independent arbitrary constant.

Example 3:
Find the differential equation of all parabolas whose axes is parallel to the x-axis and having
latus rectum a.
Solution:
Equation of parabola whose axes is parallel to x-axis and having latus rectum 'a' is
(y )2 = a (x )
dy
Differentiating both sides, we get 2(y ) =a
dx
Again differentiating, we get
2 3
d2 y  dy  d2 y  dy 
 2(y ) 2 + 2   = 0  a 2 + 2   = 0 Ans.
dx  dx  dx  dx 

126 Differential Equation

 Example 4:
Find the differential equation whose solution represents the family: c(y + c)2 = x3
Solution:
c(y + c)2 = x3
dy
Differentiating, we get, c. [2(y + c)] = 3x2
dx
Writing the value of c from (i), we have
2x3 dy 2x3 2x3
(y + c) = 3x2  = 3x2
(y + 2)2 dx y+c y+c
2x dy 2x  dy 
i.e. =3    = y+c
y + c dx 3  dx 
2x  dy 
Hence c =  −y
3  dx 
2
 2x  dy    2x dy  3
Substituting value of c in equation (i), we get    − y   =x ,
3
   dx  3 dx 
which is the required differential equation. Ans.

Example 5:
Find the differential equation whose solution represent the family:
y = a cosx + b sinx, where  = fixed constant
Solution:
y = a cosx + b sinx,  = fixed constant .....(i)
dy
Differentiating, we get = −a sinx + b cosx
dx
d2 y
Again differentiating, we get = −2a cosx 2 b sinx
2
dx
2
dy
Using equation (i), we get = −2 y Ans.
2
dx

Concept Builders - 2

Eliminate the arbitrary constants and obtain the differential equation satisfied by it.
a 
(i) y = 2x + cex (ii) y =   + bx (iii) y = ae2x + be 2x
+c
2
x 

Solution of Differential Equation

The solution of the differential equation is a relation between the variables of the equation not
containing the derivatives, but satisfying the given differential equation (i.e. from which the given
differential equation can be derived).
dy
Thus, the solution of = ex could be obtained by simple integrating both sides, i.e., y = ex + c and that
dx
dy px2
of, = px + q is y = + qx + c , where c is arbitrary constant.
dx 2

Differential Equation 127

 (i) A general solution or an integral of a differential equation is a relation between the
variables (not involving the derivatives) which contain the same number of the arbitrary
constants as the order of the differential equation.
For example, a general solution of the differential equation
d2x
= − 4x is x = A cos2t + B sin 2t
dt2
Where A and B are the arbitrary constants.

(ii) Particular solution or particular integral is that solution of the differential equation
which is obtained from the general solution by assigning particular values to the arbitrary
constant in the general solution.
For example, x = 10 cos2t + 5sin2t is a particular solution of differential equation
d2x
= −4x .
dt2

Note: (i) The general solution if a differential equation can be expressed in different (but
equivalent) form. For example
log x log(y + 2) = k ...(i)
where k is an arbitrary constant is the general solution of the differential equation
xy' = y + 2.
The solution given by equation (i) can also be re-written as
 x  x
log   = k or = ek = c1 ...(ii)
 y + 2 y + 2
or x = c1 (y + 2) ...(iii)
where c1 = e is another arbitrary constant. The solution (iii) can also be written as
k

y + 2 = c2x
where c2 = 1/c1 is another arbitrary constant.

(ii) All differential equations that we come across have unique solutions or a family of
solutions.
dy
For example, the differential equation + | y |= 0 has only the trivial solution i.e. y = 0
dx
dy
The differential equation + | y | + c = 0 , c > 0 has no solution.
dx

Elementary Types of First Order and First-Degree Differential Equations

(a) Separation of Variables
Some differential equations can be solved by the method of separation of variables

equation in the Form A(x)dx + B(y) dy = 0

where A(x) is a function of 'x' only and B(y) is a function of 'y' only.
A general solution of this is given by,
 A(x) dx +  B(y)dy = c
where 'c' is the arbitrary constant.

128 Differential Equation

 Example 6:
dy 1 + y2
Solve the differential equation xy = (1 + x+ x2 ) .
dx 1 + x2
Solution:
Differential equation can be rewritten as
dy  x  y 1 1 
xy = (1 + y2 )  1 +  dy =  + dx
dx 2
x 1+ x 
2 2
 1+ x  1+ y
Integrating, we get
1 −1
n(1 + y2 ) = nx+ tan−1 x + nc  1 + y2 = cxetan x Ans.
2

Example 7:
dy
Solve the differential equation (x3 y2x3) + y3 + x2 y3 = 0
dx
Solution:
dy
The given equation (x3 y2x3) + y3 + x2 y3 = 0
dx

Case-I: y = 0 is one solution of differential equation

Case-II: If y  0, then
1 − y2 1 + x2
 dy + dx = 0
y3 x3
 1 1  1 1
  −
 y3 y 
dy +   +  dx = 0
  x3 x

x 1 1 1 
 log   =  + +c
 y  2  y2 x2 

x 1 1 1 
y = 0 or log   = 

+ +c Ans.
 y 2 y 2
x2 

Example 8:

dy
Solve: = (x 3)(y + 1)2/3
dx

Solution:

Case-I: y = 1 is one solution of differential equation

Case-II: If y  1, then
dy
=(x 3) (y + 1)2/3
dx
dy
 = (x − 3)dx
(y + 1)2/3

Differential Equation 129

 1
Integrate and solve for y: 3(y + 1)1/3 = (x 3)2 + C
2

1
(y + 1)1/3 = (x 3)2 + C0
6
3
1 
 y + 1 =  (x− 3)2 + C0 
6 
3
1 
y= 1 or y =  (x− 3)2 + C0  − 1 Ans.
6 

Concept Builders - 3

Solve the following differential equation:

2dy y(x+ 1) dy
(i) = (ii) 1 + 4x2 dy = y3xdx (iii) (tany) = sin(x + y) + sin(x− y)
dx x dx

(i) Equation of The Form

 y' =f(ax + by + c), b  0
To solve this, substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable type in the
variable t and x which can be solved.

Example 9:
dy
Solve = cos(x + y) sin (x + y)
dx
Solution:
dy
= cos(x + y) sin (x + y)
dx
dy dt
Substituting, x + y = t, we get = −1
dx dx
dt
Therefore − 1 =cos t sin t
dx
t
sec2 dt
dt 2 x+y
 =  dx   =  dx  − n 1 − tan = x + c. Ans.
1 + cos t − sint  t 2
2  1 − tan 
 2
Example 10:
Solve: y' = (x + y + 1)2
Solution:
y' = (x + y + 1)2
Let t = x + y + 1
dt dy
= 1+
dx dx
Substituting in equation (i) we get
dt dt
= t2 + 1   =  dx  tan−1 t = x + C  t = tan(x + C)
dx 1+ t 2

x + y + 1 = tan(x + C)  y = tan(x + C) x 1 Ans.

130 Differential Equation

 Concept Builders - 4

Solve the following differential equation:

dy
(i) = (y − 4 x)2 (ii) tan2 (x + y)dx dy = 0
dx

(ii) Equation of the form

dy a x + b1 y + c 1
 = 1
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2

Case-I:

a1 b1 c1
If =  then
a2 b2 c2

a1 b1
Let = = then a1 =  a2 b1 = b2
a2 b2
Form (i) and (ii), differential equation becomes
dy a2x + b2 y + c1 dy (a2 x + b2 y) + c1
=  =
dx a2x + b2 y + c2 dx a2x + b2 y + c2
dy
or we can say, = f(a2x + b2y)
dx
which can be solved by substituting t = a2x + b2y

Example 11:
Solve: (x + y)dx + (3x + 3y 4)dy = 0
Solution:
Let t = x + y
 dy = dt dx
So we get, tdx + (3t 4)(dt dx) = 0
 3t − 4  2
2dx +   dt = 0  2dx 3dt + dt = 0
 2−t  2−t
Integrating and replacing t by x + y, we get
2x 3t 2[n|(2 t)|] = c
 2x 3(x + y) 2[n|(2 x y)|] = c1

 x + 3y + 2n|(2 x y)| = c Ans.

Case-II:

If a2 + b1 = 0, then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d(xy) for xdy + ydx and integrating

term by term, yield the result easily.

Differential Equation 131

 Example 12:
dy x − 2y + 1
Solve =
dx 2x + 2y + 3
Solution:
dy x − 2y + 1
=
dx 2x + 2y + 3
 2xdy + 2y dy + 3dy = xdx 2y dx + dx
 (2y + 3)dy = (x + 1)dx 2(xdy + ydx)
On integrating, we get
  (2 y+ 3)dy =  (x+ 1)dx −  2d(xy)
x2
Solving: y2 + 3y = + x − 2xy + c Ans.
2

Concept Builders - 5

Solve the following differential equation

dy 2x − y + 2 dy 3x − 5y
(i) = (ii) =
dx 2y − 4x + 1 dx 5x + y + 3

(iii) Equation of The Form

 yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0
The substituting xy = z, reduces differential equation of this form to the form in which the
variables are separable

Let xy = z

 xdz − zdx 
dy =  
 x2 

z  xdz − zdx 
using equation (ii) and (iii), equation (i) becomes f(z)dx+ xg(z)  =0
x  x2 

z z
 f(z)dx+ g(z)dz − g(z)dx = 0
x x
z

x
f(z) − g(z) dx + g(z)dz = 0
1 g(z)dz
 dx + =0
x z f(z) − g(z)

Example 13:
Solve y(xy + 1)dx + x(1 + xy + x2y2)dy = 0
Solution:
Let xy = v
v xdv − vdx
y=  dy =
x x2

132 Differential Equation

 v  xdv − vdx 
Now, differential equation becomes  (v + 1)dx+ x(1 + v + v2 )  =0
x  x2 
On solving, we get
v3dx x(1 + v + v2)dv = 0
separating the variables & integrating we get
dx  1 1 1 1 1
  x −   v 3
+
v 2
+  dv = 0
v
 nx +
2v 2
+
v
− nv = c

v
 2v2 n   − 2v − 1 = −2cv2  2x2y2ny 2xy 1 = Kx2y2 where K = 2c
x

Concept Builders - 6

Solve the following differential equation:

(i) (y xy2)dx (x + x2y)dy = 0 (ii) y(1 + 2xy)dx + x(1 xy)dy = 0

(iv) Transformation to polar-co-ordinates

Sometimes conversion of cartesian co-ordinates into polar coordinates helps us in separating
the variables.
(1) x = r cos , y = rsin 
then x + y = r
2 2 2

xdx + ydy = rdr

xdy ydx = r2d
(2) x = r sec , y = r tan 
then x 2
y =r
2 2

xdx ydy = rdr

xdy ydx = r2 sec  d
Example 14:
dy
x+y 4
Solve: dx = x2 + 2y2 + y
dy x2
y−x
dx
Solution:
The given equation can be reduced to
xdx + ydy (x2 + y2 )2
=
ydx − xdy x2
Substituting x = r cos 
y = r sin 
rdr −(r2 )2 dr 1
we get,
2
r d
=
2
r cos  2
 r 3 
= − sec2 d −
2r2
= − tan  + c

1 y
Substituting, = +k Ans.
2
2(x + y ) 2 x

Differential Equation 133

 Concept Builders - 7

Solve the following differential equation:

(i) xdx + ydy = xdy ydx (ii) ydx xdy = xy dy x2dx

(b) Homogeneous equation:

A function f(x,y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n, if the substitution

x= x, y = y, > 0 produces the equality
f(x, y) = n f(x, y)
The degree of homogeneity 'n' can be any real number.

Example 15:
Find the degree of homogeneity of function
x
(i) f(x, y) = x2 + y2 (ii) f(x, y) = (x3/2 + y3/2) /(x + y) (iii) f(x, y) = sin  
y
Solution:
(i) f(x, y) = 2x2 + 2y2 = 2(x2 + y2) = 2f(x, y)
Degree of homogeneity →2
3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2
 x + y
(ii) f( x,  y) =
x + y
f(x, y) = 1/2 f(x, y)
degree of homogeneity →1/2
 x  x
(iii) f(x, y) = sin   =  sin   = f(x, y)
 y  y
Degree of homogeneity →0

Example 16:

Determine whether of not each of the following function is homogeneous.

xy
(i) f(x,y) = x2 xy (ii) f(x,y) = (iii) f(x,y) = sinxy
x + y2

Solution:

(i) f(x,y) = 2x2 2xy = 2 (x2 xy) = 2 f(x, y) homogeneous.

2 xy
(ii) f(x,y) = n f(x,y) not homogeneous.
x + 2 y2

(iii) f(x,y) = sin(2xy) n f(x, y) not homogeneous.

134 Differential Equation

 Concept Builders - 8

(i) Find the degree of homogeneity of function f (x, y) = x3n  x + y / x − y 

 
(ii) Find the degree of homogeneity of function f(x, y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 y1/3 + by2/3

(iii) Determine whether or not each of the following functions is homogeneous.

y
(a) f(x, y) = x2 + 2xy + 3y2 (b) f(x, y) = x + y cos
x
(c) f(x, y) = x sin y + y sinx

(i) Homogeneous first order differential equation

dy f(x, y)
A differential equation of the form =
dx g(x, y)
where f(x,y) and g(x,y) are homogeneous functions of x,y, and of the same degree, is said
to be homogeneous. Such equations can be solved by substituting
y = vx,
so that the dependent variable y is change to another variable v.
Since f(x,y) and g(x,y) are homogeneous function of the same degree say, n, they can be
written as
y y
f(x,y) = xnf1   and g(x,y) = xng1   .
x x
dy dv
As y = vx, we have =v+x .
dx dx
They give differential equation, therefore, becomes
dv f1 (v) g 1 (v)dv dx
v+x =  = ,
dx g 1 (v) f1 (v) − vg 1 (v) x
so that the variable v and x are now separable.

Note: Sometimes homogeneous equation can be solved by substituting x = vy or by using polar

coordinate substitution.

Example 17:
dy sin y + x
The solution of the differential equation = is
dx sin2y − x cos y
x2 x2
(A) sin2y = x sin y + +c (B) sin2y = x sin y +c
2 2
x2 x2
(B) sin2 y = x + sin y + +c (D) sin2 y = x sin y + +c
2 2
Solution:
dy sin y + x
Here, =
dx sin2y − x cos y
dy sin y + x
 cosy = , (put sin y = t)
dx 2 sin y − x

Differential Equation 135

 dt t+x
 = (put t = vx)
dx 2t − x
xdv vx + x v+1
+v+ =
dx 2vx − x 2v − 1
dv v+1 v + 1 − 2v2 + v
 x = −v =
dx 2v − 1 2v − 1
2v − 1 dx
Or dv = on solving, we get
2
−2v + 2v + 1 x
x2
sin2y = x sin y + + c. Ans.(A)
2

Example 18:
Solve the differential equation (1 + 2ex/y)dx + 2ex/y(1 x/y)dy = 0.
Solution:
The equation is homogeneous of degree 0.
Put x = vy, dx = v dy + y dv,

Then differential equation become

(1 + 2ev) (v dy + y dv) + 2ev (1 v) dy = 0  (v + 2ev) dy + y (1+ 2 ev) dv = 0

dy 1 + 2ev
+ dv = 0
y v + 2ev

Integrating and replacing v by x/y, we get ny + n(v + 2ev) =nc and x + 2yex/y = c Ans.

Concept Builders - 9

Solve the following differential equation:

3x − y
(i) y' =
x+y

(ii) (x yny + ynx) dx + x(ny nx)dy = 0

(ii) (3xy + y2)dx + (x2 + xy)dy = 0, y(1) = 1

(Ii) Equation Reduction to Homogeneous From

dy a x + b1 y + c 1 a1 b1
The equation of the form = 1 where  can be reduced to
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2 a2 b2

homogeneous form by changing the variable x, y to u, v as

x = u + h, y = v + k

where h,k are the constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation

homogeneous.

136 Differential Equation

 dy dv
We have =
dx du

dv a u + b1v + (a 1h+ b1k + c1 )

The equation becomes, = 1
du a2u + b2 v + (a2h+ b2k + c2 )

Let h and k be chosen so as to satisfy the equation

a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 ...(i)

a2h + b2k + c2 = 0 ...(ii)

Solve for h and k from (i) and (ii)

du a 1u + b1 v
Now =
dv a2u + b2 v

is a homogeneous equation and can be solved by substituting v = ut.

Example 19:
dy x + 2y + 3
Solve =
dx 2x + 3y + 4
Solution:

Put x = X + h, y = Y + k

dY X + 2Y + (h+ 2k + 3)
We have =
dX 2X + 3Y + (2h + 3k + 4)

To determine h and k, we write

h + 2k + 3 = 0, 2h + 3k + 4 = 0  h = 1, k = 2
dY X + 2Y
So that =
dX 2X + 3Y

Putting Y = VX, we get

dV 1 + 2V 2 + 3V dX
V+X =  dV = −
dX 2 + 3V 2
3V − 1 X

 2+ 3 2− 3  dX
 −  dV = −
 2( 3 V − 1) 2( 3 V + 1)  X

2+ 3 2− 3
 log( 3V − 1) − log( 3 V + 1) = (− logX + c)
2 3 2 3

2+ 3 2− 3
 log( 3Y − X) − log( 3Y + X) = A
2 3 2 3

where A is another constant and X = x 1, Y = y + 2. Ans.

Differential Equation 137

 Concept Builders - 10

dy x + 2y − 5
(i) Solve the following differential equation: =
dx 2x + y − 4

(C) Linear Differential Equations

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients
occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together.

The nth order linear differential equation is of the form;

dn y dn−1y
a0 (x) + ......... + a0 (x)y = (x), where a0 (x), a1
+ a1 (x) n
(x) are called the coefficients
dxn dxn−1
of the differential equation.

Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differential
3
 dy  d2 y
equation of the first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential equation +   + y2 = 0
dx2
 dx 
is not linear, though its degree is 1.

Example 20:
Which of the following equation is linear ?
dy dy dy dy
(A) + xy2 = 1 (B) x2 + y = ex (C) + 3y = xy2 (D) x + y2 = sinx
dx dx dx dx
Solution:
Clearly answer is (B).
Example 21:
Which of the following equation is non-linear?
dy d2 y  dy  3
(A) = cos x (B) +y=0 (C) dx + dy = 0 (D) x  + = y2
dx dx 2
 dx   dy 
 
 dx 
Solution:
Clearly answer is (D)

(i) Liner Differential Equations of First Order

dy
The most general form of a linear differential equation of first order is + Py = Q,
dx
where P & Q are functions of x.

To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e

pdx
.
 dy 
So that we get e + Py  = Qe
Pdx Pdx
 i)
 dx 

138 Differential Equation

 d   Pdx 
.y  = Qe
Pdx
e
dx  
On integrating equation (ii), we get

ye = Qe
Pdx Pdx
 dx + c

This is the required general solution.

The factor e
Pdx
Note: (i) on multiplying by which the left-hand side of the differential
equation becomes the differential coefficient of some function of x & y, is called
integrating factor of the differential equation popularly abbreviated as I.F.
(ii) Sometimes a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the
independent variable and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation;

( x + y + 1) dy
dx
= y2 + 3 can be written as (y 2
+3 ) dx
dy
= x + y + 1 which is a linear

differential equation.

Example 22:
−1 dy
Solve (1 + y2) + (x etan y
) = 0.
dx
Solution:
dx −1
Differential equation can be rewritten as (1 + y 2) + x = etan y
dy
−1
dx 1 etan y
or + .x =
dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
1
 1+ y2 dy −1
I.F = e = etan y

−1
y tan−1 y
etan e

−1
so, solution is xetan y
= dy
1 + y2
−1
−1 etan y
Let etan y
=t dy = dt
1 + y2


−1 −1
xetan y
= t dt [Putting etan y
= t]

−1 t2 c −1 −1
or xetan y
= +  2xetan y = e2 tan y + c. Ans.
2 2

Example 23:
dy 1
The solution of differential equation (x2 1) + 2xy = is-
dx 2
x −1
1 x−1 1 x−1
(A) y(x2 − 1) = log +C (B) y(x2 + 1) = log −C
2 x+1 2 x+1
5 x−1
(C) y(x2 − 1) = log +C (D) none of these
2 x+1

Differential Equation 139

 Solution:
The given differential equation is
dy 1 dy 2x 1
(x2 1) + 2 xy = 2  + y= ...(i)
dx x −1 dx x2 − 1 (x − 1)2
2

This is linear differential equation of the form

dy 2x 1
+ Py = Q, where P = 2 and Q =
dx x −1 (x − 1)2
2

 I.F. = e = e
2
P dx 2x/(x − 1) dx 2
= elog(x − 1)
= (x2 − 1)

multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. = (x2 1), we get

1
y(x2 − 1) = x2
−1
dx + C [Using: y (I.F.) =
 Q.(I.F.)dx+ C ]
1 x−1
 y(x2 − 1) = log +C
2 x+1

This is the required solution. Ans.(A)

Concept Builders - 11

Solve the following differential equation:

xdy dy
(i) = 2y + x4 + 6x2 + 2x, x 0 (ii) (x a) + 3y = 12(x− a)3 , x  a  0
dx dx
(iii) yny dx + (x ny)dy = 0

(Ii) Equation Reducible to Linear Form

dy
The equation of the form + Py = Qyn , where P and Q are functions of x, is called
dx

dy
On dividing by yn, we get y −n + Py −n+ 1 = Q
dx
dy dt
Let y n+1 = t, so that ( n + 1)y n =
dx dx
dt
Then equation becomes + P(1 n)t = Q(1 n)
dx
which is linear with t as a dependent variable.

Example 24:
dy
Solve the differential equation x + y = x3 y 6 .
dx
Solution:
The given differential equation can be written as
1 dy 1
+ = x2
6 dx
y xy5

140 Differential Equation

 Putting y 5
= v so that
dy dv dy 1 dv
−5y −6 = or y −6 =− we get
dx dx dx 5 dx
1 dv 1 dv 5
− + v = x2  − v = −5x2
5 dx x dx x
This is the standard form of the linear differential equation having integrating factor
5
I.F. = e
 − x dx = e−5log x = 1
5
x
Multiplying both sides of (i) by I.F. and integrating w.r.t. x
v 1
 −5x . x
2
 5
=
5
dx
x
v 5 −2
 = x +c
x 5 2
5
 y −5x−5 = x−2 + c which is the required solution. Ans.
2

Example 25:
dy
Find the solution of differential equation y tanx = y2 sec x.
dx
Solution:
1 dy 1
− tanx = − sec x
y2 dx y
1 −1 dy dv −dv
= v; =  − v tanx = − sec x
y y2 dx dx dx
dv
+ v tanx = sec x, Here P = tanx, Q = sec x
dx

I.F. = e
tan xdx
=| secx |

v | secx |= sec2 xdx + c
Hence the solution is y |sec x| = tan x + c
1
Ans.

Concept Builders - 12

Solve the following differential equation:

(i) y' + 3y = e3x y2 (ii) xdy {y + xy3 (1 + nx)}dx = 0
dy
(iii) + y = y2 (cosx− sinx)
dx

Trajectories

A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves according to a given law is called a

Trajectory of the given family.

The trajectory will be called Orthogonal if each trajectory cuts every member of given family at right

angle.

Differential Equation 141

 Working Rule for Finding Orthogonal Trajectory
1. Form the differential equation of family of curves
1 dy r2d  dr
2. Write − for or − for if differential equation is in the polar form.
dy / dx dx dr d
3. Solve the new differential equation to get the equation of orthogonal trajectories.

Note: A family of curves is self-orthogonal if it is its own orthogonal family.

Example 26:
Find the value of k such that the family of parabolas y = cx2 + k is the orthogonal trajectory of
the family of ellipses x2 + 2y2 y = c.
Solution:
Differentiate both sides of x2 + 2y2 y = c w.r.t. x, We get
dy dy
2x + 4y − =0
dx dx
dy
or 2x + (4 y − 1) = 0 , is the differential equation of the given family of curves.
dx
dy dx
Replacing by − to obtain the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories, we get
dx dy

(1 − 4 y) dy 4y − 1
2x + =0 =
dy dx 2x
dx
dy dx 1 1 1
 =  2x  4 n(4 y − 1) = nx + n a, where a is any constant.
4y − 1 2 2

 n(4y 1) = 2 n x + 2 n a or, 4y 1 = a2x2

1 2 2 1
or, y = a x + , is the required orthogonal trajectory, which is of the form
4 4
a2 1
y = cx2 + k where c = ,k= . Ans.
4 4

Example 27:
x2 y2
Prove that + = 1 are self-orthogonal family of curves.
1+  4+ 
Solution:
x2 y2
+ =1 (i)
1+  4+ 
Differentiating (i) with respect to x, we have
x y dy
+ =0 (ii)
1 +  4 +  dx
From (i) and (ii), we have to eliminate .
Now, (ii) gives

142 Differential Equation

  dy 
− 4x + y
dx 
= 
dy
x+y
dx
(1 − 4) x −(1 − 4)y(dy/ dx)
1+  = , 4+ = ,
x + y(dy/ dx) x + y(dy/ dx)

Substituting these values in (i), we get

 dy   dx 
x + y x − y  = −3
 dx   dy 

as the differential equation of the given family.

Changing dy/dx to dx/dy in (iii), we obtain

 dx   dy 
x − y x + y = − 3
 dy   dx 

which is the same as (iii). Thus we see that the family (i) as self-orthogonal, i.e., every member
of the family (i) cuts every other member of the same family orthogonally.

Concept Builders - 13

(i) Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following families of curve:

(a) x + 2y = C (b) y = Ce 2x

Note: Following exact differential must be remembered:

xdy − ydx y ydx − xdy x

(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii) = d  (iii) = d 
2
x y
2
x y
xdy + ydx dx + dy xdy − ydx  y
(iv) = d( nxy) (v) = d( n(x+ y)) (vi) = d n 
xy x+y xy  x
ydx − xdy  x xdy − ydx  y ydx − xdy  x
(vii) = d n  (viii) = d  tan−1  (ix) = d  tan−1 
xy  y
2
x +y 2
 x 
2
x +y 2
 y

xdx + ydy  1  xdy + ydx  ex  yexdx − exdy

(x) = d  n x2 + y2  (xi) d −  = (xii) d   =
x2 + y2    xy  x2 y2  y 
  y2
 ey  xeydy − eydx
(xiii) d =
 x  x2
 

Example 28:

y + sinx cos2 (xy)  x 

Solve dx +  + sin y  dy = 0.
2
cos (xy)  cos (xy)
2 
 

Differential Equation 143

 Solution:
The given differential equation can be written as;
ydx + xdy
+ sinxdx + sin y dy = 0.
cos2 (xy)
 sec2 (xy) d (xy) + sin x dx + sin y dy = 0
 d(tan(xy)) + d( cos x) + d ( cos y) = 0
 tan (xy) cos x cos y = c Ans.

Concept Builders - 14

Solve the following differential equation:

(i) x dx + y dy + 4y3(x2 + y2)dy = 0. (ii) x dy ydx (1 x2)dx = 0

Example 29:
A tank contains 20 kg of salt dissolved in 5000 L of water. Brine that contains 0.03 kg of salt
per liter of water enters the tank at a rate of 25 L/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed
and drains from the tank at the same rate. How much salt remains in the tank after half an
hour?
Solution:
Let y(t) be the amount of salt after t min.
Given y(0) = 20 kg
 0.03kg   25L  0.75kg
Rate in =   =
 L   min.  min.
 y(t)  kg
As ain = aout  
 5000  L
 y(t) kg   25L  y(t) kg
so, rate out =   =
 5000 L   min  200 min
dy(t) y(t)
= 0.75 −
dt 200
by solving as linear D.E. or variable separable and using initial condition, we get
y(t) = 150 130 e t/200

The amount of salt after 30 min is

y(30) = 150 130 e 30/100
= 38.1 kg Ans.

Concept Builders - 15

1
(i) A tank initially holds 10 lit. of fresh water. At t = 0, a brine solution containing kg of salt per
2
lit. is poured into the tank at a rate of 2 lit/min. while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank
at the same rate. Find
(a) the amount and
(b) the concentration of salt in the tank at any time t

144 Differential Equation

 (c) Geometrical Applications
 dy 
Let P(x1, y1  
 dx (x1 ,y1 )

dy
(i) The equation of the tangent at P is y − y 1 = (x− x 1 )
dx
 dx 
x-intercept of the tangent = x1 y1  
 dy 
 dy 
y-intercept of the tangent = y1 x1  
 dx 
1
(ii) The equation of normal at P is y − y 1 = − (x− x 1 )
(dy/ dx)
dy dx
x and y-intercepts of normal are ; x1 + y 1 = and y 1 + x 1
dx dy

(iii) Length of tangent = PT = |y1| 1 + (dx/ dy)2(x ,y )

1 1

(iv) Length of normal = PN = |y1| 1 + (d y / dx)2(x ,y

1 1)

 dx 
(v) Length of sub-tangent = ST = y 1  
 dy (x1 ,y1 )

 dy 
(vi) Length of sub-normal = SN = y 1  
 dx (x1 ,y1 )

(vii) Length of radius vector = x21 + y 21

Concept Builders 16

(i) At each point (x, y) of a curve the intercept of the tangent on the y-axis is equal to 2xy2. Find
the curve
(ii) Find the equation of the curve for which the normal at any point (x, y) passes through the origin.

Miscellaneous Examples

Example 30:
Solve (y log x 1) ydx = xdy.
Solution:
The given differential equation can be written as
dy
x + y = y2 log x ...(i)
dx
1 dy 1 1
Divide by xy2 . Hence + = log x
2 dx xy x
y

Differential Equation 145

 1 1 dy dv dv 1 1
Let =v − = so that − v = − log x
y y 2 dx dx dx x x

1 1
(ii) is the standard linear differential equation with P = ,Q= log x
x x

I.F.= e = e
pdx −1/xdx
= 1/ x
The solution is given by
1 1 1  log x log x 1 1 log x 1
v.
x
=
 x  − x log x  dx = − x 2
dx =
x 
− . dx =
x x x
+ +C
x

 v = 1 + log x + cx = log ex + cx
1
 = log ex + cx or y (log ex + cx) = 1. Ans.
y

Example 31:
dy
Solve =tany cotx secy cosx.
dx
Solution:
dy
= tany cotx secy cosx.
dx
Rearrange it:
(sin x siny)cos x dx + sin x cosy dy = 0.
Put u = sin y, So, du = cos y dy:
Substituting, we get
du cos x
(sin x u)cos x dx + sin x du = 0, −u = − cos x
dx sinx
The equation is first-order linear in u.
The integrating factor is
cos x 1
I = exp −  sinx
dx = exp{− n(sinx)} =
sinx
.

1 cos x
Hence, u
sin x
=  sinx dx = −ln | sinx | +C
Solve for u: u = sin x ln |sin x|+ C sin x.
Put y back: siny = sin x ln |sin x|+ C sin x. Ans.

146 Differential Equation

 ANSWER KEY FOR CONCEPT BUILDER

1. (i) one, two (ii) two, two (iii) one, one

2. (i) y' y = 2(1 x) (ii) x2y" + 2xy' 2y = 0 (iii) y''' = 4y'

1 1
3. (i)ny2 = x + n|x| + k (ii) − = 1 + 4x2 + k (iii) sec y = 2 cosx + C
2y 2 4

y − 4x + 2
4. (i) = ce−4x (ii) 2(x y) = c + sin2(x + y)
y − 4x − 2

y2 3x2
5. (i) x + 2y + n|2x y|+ c = 0 (ii) + 3y − + 5xy = 0
2 2

6. (i) x = cyexy (ii) y = cx2e 1/xy

y y
7. (i) ln(x2 + y2) = 2 tan−1   + c (ii) x2 − y2 = sin−1   + c
x x

8. (i) 3 (ii) 2/3

(iii) (a) homogeneous (b) homogeneous (c) not homogeneous

y
9. (i) (3x + y) (x y) = c0 (ii) yn   − y + x nx + cx = 0 (iii) x2y(2x + y) = 3
x

10. (i) x + y 3 = C(x y + 1)3

x4 C
11. (i) y = + 6x2 n | x | −2 x+ cx2 (ii) y = 2(x a)3 + (iii) 2xn y = n2y + C.
2 (x− a) 3

2
1 x 2 3 2  1
12. y = (ii) x  + nx  + C
=− (iii) = − sin x + cex .
(c− x)e 3x
y 32
 3  y
13. (i) (a) y 2x = K (b) y = x + K
2

14. (i) ½ n(x2 + y2) + y4 = C (ii) y + x2 + 1 = Cx

1
15. (i) (a) 5e 0.2t
+ 5 kg (b) (− e0.2t + 1)kg/
2

x
16. (i) = x2 + C (ii) x2 + y2 = C
y

Differential Equation 147

 Objective Exercise - I

1. The order and degree of the differential equation

3/2
  dy 2 
1 +   
  dx  
r =   are respectively
d2 y
dx2
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3 (C) 2, 1 (D) none of these

2. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by

x +C5
y = (C 1 + C 2 ) sin (x + C 3 ) C4 e is

(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3

3. The order and degree of differential equation of all tangent lines to parabola x 2 =
4y is
(A) 1, 2 (B) 2, 2 (C) 3, 1 (D) 4, 1

4. Number of values of m  N for which y = emx is a solution of the differential equation

D3y 3D2y 4Dy + 12y = 0, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2

2
dy  dy 
5. Number of straight lines which satisfy the differential equation + x   − y = 0 is:
dx  dx 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

6. The value of the constant 'm' and 'c' for which y = mx + c is a solution of the differential
equation D2y 3Dy 4y = 4x.
(A) is m = 1; c = 3/4 (B) is m = 1; c= 3/4
(C) no such real m, c (D) is m = 1; c = 3/4

7. Consider the two statement

Statement-1: y = sin kt satisfies the differential equation y" + 9y = 0.
Statement-2: y = ekt satisfy the differential equation y" + y' 6y = 0
The value of k for which both the statement are correct is
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 3

148 Differential Equation

 x
8. If y = (where c is an arbitrary constant) is the general solution of the differential equation
ln | cx |
dy y x x
= +    then the function    is:
dx x y
  y
x2 x2 y2 y2
(A) (B) − (C) (D) −
y2 y2 x2 x2

9. The differential equation corresponding to the family of curve y = e x(ax + b) is

d2 y dy d2 y dy
(A) +2 −y=0 (B) −2 +y=0
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
d2 y dy d2 y dy
(C) +2 +y=0 (D) −2 −y =0
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx

dy
10. If = 1 + x + y + xy and y ( 1) = 0, then function y is
dx
2 2
(A) e(1−x) /2
(B) e(1+x) /2
− 1 (C) log e (1 + x) 1 (D) 1 + x

dy 1 − y2
11. The solution of + = 0 {where x, y  ( 1, 1)} is
dx 1 − x2
(A) sin 1 x sin 1 y = C (B) sin 1 x = C sin 1 y
(C) sin 1 x sin 1 y = C (D) sin 1 x + sin 1 y = C

12. The slope of a curve at any point is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at that
point and it passes through the point (4, 3). The equation of the curve is
(A) x 2 = y + 5 (B) y 2 = x 5 (C) y 2 = x + 5 (D) x 2
= y + 5

dy 1 − x
13. The general solution of the differential equation = is a family of curves which looks
dx y

most like which of the following?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Differential Equation 149

 14. Spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. The differential

equation corresponding to the rate of change of the radius of the rain drop if the constant of

proportionality is K > 0, is:

dr dr dr
(A) +K = 0 (B) −K = 0 (C) = Kr (D) none
dt dt dt

15. The x-intercept of the tangent to a curve is equal to the ordinate of the point of contact. The

equation of the curve through the point (1, 1) is

x x y y
(A) ye y = e (B) xe y = e (C) xe x = e (D) ye x = e

16. Which one of the following curves represents the solution of the initial value problem
Dy = 100 y, where y (0) = 50

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

17. The real value of m for which the substitution, y = um will transform the differential equation,
dy
2x4y + y4 = 4x6 into a homogeneous equation is:
dx
(A) m = 0 (B) m = 1 (C) m = 3/2 (D) no value of m

dy 2x + 5y
18. Solution of D.E. = is, (if (y(0) = 0)
dx 2y − 5x + 3
(A) x2 y2 + 5xy 3y = 0 (B) x2 + y2 + 5xy 3y = 0
(C) x2 y2 + 5xy + 3y = 0 (D) x2 y2 5xy 3y = 0

dv k
19. Solution of D.E. + v = g is:
dt m
k k k k
− t mg mg − m t − t mg t mg
(A) v = ce m (B) v = c e (C) v e m = c (D) v em =c
k k k k

150 Differential Equation

 20. A curve C passes through origin and has the property that at each point (x, y) on it the normal
line at that point passes through (1, 0). The equation of a common tangent to the curve C and
the parabola y2 = 4x is:
(A) x = 0 (B) y = 0 (C) y = x + 1 (D) x + y + 1 = 0

2
ex
21. A function y = f (x) satisfies (x + 1). f '(x) 2 (x2 + x) f (x) = x > 1
(x + 1) ,

If f (0) = 5 then f(x) is

 3x + 5  x2  6x + 5  x2  6x + 5  x2  5 − 6x  x2
(A)   .e (B)   .e (C)  .e (D)   .e
 x+1   x+1   (x + 1)2   x+1 
 

 t y(t)dt = x
2
22. If + y(x) then y as a function of x is
a
x2 −a2 x2 −a2
(A) y = 2 (2 + a 2
)e 2 (B) y = 1 (2 + a 2
)e 2
2 2
x −a
(C) y = 2 (1 + a2) e 2 (D) none

xy
23. Solution of differential equation xdy = dx ydx is
2

(A) n(x+y) = sin 1x + C (B) n(xy) = sin 1x + C

(C) 2n(xy) = sin 1x + C (D) n(xy) = 2sin 1x + C

24. The equation of the curve satisfying the differential equation y 2 (x2 + 1) = 2xy1 passing through
the point
dy d2 y
(0, 1) and having slope of tangnet at x = 0 as 3, is (Here y 1 = and y2 = )
dx dx2
(A) y = x2 + 3x + 2 (B) y2 = x2 + 3x + 1 (C) y = x3 + 3x + 1 (D) none of these

ANSWER KEY

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (A)

8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (A)

15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (A) 21. (B)

22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (C)

Differential Equation 151

 Objective Exercise - II

Single Correct Type Questions

1
1. 
A function f(x) satisfying f(tx)dt = nf(x), , where x > 0, is
0

1−n n 1
(A) f ( x ) = c  x n (B) f ( x ) = c  xn− 1 (C) f ( x ) = c  xn (D) f(x) = c x(1 - n)

2. Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank by opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is
known that the rate at which the water level drops is proportional to the square root of water
depth y, where the constant of proportionality k > 0 depends on the acceleration due to gravity
1
and the geometry of the hole. If t is measured in minutes and k = then the time to drain the
15
tank if the water is 4 meter deep to start with is
(A) 30 min (B) 45 min (C) 60 min (D) 80 min

3. The equation to the orthogonal trajectories of the system of parabolas y = ax2 is

x2 y2 x2 y2
(A) + y2 = c (B) x2 + =c (C) − y2 = c (D) x2 − =c
2 2 2 2

 t y(t)dt = x
2
4. If + y(x) then y as a function of x is
a
x2 −a2 x2 −a2
(A) y = 2 (2 + a 2
)e 2 (B) y = 1 (2 + a 2
)e 2
x2 −a2
(C) y = 2 (1 + a )e 2
2
(D) none

One or More Than One Correct Type Questions

dy 3
5. The differential equation, x + = y2 :
dx dy
dx
(A) is of order 1 (B) is of degree 2

(C) is linear (D) is non-linear

6. Which of the following pair of curves is/are orthogonal?

(A) 16x2 + y2 = c and y16 = kx (B) y =x + ce x

and x + 2 = y + ke y

(C) y =cx2 and x2 + 2y2 = k (D) x2 y2 =c and xy =k

where C & k arbitrary constant.

152 Differential Equation

  
 sin x 0  x 
7. Consider g(x) =  2 and a continuous function y = f(x) satisfies 5dy + 5y = g(x),
 dx
cos x x
 2
f(0)= 0, then:
   e−/4    e−/4 − 1
(A) f   = (B) f   =
 4 10 4 10

   e−/2 + 1  
(C) f   = (D) f   = e−/2
2 10 2

8. A curve y = f (x) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the normal
at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of the point P from the x-axis. Then the
differential equation of the curve
(A) is homogeneous.
(B) can be converted into linear differential equation with some suitable substitution.
(C) is the family of circles touching the x-axis at the origin.
(D) the family of circles touching the y-axis at the origin.

9. The function f(x) satisfying the equation, f2(x) + 4 f'(x) . f(x) + [f'(x)]2 = 0.

(A) f(x) = c  e
( 2− 3 )x (B) f(x) = c  e
( 2+ 3 )x

(C) f(x) = c  e
( )
3 −2 x
(D) f(x) = c  e
( )
− 2+ 3 x

where C arbitrary constant.

dy sin2 x
10. A function y = f(x) satisfying the differential equation . sinx− ycosx+ = 0 is such that,
dx x2
y → 0 as x → :
 /2

(A) Limf(x) = 1
x →
(B)  f(x)dx is less than
0
2
 /2
(C)  f(x)dx is greater than unity
0
(D) f(x) is an odd function

11. If a function y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation

f(x)·sin 2x cos x + (1 + sin2x) f '(x) = 0 with initial condition y (0) = 0. Then-
 1 1
(A) Range of f(x) is  − ,  (B) f(1) < f(2)
 2 2
(C) f(1) > f(2) (D) f(x) is odd function

12. A function y = f(x) satisfies the condition f '(x) sin x + f(x) cos x = 1, f(x) being bounded when
/2
x → 0. If I =  f(x)dx
0
2
   2      
(A) I (B) I (C) f    f   (D) f    f  
2 4 4 2 4
  3 4
  3

Differential Equation 153

 dy 1 1
13. 2
.cos − y sin = −1, where y → 1 as
dx x x
x → , then:
1 1 x 1
(A) f(x) = sin − cos (B) lim ( −f(x)) =
x x x → e
x 2 1
(C) lim ( −f(x) ) = e (D) f '(x) + 2xf '(x) + x2f "(x) = − sin
x → x 2 x

dy
14. Consider the differential equation + y tan x = x tan x + 1. Then
dx
(A) The integral curves satisfying the differential equation and given by y = x + c cos x.

(B) The angle at which the integral curves cut the y-axis is .
4
(C) Tangents to all the integral curves at their point of intersection with y-axis are parallel.
(D) none of these

Comprehension Type Questions (15 to 17)

Let f(x) be a differentiable function, satisfying f (0) = 2, f (0) = 3 and f (x) = f(x)
15. Graph of y = f(x) cuts x -axis at:
1 1
(A) x = n5 (B) x = n5 (C) x = n5 (D) x = n5
2 2

16. Area enclosed by y = f(x) in the second quadrant is:

1 1
(A) 3 + n 5 (B) 2 + n5 (C) 3 5 (D) 3
2 2

1
17. Area enclosed by y = f(x), y = f 1 (x), x + y = 2 and x + y = is:
2
1 1 1 1
(A) 8 + ( n5)2 (B) + 2
(C) 2
(D) + 2
8 8 8 8

ANSWER KEY

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (ABD) 6. (ABCD) 7. (AC)

8. (ABD) 9. (CD) 10. (ABC) 11. (ABD) 12. (ABC) 13. ABD 14. (ABC)

15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (B)

154 Differential Equation

 Subjective Exercise - I
1. State the order and degree of the following differential equations:
3 3/2
 d2x   dx 
4
d2 y   dy 2 
(i)   +   − xt = 0 (ii) = 1 +   
2
 dt   dt  dx2   dx  

2. (a) Form a differential equation for the family of curves represented by ax 2 + by2 = 1, where
a and b are arbitrary constants.
(b) Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ; where
g, f and c are arbitrary constants.
(c) Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive,
y = c1 e3x + c2 e2x + c3 ex, where c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary constants.

Solve the following differential equation for 3 to 9.

n(sec x + tan x) n(sec y + tan y)

3. dx = dy
cos x cos y

4. (1 x2) (1 y) dx = xy (1 + y) dy

5.
dy
+
(x − 1)( y − 1) = 0
2 2

dx xy

dy  dy 
6. y−x = a  y2 + 
dx  dx 

dy
7. = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y)
dx

dy x(2 nx + 1)
8. =
dx sin y + y cos y

dy x+y x−y
9. (a) + sin = sin
dx 2 2
dy 
(b) sinx = y . lny if y = e, when x =
dx 2
(b) y = etan(x/2)

Differential Equation 155

 10. A curve is such that the length of the polar radius of any point on the curve is equal to the
length of the tangent drawn at this point. Form the differential equation and solve it to find the
equation of the curve.

dy
11. Given y(0) = 2000 and = 32000 20y2, then find the value of Lim y(x) .
dx x →

1
dy
12.
dx 
= y + y dx given y = 1, where x = 0
0

dy x2 + xy
13. =
dx x2 + y2

14. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa
of the point of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which
passes through (1, 1).

15. Find the curve for which any tangent intersects the y-axis at the point equidistant from the
point of tangency and the origin.

dy
16. If y = y(x) is solution of differential equation − y = 1 − e− x and y(0) = y0 has a finite value, when
dx
x → , then find y0.

dy x 1
17. + y=
dx 1 + x2 2x(1 + x2 )

dy
18. (1 − x2 ) + 2xy = x(1 − x2 )1/2
dx

dy
19. x(x 1) (x 2) y = x3 (2x 1)
dx

dy
20 sin x +3y = cosx
dx

dy
21. x(x2 + 1) = y(1 x2) + x3. nx
dx

dy
22. x − y = 2x2 cosec2x
dx

23. (x y2) dx + 2 xy dy = 0

156 Differential Equation

 dy
24. x + y ln y = xyex
dx

dy ey 1
25. = −
dx x2 x

dy y2 − x
26. =
dx 2y(x+ 1)

dy
27. = ex − y (ex − ey )
dx

28. Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary
point is equal to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point,
y
 tan−1
x2 + y2 = c e x .

Differential Equation 157

 ANSWER KEY

1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2

2
d2 y  dy  dy
2. (a) xy + x  − y ; (b) [1 + (y')2].y"' 3y' (y")2 = 0
dx2 dx
  dx

d3 y d2 y dy
(c) −6 + 11 − 6y = 0
dx 3
dx2 dx

3. ln2(secx + tanx) ln2 (sec y + tany) = c

1 2 1
4. lnx(1 y)2 = c − y − 2y + x2 5. x2 − 1 − sec−1 x + y2 − 1 = c
2 2

 x + y
6. y = c(1 ay)(x + a) 7. l n 1 + tan  = x+c
 2 

y x
8. y sin y = x2lnx + c 9. (a) l n tan = c − 2sin ,
4 2

10. y = kx or xy = c 11. 40

1
12. y= (2ex − e+ 1)
3−e

 1 x + 2y 
13. c(x y)2/3 (x2 + xy + y2)1/6 = exp  tan−1  , where exp x  ex
 3 x 3 

14. x2 + y2 2x = 0 15. x2 + y2 = cx

1
16. −
2

1  1  1 1 + x2 − 1
17. y 1 + x2 = c + ln tan arc tanx  Another form is y 1 + x2 = c + ln
2  2  2 x

18. y = c(1 − x2 ) + 1 − x2 19. y(x 1) = x2 (x2 x + c)

1  3 x x
20.  + y  tan = c + 2 tan − x 21. 4(x2 + 1) y + x3(1 2lnx) = cx
3  2 2

22. y = cx + xln tanx 23. y2 + xln ax = 0

24. xln y = ex(x 1) + c 25. cx2 + 2xe y

=1

c c
26. y2 = 1 + (x + 1)ln or x + (x + 1)ln 27. ey = c.exp( ex) + ex 1
x+1 x+1

158 Differential Equation

 Subjective Exercise - II

1. A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constant

dy
length k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y =  k2 − y 2 .
dx
Find the equation of such a curve passing through (0, k).

2. Let f(x) is a continuous function which takes positive values for x  0 and satisfy
x

 f(t)dt = x f(x) with f(1) =

1
2
, Find the value if f ( )
2+1 .
0

dy x + 2y − 3
3. =
dx 2x + y − 3

dy y − x + 1
4. =
dx y + x + 5

dy x+y+1
5. =
dx 2x + 2y + 3

dy 2(y + 2)2
6. =
dx (x + y − 1)2

7. (a) Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium formed by the co-ordinate axes,
ordinate of an arbitrary point & the tangent at this point equals half the square of its
abscissa.
(b) A curve in the first quadrant is such that the area of the triangle formed in the first
quadrant by the x-axis, a tangent to the curve at any of its point P and radius vector of
the point P is 2sq. units. If the curve passes through (2, 1), find the equation of the curve.
  
8. Find all function f(x) defined on  − ,  with real values and has a primitive F(x) such that
 2 2
sin2x
f(x) + cosx . F(x) = .
(1 + sinx)2

dy
9. 2 − y sec x = y3 tanx
dx

dy
10. x2y x3 = y4 cos x
dx

Differential Equation 159

 11. y(2xy + ex) dx ex dy = 0

12. (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0

dy tan y
13. − = (1 + x)ex sec y
dx 1 + x

2
 dy  dy
14.   − (x+ y) + xy = 0
 dx  dx

15. (1 xy + x2y2) dx = x2dy

dy
16. (x2 + y) = 6x
dx

dy
17. − y n2 = 2sinx.(cosx− 1) n2 , y being bounding when x → + 
dx

ydx − xdy dx
18. = , given that y = 2 when x = 1.
2
(x− y) 2 1 − x2

dy
19. Find the integral curve of the differential equation, x(1 xny). + y = 0 which passes through
dx

 1
 1,  .
 e

160 Differential Equation

 ANSWER KEY

1. x2 +y2 = k2 2. 1/4

y+3
3. (x + y 2) = c(y x)3 4. tan−1 + lnc (y + 3)2 + (x+ 2)2 = 0
x+2

y +2
4 −2 tan−1
5. x+y+ = ce3(x −2 y) 6. e x −3 = c.(y + 2)
3

7. (a) y = cx2 ± x ; (b) xy = 2

2cos x 1 x 
8. f(x) = − Ce sin x
cosx 9. = −1 + (c+ x)cot  + 
2 4
2 2
(1 + sinx) y

10. x3y 3
= 3 sinx + c 11. y 1 ex = c x2

12. y2 = 3x2 6x x3 + ce x
+4 13. sin y = (ex + c)(1 + x)

x2 1
14. y = cex ; y = c + 15. y= tan( n | cx |)
2 x

16. y = 3ln (x2 +y + 3) + C 17. y = 2sinx

sin−1 x y 
18. + = −2 19. x(ey + ln y + 1) = 1
2 x−y 4

Differential Equation 161

 JEE-Main (Previous Year Questions)

1. The equation of the curve passing through the origin and satisfying the differential equation
dy
(1 + x2) + 2xy = 4x2 is: [JEE(Main)-2013]
dx
(1) (1 + x2)y = x3 (2) 3 (1 + x2)y = 4x3
(3) 3 (1 + x2)y = 2x3 (4) (1 + x2)y = 3x3

2. Let the population of radius surviving at a time t be governed by the differential equation
dp(t) 1
= p(t) − 200. If p(0) = 100, then p(t) equals : [JEE(Main)-2014]
dt 2
(1) 400 300 et/2 (2) 300 200 e t/2
(3) 600 500 et/2 (4) 400 300 e t/2

dy
3. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation (x log x) + y = 2x log x, (x  1).
dx
Then y(e) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2015]
(1) 2 (2) 2e (3) e (4) 0

4. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, 1) and satisfies the differential equation,
 1
y(1 + xy)dx = x dy, then f  −  is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2016]
 2
4 2 4 2
(1) (2) − (3) − (4)
5 5 5 5

dy 
5. If (2 + sinx) + (y + 1)cosx = 0 and y(0) = 1, then y   is equal to: [JEE (Main)2017]
dx 2
4 1 2 1
(1) (2) (3) − (4) −
3 3 3 3

dy  1
6. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation, x + 2y = x2 satisfying y(1) = 1, then y  
dx 2
is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2019]
7 13 49 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
64 16 16 4

7. →   0. If y = y(x) satisfies
dy  1 3
the differential equation,
dx
= ( ) with y(0) = 1, then y   + y   is equal to :
4
   4
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 2

162 Differential Equation

 dy 3 1  −    4  
8. If + y= ,x   ,  , and y   = , then y  −  equals:
dx cos x
2 2
cos x  3 3  4 3  4
[JEE(Main)-2019]
1 1 1 4
(1) + e3 (2) + e6 (3) (4) −
3 3 3 3

9. = −   4. Then
4 x
 1
 : [JEE(Main)-2019]
x→0 +
x
(1) exists and equals 0 (2) does not exist
4
(3) exists and equals (4) exists and equals 4
7

10. The curve amongst the family of curves represented by the differentiable equation,
(x2 y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0 which passes through (1, 1), is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) A circle with centre on the x-axis
(2) A hyperbola with transverse axis along the x-axis
(3) a circle with centre on the y-axis.
(4) An ellipse with major axis along the y-axis

dy  2x + 1 
11. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation +  y=e
2x
, x > 0,
dx  x 
1
where y(1) = e 2
, then : [JEE(Main)-2019]
2
log e 2
(1) y(x) is decreasing in (0,1) (2) y(loge 2) =
4
1 
(3) y(x) is decreasing in  , 1 (4) y(loge 2) = loge 4
2 

dy
12. The solution of the differential equation, = (x− y)2 , when y(1) = 1, is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
dx
1+ x − y 1− x + y
(1) − loge = x+ y −2 (2) − loge = 2(x − 1)
1− x + y 1+ x − y
2−x 2−y
(3) loge =x−y (4) loge = 2(y− 1)
2−y 2−x

dy
13. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, x + y = x loge x, (x > 1). If
dx
2y(2) = e , then y(e) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2019]

e e e2 e2
(1) − (2) (3) (4) −
2 4 4 2

Differential Equation 163

 14.  R. If
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) 4e 2
(2) 2e (3) 4e (4) 2e 2

15. If a curve passes through the point (1, 2) and has slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it
2
x − 2y
as , then the curve also passes through the point: [JEE(Main)-2019]
x
(1) (− 2, 1) (2) ( 1, 2) (3) (3, 0) (4) ( 3,0)

dy
16. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, (x2 + 1)2 + 2x(x2 + 1) y = 1 such that
dx

y(0) = 0. If a y(1) = , then the value of 'a' is: [JEE(Main)-2019]
32
(1) 1 (2) 1/16 (3) 1/4 (4) 1/2

2y
17. Given that the slope of the tangent to a curve y = y(x) at any point (x, y) is . If the curve
x2
passes through the centre of the circle x2 + y2 2x 2y = 0, then its equation is:
[JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) x loge |y| = x 1 (2) x loge |y| = 2(x 1)
(3) x2 loge |y| = 2(x 1) (4) x loge |y| = 2(x 1)

dy
18. The solution of the differential equation = (x − y)2 with y(1) = 1, is [JEE(Main)-2019]
dx
2−y 1+ x − y
(1) log = 2(y − 1) (2) − log = x+ y −2
2+ y 1− x + y
2−y 1− x + y
(3) log = (x − y) (4) − log = 2(x − 1)
2+ y 1+ x − y

dy   
19. If cos x y sin x = 6x, (0 < x < ) and y   = 0 , then y   is equal to :
dx 2 3 6
[JEE(Main)-2019]
2 2 2 2
   
(1) − (2) (3) − (4) −
4 3 2 3 2 3 2

dy
20. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, + y tan x = 2x+x2tan x,
dx
  
x   − ,  , such that y(0) = 1. Then: [JEE(Main)-2019]
 2 2
       2
(1) y   − y  −  = 2 (2) y   + y  −  = +2
 4  4  4  4 2
     
(3) y '   + y '  −  = − 2 (4) y '   − y '  −  =  − 2
4
   4 4
   4

164 Differential Equation

  dy d2 y 
21. If ey + xy = e, the ordered pair  ,  at x = 0 is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
 dx dx2 
 
 1 1  1 1  1 1   1 1 
(1)  (2)  (3)  , (4)  − 
2  2 
 e e  e e2  e e   e e2 

 1
22. Consider the differential equation, y2dx +   dy = 0. If value of y is 1 when x = 1, then the
 y
value of x for which y = 2, is [JEE(Main)-2019]
1 1 3 3 1 5 1
(1) + (2) (3) (4) +
2 e 2 2 e 2 e

23. The general solution of the differential equation (y2 x3) dx xydy = 0 (x  0) is:
(where c is a constant of integration) [JEE(Main)-2019]
(1) y + 2x + cx = 0
2 2 3
(2) y + 2x + cx = 0
2 3 2

(3) y 2
2x + cx = 0
3 2
(4) y2 2x2 + cx3 = 0

dy   
24. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation = (tan x y) sec2x, x    , such
dx  2 2
 
that y(0) = 0, then   is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2019]
 4
1 1 1
(1) (2) e 2 (3) 2 + (4)
e e 2

dy
25. Let y = y(x) be the solution curve of the differential equation, (y2 x) = 1, satisfying y(0) = 1.
dx
This curve intersects the x-axis at a point whose abscissa is: [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) 2 e (2) 2 (3) 2 + e (4) e

26. The differential equations of the family of curves x2= 4b(y + b), b  R is. [JEE(Main)-2020]
(1) x(y')2 = x 2yy' (2) xy" = y' (3) x(y')2 = x + 2yy' (4) x(y')2 = 2yy' x

27. If for x  0, y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation, [JEE(Main)-2020]

(x + 1)dy= ((x + 1)2 + y 3)dx, y(2) = 0 then y(3) is equal to .........

2 + sin x dy
28. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation,  = cosx, y > 0, y(0) = 1. If
y+1 dx
dy
y() = a and at x =  is b, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
dx
 3
(1)  2,  (2) (2, 1) (3) (1, 1) (4) (1, 1)
 2

Differential Equation 165

 29.
 1
2x2dy = (2xy + y2)dx, then   is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
2
1 −1 1
(1) (2) 1 + loge2 (3) (4)
1 − loge 2 1 + loge 2 1 + loge 2

30. If x3dy + xy dx = x2dy + 2y dx; y(2) = e and x > 1, then y(4) is equal to :

[JEE(Main)-2020]

e 1 3 3
(1) (2) + e (3) + e (4) e
2 2 2 2

31. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, xy' y = x2(x cosx + sinx), x > 0. If
 
y() = , then y"   + y   is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
2
  2  
   2  2
(1) 1 + (2) 2 + (3) 1 + + (4) 2 + +
2 2 2 4 2 4

dy y + 3x
32. The solution of the differential equation − + 3 = 0 is : [JEE(Main)-2020]
dx loge (y + 3 x)
(where C is a constant of integration.)

1 2
(1) x loge(y + 3x) = C (2) y + 3x
2
(log e x ) = C

1
( )
2
(3) x − log e ( y + 3x ) =C (4) x 2loge(y + 3x) = C
2

dy  
33. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation cosx + 2ysinx = sin2x, x   0,  . If
dx  2 
y(/3) = 0, then y(/4) is equal to : [JEE(Main)-2020]
1
(1) −1 (2) 2 −2 (3) 2 + 2 (4) 2 − 2
2

2 
34. If y =  x − 1 cosecx is the solution of the differential equation, [JEE(Main)-2020]
  
dy 2 
+ p(x) y = cosecx . 0 < x < , then the function p(x) is equal to
dx  2
(1) cotx (2) tanx (3) cosecx (4) secx

166 Differential Equation

 dy
35. If a curve y=f(x) passes through the point (1, 2) and satisfies x + y = bx4 , then for what value
dx
2
62
of b,  f(x)dx = ? [JEE(Main)-2021]
1
5
62 31
(1) 5 (2) (3) (4) 10
5 5

36. If curve passes through the origin and the slope of the tangent to it at any point (x, y) is
x2 − 4x − y − 8
, then this curve also through the point: [JEE(Main)-2021]
x−2

(1) (4, 5) (2) (5, 4) (3) (4, 4) (4) (5, 5)

dy
37. If y = y (x) is the solution of the equation esin y cos y + esin y cos x = cos x, y(0) = 0 :
dx

 3   1  
Then 1 + y   + y  + y   is equal to. [JEE(Main)-2021]
6 2 3 2 4

dy 
38. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation, + 2y tanx = sinx, y   = 0 , then the
dx 3
maximum value of the function y(x) over R is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2021]

1 15 1
(1) 8 (2) (3) − (4)
2 4 8

39. If the curve y = y (x) is the solution of the differential equal 2 (x2 +x5/4) dy y (x + x1/4) dx = 2x9/4
 4 
dx, x > 0 Which passes through the point  1, 1 − log e 2  , then the value of y (16) is equal to:
 3 

[JEE(Main)-2021]

 31 8   31 8   31 8   31 8 
(1) 4  + log e 3  (2)  + log e 3  (3) 4  − log e 3  (4)  − log e 3 
3 3  3 3  3 3  3 3 

40. The differential equation satisfied by the system of parabolas y2 = 4a(x + a) is:

[JEE(Main)-2021]
2 2
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(1) y   − 2x   − y = 0 (2) y   − 2x   + y = 0
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
2
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(3) y   + 2x   − y = 0 (4) y   + 2x  −y =0
 dx   dx   dx   dx 

Differential Equation 167

 dy e
41. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation 2x2 − 2xy + 3y2 = 0 such that y(c) = ,
dx 3
then y (1) is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]

1 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) 3
3 3 2

dy
42. If the solution of the differential equation + ex (x2 − 2)y = (x2 − 2x)(x2 − 2)e2x satisfies y(0)=0,
dx
then the value of y(2) is _______. [JEE(Main)-2022]

(1) 1 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) e

dy
43. Let the solution curve of the differential equation x − y = y2 + 16x2 , y(1) = 3 be y = y (x). Then
dx
y (2) is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]

(1) 15 (2) 11 (3) 13 (4) 14

dy 1
44. Let y = y (x), x > 1, be the solution of the differential equation (x − 1) + 2xy = , with
dx x−1
1 + e4 e + 1
y(2) = . If y (3) = . Then the value of  +  is equal to ______. [JEE(Main)-2022]
2e4
e

dy xy x4 − 2x
45. Let the solution curve y = f(x) of the differential equation + 2 = , x  ( −1, 1) pass
dx x − 1 1 − x2
3
2
through the origin. Then  f(x)dx is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]
3
−
2

 1  3  3  3
(1) − (2) − (3) − (4) −
3 4 3 4 6 4 6 2

46. Let the solution curve of the differential equation xdy = ( )

x2 + y2 + y dx, x  0 , intersect t he

line x = 1 at ay = 0 an the line x = 2 at y =  . Then the value of  is: [JEE(Main)-2022]

(1) 1/2 (2) 3/2 (3)-3/2 (4) 5/2

168 Differential Equation

 1
dy 1  x − 1 2
47. Let y = y(x) be the solution curve of the differential equation + 2 y=  , x > 1 passing
dx x − 1  x + 1
 1
through the point  2,  . Then 7y(8) is equal to: [JEE(Main)-2022]
 3 


(1) 11 + 6 loge 3 (2) 19 (3) 12 2 loge 3 (4) 19 6loge 3

dy x + y − 2
48. If the solution curve of the differential equation = passes through the point (2,1)
dx x−y
and (k +1 ,2), k > 0, then : [JEE(Main)-2022]

 1  1
(
(1) 2 tan−1   = log e k2 + 1
k 
) (
(2) tan−1   = log e k2 + 1
k 
)
 1   1  k2 + 1 
(3) 2 tan−1 
k 1
2
(
 = log e k + 2k + 2 ) (4) 2 tan−1   = log e  2 
k 
 +   k 

dy  2x2 + 11x + 13 
49. Let y = y (x) be the solution curve of the differential equation + 
dx  x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 
(x + 3)
=  , which passes through the point (0, 1). Then y (1) is equal to:
x+1

[JEE(Main)-2022]

1 3 5 7
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 2 2 2

ANSWER KEY

1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (2) 6. (3) 7. (1)

8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (3)

15. (4) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (3) 20. (4) 21. (1)

22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. 3 28. (3)

29. (4) 30. (4) 31. (2) 32. (3) 33. (2) 34. (1) 35. (4)

36. (4) 37. 1 38. (4) 39. (3) 40. (3) 41. (2) 42. (3)

43. (1) 44. 14 45. (2) 46. (2) 47. (4) 48. (1) 49. (2)

Differential Equation 169

 JEE-Advanced (Previous Year Questions)

1. Let C be a curve such that the tangent at any point P on it meets x-axis and y-axis at A and B

respectively. If BP: PA = 3 : 1 and the curve passes through the point (1, 1) then:

[JEE(Advanced)-2006]

 1
(A) The curve passes through  2, 
 8

(B) Equation of normal to the curve at (1, 1) is 3y x=2

(C) The differential equation for the curve is 3y' + xy = 0

(D) The differential equation for the curve xy' + 3y = 0

t2 f(x) − x2 f(t)
2. (a) Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f(1) = 1 and Lim =1
t →x t−x

for each x > 0. Then f(x) is

1 2x2 −1 4x2 −1 2 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + (D)
3x 3 3x 3 x x2 x

dy 1 − y2
(b) The differential equation = determines a family of circle with -
dx y

(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)

(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)

(C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis

(D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y-axis [JEE(Advanced)-2007]

2
3. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation, x x2 − 1dy − y y2 − 1dx = 0 satisfy y(2) = .
3

 
Statement - 1: y ( x ) = sec  sec−1 x −  .
 6 

1 2 3 1
Statement - 2: y(x) is given by = − 1− .
y x x2

(A) Statement- 1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement1.

(B) Statement- 1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for

Statement-1.

(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.

(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. [JEE(Advanced)-2008]

170 Differential Equation

 4. (i) Match the statements/expressions in Column-I with the open intervals in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
  
(A) Interval contained in the domain of definition of non- (p) − , 
 2 2
Zero solution of the differential equation (x 3)2 y' + y = 0
 
(B) Interval containing the value of the integral (q)  0, 
 2
5

 (x− 1)(x− 2)(x− 3)(x− 4)(x− 5)dx

1

  5 
(C) Interval in which at least one of the points of local (r)  , 
8 4 
maximum of cos2x + sinx lie
 
(D) Interval in which tan 1 (sinx + cosx) is increasing (s)  0, 
 8
(t) ( , )

(ii) Match the statements/expressions in Column-I with the value given in Column-II
Column-I Column-II
(A) The number of solutions of the equation (p) 1
xesinx cosx = 0 in the interval (0, /2)
(B) Value(s) of k for which the planes (q) 2
kx + 4y + z = 0, 4x + ky + 2z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 0
intersect in a straight line
(C) Value(s) of k for which |x 1|+|x 2|+|x+1|+|x+2| = 4k (r) 3
has integer solution(s)
(D) If y' = y + 1 and y(0) = 1 then value(s) of y(ln2) (s) 4
(t) 5
[JEE(Advanced)-2009]

5. Let f be a real valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real number) such that f(1) = 1.
If the y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube
of the abscissa of P, then the value of f( 3) is equal to [JEE(Advanced)-2010]

df(x)
6. Let y'(x) + y(x)g'(x) = g(x)g'(x), y(0) = 0, x  R, where f '(x) denotes and g(x) is a given non-
dx

constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is

[JEE(Advanced)-2011]

7. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y' y tan x = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then:
[JEE(Advanced)-2012]
2 2 2
         4 22
(A) y   = (B) y '   = (C) y   = (D) y '   = +
4 8 2  4  18 4 9 3 3 3 3

Differential Equation 171

 1 
8. Let f :  , 1 → R (the set of all real number) be a positive, non-constant and differentiable
2 
1
 1
function such that f '(x) < 2 f(x) and f   = 1. Then the value of
2
 f(x)dx lies in the interval
1/2

[JEE(Advanced)-2013]
e− 1   e − 1
(A) (2e 1, 2e) (B) (e 1, 2e 1) (C)  ,e − 1 (D)  0, 
 2   2 

 
9. A curve passes through the point  1,  . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be
 6
y y
+ sec   , x > 0. Then the equation of the curve is: [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
x x
y 1 y
(A) sin   = log x + (B) cosec   = log x + 2
x 2 x
 2y   2y  1
(C) sec   = log x + 2 (D) cos   = log x +
 x   x  2

Paragraph for question 10 and 11

Let f : [0, 1] → R(the set of all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the function f is twice
differentiable, f(0) = f(1) = 0 and satisfies f "(x) 2f '(x) + f(x)  ex, x  [0, 1].
1
10. If the function e x f(x) assumes its minimum in the interval [0, 1] at x = , which of the following
4
is true? [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
1 3 1
(A) f '(x)  f(x), x (B) f '(x)  f(x),0  x 
4 4 4
1 3
(C) f '(x)  f(x),0  x  (D) f '(x)  f(x), x1
4 4
11. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1? [JEE(Advanced)-2013]
1 1 1
(A) 0 < f(x) <  (B) −  f(x)  (C) −  f(x)  1 (D) −  f(x)  0
2 2 4

dy xy x4 + 2x
12. The function y = f(x) is the solution of the differential equation + = in ( 1, 1)
dx x2 − 1 1 − x2
3
2
satisfying f(0) = 0. Then  f(x)dx is [JEE(Advanced)-2014]
3
−
2

 3  3  3  3
(A) − (B) − (C) − (D) −
3 2 3 4 6 4 6 2

172 Differential Equation

 13. Let y(x) be a solution of the differential equation (1 + ex)y' + yex = 1. If y(0) = 2, then which of
the following statement is(are) true ? [JEE(Advanced)-2015]
(A) y( 4) = 0
(B) y( 2) = 0
(C) y(x) has a critical point in the interval ( 1, 0)
(D) y(x) has no critical point in the interval ( 1, 0)

14. Consider the family of all circle whose center lie on the straight-line y = x. If this family of
circles is represented by the differential equation Py" + Qy' + 1 = 0, where P, Q are function of
dy d2 y
x,y and y' (here y' = , y" = ), then which of the following statement is (are) true?
dx dx2
[JEE(Advanced)-2015]
(A) P = y + x (B) P = y x
(C) P + Q = 1 x + y + y' + (y') 2
(D) P Q=x+y y' (y')2

dy
15. A solution curve of the differential equation (x2 + xy + 4x + 2y + 4) y2 = 0, x > 0, passes
dx
through the point (1, 3). The solution curve - [JEE(Advanced)-2016]
(A) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
(B) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points
(C) intersects y = (x + 2)2
(D) does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2

f(x)
16. Let f : (0, ) → R be a differentiable function such that f '(x) = 2 for all x  (0, ) and
x
f(1)  1. Then [JEE(Advanced)-2016]
 1  1
(A) lim f '   = 1 (B) lim xf   = 2
x→0+
x x→0+
x
(C) lim x2f ' ( x ) = 0 (D) |f(x)| 2 for all x  (0, 2)
x→0+

17. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation [JEE(Advanced)-2017]

−1
 
8 x  9 + x  dy =  4 + 9 + x  dx, x  0 and y(0) = 7 , then y(256) =
   
(A) 80 (B) 9 (C) 16 (D) 3

18. If f : → is a differentiable function such that f '(x) > 2 f(x) for all x  , and f(0) = 1 then
[JEE(Advanced)-2017]
(A) f(x) > e 2x
in (0, ) (B) f(x) is decreasing in (0, )
(C) f(x) is increasing in (0, ) (D) f '(x) < e2x in (0, )

Differential Equation 173

 19. Let f : R → R and g : R → R be two non-constant differentiable functions.
If f '(x) = (e(f(x) g(x))
)g'(x) for all x  R and f(1) = g(2) = 1, then which of the following statement(s)
is (are) TRUE ? [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
(A) f(2) < 1 loge 2 (B) f(2) > 1 loge 2
(C) g(1) > 1 loge 2 (D) g(1) < 1 loge 2
x

e
x −t
20. Let f [0, ) → R be a continuous function such that f(x) = 1 2x + f(t)dt
0

For all x  [0, ). Then, Which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ?
[JEE(Advanced)-2018]
(A) The curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, 2)
(B) The curve y = f(x) passes through the point (2, 1)
−2
(C) The area of the region {(x, y)  [0, 1] × R : f(x) y 1 − x2 } is
4
−1
(D) The area of region {(x, y)  [0,1] × R : f(x)  y  1 − x2 }is
4

21. Let f : R → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x) satisfies the differential
dy
equation = (2 + 5y)(5y 2), then the value of lim f(x) is _______.
dx x →−

[JEE(Advanced)-2018]

22. Let f : (0, ) → R be a twice differentiable function such that

−   
lim = sin2 x for all x  (0, ) . If   = − , then which of the following
t→x t−x 6 12
statement(s) is (are) TRUE ? [ JEE(Advanced)-2018]
4
  x 2
(A)  = (B)  −  
4
  4 2 6
   
(C) There exists (0, ) such that f () = 0    +   =
2 2

23. Let  denote a curve y = y(x) which is in the first quadrant and let the point (1, 0) lie on it. Let
the tangent to  at a point P intersect the y-axis at YP. If PYP has length 1 for each point P on 
, then which of the following options is/are correct ? [JEE(Advanced)-2019]
 1 + 1 − x2 
(A) xy '+ 1 − x2 = 0 (B) y = − loge   + 1 − x2
 x 
 
 1 + 1 − x2 
(C) y = loge   − 1 − x2 (D) xy '− 1 − x2 = 0
 x 
 

174 Differential Equation

 24. Let b be a nonzero real number. Suppose f : → is a differentiable function such that

f(x)
f(0) = 1. If the derivative f ' of f satisfies the equation f '(x) = for all x  , then which
b + x2
2

of the following statements is/are TRUE ?

(A) If b > 0, then f is an increasing function
(B) If b < 0, then f is a decreasing function
(C) (x) ( x) = 1 for all x 
(D) (x) f( x) = 0 for all x  [JEE(Advanced)-2020]

25. For any real numbers  and , let y(x), x  ℝ, be the solution of the differential equation
dy
+ y = xex , y(1) = 1 [JEE(Advanced)-2020]
dx
Let S = y,(x) :, R . Then which of the following functions belong(s) to the set S?

x2  1 x2  1
(A) = +  (B) f(x) = − e + e +  e
2  2 2  2 

ex  1  e2  ex  1   e2 
(C) =     (D) =   +  
2  2  4  2 2   4 


26. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation

xdy (y2 4y)dx = 0 for x > 0, y(1) = 2,

and the slope of the curve y = y(x) is never zero, then the value of 10y ( 2 ) is _____________.
[JEE(Advanced)-2022]

27. For x  , let the function y(x) be the solution of the differential equation

dy  
+ 12y = cos  x  , y(0) = 0:
dx  12 

Then, which of the following statements is/are TRUE? [JEE(Advanced)-2022]

(A) y(x) is an increasing function

(B) y(x) is a decreasing function

(C) There exists a real number  such that the line y =  intersects the curve y = y(x) at

infinitely many points

(D) y(x) is a periodic function

Differential Equation 175

 ANSWER KEY

1. (ABD) 2. (a) A, (b) C 3. (C)

4. (i) (A) p,q,s; (B) p,t; (C) p,q,r,t; (D) s; (ii) (A) p; (B) q,s; (C) q,r,s,t; (D) r

5. 9 6. 0 7. (AD) 8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (D)

12. (B) 13. (AC) 14. (BC) 15. (AD) 16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (AC)

19. (BC) 20. (BC) 21. 0.40 22. (BCD) 23. (AC) 24. (AC) 25. (AC)

26. 8 27. (C)

176 Differential Equation