1 Computer fundamentals and programming

Using namespace std

Now at a later stage of development, we wish to use another

version of cout that is custom implemented in some library called
“foo” (for example)

Standard Class Definitions

In addition to standard function prototypes, the header files also contain standard class
definitions. When a header file is included, the classes defined and any objects declared in the
file are available to the program.
#include<iostream>
Example: #include<iostream.h> #include <iostream> using name space std;
using namespace std; main(){
cout<<“ Hello world”<<endl;
Following these directives, the classes istream and ostream can be used with the cin }
and cout streams. cin is an object of the istream class and cout an object of the
ostream class. The C++ standard library header files are shown opposite. They are not
indicated by the file extension .h and contain all the declarations in their own namespace, std.
Namespaces will be introduced in a later chapter. For now, it is sufficient to know that identifiers
from other namespaces cannot be referred to directly. If you merely stipulate the directive
2 Computer fundamentals and programming

C++ programming
3 Computer fundamentals and programming

cmath
4 Computer fundamentals and programming

#include<cmath> Mathematical standard functions

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1

53 → 𝑝𝑜𝑤(5, 3)

(ln 𝑎)
5 Computer fundamentals and programming

Ex1: Find the following

Sin(10), cos (3), tan (5), 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3), cosh (2), 4 , 23 , 𝑒 3 , ln(7), log(9)

#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;
Main(){
double Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5,Y6,Y7,Y8,Y9,Y10;
Y1=sin (10);
Y2=cos(3);
Y3=tan(5);
Y4=atan(3);
Y5=cosh(2);
Y6=sqrt(4);
Y7=pow(2,3);
Y8=exp(3);
Y9=log(7);
Y10=log10(9);
cout<<cout<<"Y1="<<Y1<<"\nY2="<<Y2<<"\nY3="<<Y3<<"\nY4="<<Y4<<"\nY5="<<Y5<<"\nY6="<<Y6<<"\nY7=
"<<Y7<<"\nY8="<<Y8<<"\nY9="<<Y9<<"\nY10="<<Y10<<endl;}
6 Computer fundamentals and programming

C++ programming
5 Computer fundamentals and programming

Ex2:
write a c++ program to implement the following function
Y=sin(7)+ln(5)-𝟒𝟖

#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;
main(){
double Y;
Y=sin (7)+log(5)-pow(4,8);
cout<<“Y=“<<Y<<endl;
}
8 Computer fundamentals and programming
// Calculating powers with the standard function pow()
#include <iostream> // Declaration of cout
#include <cmath> // Prototype of pow(), thus: Screen output
// double pow( double, double);
2.5 raised to the power 3 yields:
using namespace std;
15.625
int main()
2 + (5 raised to the power 2.5) yields:
{
57.9017
double x = 2.5, y;
// By means of a prototype, the compiler generates the correct call or an error
message! Computes x raised to the power 3:
y = pow("x", 3.0); // Error! String is not a number
y = pow(x + 3.0); // Error! Just one argument
y = pow(x, 3.0); // ok!
y = pow(x, 3); // ok! The compiler converts the
// int value 3 to double.
cout << "2.5 raised to 3 yields: "
<< y << endl;
// Calculating with pow() is possible:
cout << "2 + (5 raised to the power 2.5) yields: "
<< 2.0 + pow(5.0, x) << endl;
return 0;}
9 #include<iostream>
Computer fundamentals and programming #include<iomanip> c
using namespace std;
#include<iomanip> int main () 1 2 3 ….. 50
The iomanip is a parameterized input output manipulator. In order {
to access manipulators that take parameters the header file int i=10; Different
<iomanip> is included in the program. Some of the manipulators double a=78.121113; a(50) initial value
are:- char c[50];
• setbase(int n) – It sets the output representation of the number char c1='p';
cout << "Enter your name " << endl;
to octal, decimal or hexadecimal corresponding to the cin >> c;
argument n which is 8 in case of octal, 10 for decimal and 16 cout << "Hexedecimal number : " << setbase(16) << i << endl;
for hexadecimal. Any other value will not change the base. cout << "Octal number : " << setbase(8) << i<< endl;
• setw(int n) – It sets the width of the field of the next output cout << setw(10) << c << endl;
to n characters. If the length of the output stream is less than cout << setw(15) << c << endl;
n then spaces are padded. The no of spaces padded is the cout << setfill(c1) << setw(12) << c << endl;
difference between n and length of the output stream. If the cout << setfill(c1) << setw(2) << c << endl;
length of the output stream is less than n there will be no cout << setprecision(5) << a << endl;
cout << setprecision(7) << a << endl;
effect on output stream. Here is a program which illustrates
return(0);}
the working of input output manipulators. Enter your name
• setfill (char c) – It sets the fill character to be the value of Ahmed pppppppahmed
character c. The fill character is used in output stream for Hexedecimal number : a ahmed
padding. Octal number : 12
• setprecision(int n) – It sets the precision of floating point ahmed 78.121
number to n digits. ahmed 78.12111
10 Computer fundamentals and programming

Operator and operands

O/P
Enter two floating-point values: 4.75 12.3456
The average of the two numbers is: 8.5478
11 Computer fundamentals and programming

➢ Divisions performed with integral operands will produce integral # include <iostream.h>
results; for example, 7/2 computes to 3. If at least one of the main(){
operands is a floating-point number, the result will also be a cout<<“7/2” <<7/2”\n”
floating-point number; e.g., the division 7.0/2 produces an exact cout<<“7%2”<<7%2”\n”}
result of 3.5. }
➢ Remainder division is only applicable to integral operands and
returns the remainder of an integral division. For example, 7%2
computes to 1.
11 Computer fundamentals and programming

Sign Operators
The sign operator – returns the value of the operand but inverts the
sign.
Example: int n = –5; cout << -n; // Output: 5
The sign operator + performs no useful operation, simply returning the
value of its operand.
Increment / Decrement Operators
The increment operator ++ modifies the operand by adding 1 to its value
and cannot be used with constants for this reason. Given that i is a variable,
both i++ (postfix notation) and ++i (prefix notation) raise the value of i
by 1. In both cases the operation i = i + 1 is performed. However, prefix
++ and postfix ++ are two different operators. The difference becomes
apparent when you look at the value of the expression; ++i means that the
value of i has already been incremented by 1, whereas the expression i++
retains the original value of i. This is an important difference if ++i or i++
forms part of a more complex expression: ++i i is incremented first and
the new value of i is then applied, i++ the original value of i is applied
before i is incremented. The decrement operator -- modifies the operand
by reducing the value of the operand by 1. As the sample program opposite
shows, prefix or postfix notation can be used with --.