10:01

2. What is the constraint/problem/friction in improving welfare of the people

concerned? 3. Description of the major features of the issues you are discussing.
Provide data if available. 4. Explanation of the problem. 5. Are there any policy
recommendations? If yes, describe them? 6. Conclusion

Introduction

Gender inequalities are a pervasive feature of our word, despite the progress made in
recent decades, numerous challenges persist in achieving gender equality globally.
Discriminatory social norms, unequal laws, and lack of access to education and healthcare
continue to perpetuate gender disparities. Gender-based violence, including domestic violence,
sexual harassment, and human trafficking, remains prevalent and hampers the development of
individuals and communities. Moreover, women and other marginalized genders are
underrepresented in political and economic spheres, limiting their ability to influence policies
and decisions that directly affect their lives. (Teignier, 2011). However it´s important to
note that those gaps are larger in developing countries. . Dollar and Gatti (1999)
estimate the following education gap in schooling: in the poorest quartile of countries in
1990, only 5% of adult women had any secondary education, one-half of the level for
men. Also in political participation womans constituted just 16.4% all member in Middle East
and North Africa, when compared with 31.4% in Europe in september 2023.
While these inequalities are undesirable in terms of social justice, one could also argue
that a better use of women’s potential in the market may result in greater efficiency.
So, just as development leds to less poverty or better access to justice, it should also
mean fewer gaps in well-being between males and females. Gender equality can have
large impacts on productivity. Women now represent more than 40 percent of the global
labor force, 43 percent of the agricultural workforce, and more than half of the world’s
university students. For an economy to be functioning at its potential, women’s skills
and talents should be allocated in the activities where they have the more comparative
advantages. When women’s labor is misallocated—because they face discrimination in
markets or other institutions woman are being excluded of having an adquated
education, having a certain occupations, and earning the same incomes as men—
economic losses are the result. When women farmers lack security of land, as they do in
many countries, especially in Africa, the result is lower access to credit and inputs and
to ineffi cient land use, reducing yields. Discrimination in credit markets and other
gender inequalities in access to productive inputs also make it more diffi cult for
female-headed fi rms to be as productive and profi table as male-headed ones. Udry
1996.The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that equalizing access to
productive resources between female and male farmers could increase agricultural
output in developing countries by as much as 2.5 to 4 percent.5 5. FAO, IFAD, and ILO
2010

Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also a necessary foundation for a
peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world. There is a bi-directional relashionship between
economic development and woman´s empowerment, as being defined as the woman´s ability
to acess the diiferent dimensions of development- health, education Earnning opportunities,
righrs and political participation(Dufflo 2012).
finisheed

The Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, for example, has argued that
achieving gender equality is a “prerequisite” to achieving the other Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), including eliminating poverty, reducing infant mortality, achieving universal
education, and eliminating the gender gap in education by 2015 (United Nations 2005). Data
on education .Woman spend almost twice as much time on household, almost fice times more
on child care and about as much time on market work when compared to man (Sanchez,
2012). Also in political participation womans constituted just 16.4% all member in Middle East
and North Africa, when compared with 31.4% in Europe in september 2023. This essay
explores the multifaceted aspects of gender and development, delving into the challenges faced
and the progress made in achieving gender equality, and highlighting the crucial role gender
equality plays in fostering development on a global scale.

Despite the progress made in recent decades, numerous challenges persist in achieving gender
equality globally. Discriminatory social norms, unequal laws, and lack of access to education
and healthcare continue to perpetuate gender disparities. Gender-based violence, including
domestic violence, sexual harassment, and human trafficking, remains prevalent and hampers
the development of individuals and communities. Moreover, women and other marginalized
genders are underrepresented in political and economic spheres, limiting their ability to
influence policies and decisions that directly affect their lives. However it´s important to note
that poor countries have the higher levels of gender inequalities. According toSeema
Jayachandran disarities in health, education amd bargaining power within marriage tend to be
larger in countries with a low GDP per capita. As is shown in this articles the economic
development is the explanating for the observing positive correlation between gender equality
and GDP per capita, however there is not shown whter there is a causal effect between any of
the 2 variables. Analysing first the sectoral production in which country we observe that as
countries grow there is a shift away from the primary sector to the services secpt. This sectorial
transaction offers na explatation for this gender inequalities. As the primary and secondary
sector require more physically taks to be performerded the men a«have a comparative advantage
to this jobs when compared with woman and woman have a compartive advantage in more
mentally intensive tasks, according to the Galor and Weil(1996) work. As the process of
development led to a growing capital stock the return of mentally intensive tasks will increase
and reducing the female-gender wage gap. Going further, the high female wage increases the
opportunity cost of having children leading to a reduction offertility, increasing the capital-ratio
ratio, Seema Jayachandran. However is also important to note that the differences of gender on
work can also depend on nonpecuniary factors. Over the course of history we face a change in
the composition of jobs. Goldin (1995) and Mammen & Paxon(2000) talk about the U-saped
relashionship between economic development and FLFP that rises from the fact that at low
levels of development the woman need to work at home (family farms and family business) and
with the industrial revolution woman where withdraw from the labour force, which caused the
downard part of the U. Then with high levels of development new services begin to rise,
increasing female education and labour.

participation. A stricling example of this is the economic liberalization of india in 1990 that
created white collar jobs for the womans ( Munshi and Rosenzweig 2006)

Why is gender equality important-leads to development

Gender equality can have large impacts on productivity. Women now represent more
than 40 percent of the global labor force, 43 percent of the agricultural workforce, and
more than half of the world’s university students. For an economy to be functioning at
its potential, women’s skills and talents should be allocated in the activities where they
have the more comparative advantages. When women’s labor is misallocated—because
they face discrimination in markets or other institutions woman are being excluded of
having an adquated education, having a certain occupations, and earning the same
incomes as men—economic losses are the result. When women farmers lack security of
land, as they do in many countries, especially in Africa, the result is lower access to
credit and inputs and to ineffi cient land use, reducing yields. Discrimination in credit
markets and other gender inequalities in access to productive inputs also make it more
diffi cult for female-headed fi rms to be as productive and profi table as male-headed
ones. Udry 1996.The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that
equalizing access to productive resources between female and male farmers could
increase agricultural output in developing countries by as much as 2.5 to 4 percent.5 5.
FAO, IFAD, and ILO 2010

Greater control over household resources by women leads to more investment in

children’s human capital, with dynamic positive effects on economic growth. Evidence
from a range of countries (such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Côte d’Ivoire, Mexico, South
Africa, and the United Kingdom) shows that increasing the share of household income
controlled by women, either through their own earnings or cash transfers, changes
spending in ways that benefi t children.10 In Ghana, the share of assets and the share of
land owned by women are positively associated with higher food expenditures.11 In
Brazil, women’s own nonlabor income has a positive impact on the height of their
daughters.12 In China, increasing adult female income by 10 percent of the average
household income increased the fraction of surviving girls by 1 percentage point and
increased years of schooling for both boys and girls. In contrast, a comparable increase
in male income reduced survival rates and educational attainment for girls, with no
impact on boys.13 In India, a woman’s higher earned income increases her children’s
years of schooling.14 Improvement

10. Haddad, Hoddinott, and Alderman 1997; Katz and Chamorro 2003; Dufl o 2003;
Thomas 1990; Hoddinott and Haddad 1995; Lundberg, Pollak, and Wales 1997;
Quisumbing and Maluccio
2000; Attanasio and Lechene 2002; Rubalcava, Teruel, and Thomas 2009; Doss 2006;
Schady and Rosero 2008. 11. Doss 2006. 12. Thomas 1990. 13. Qian 2008. 14. Luke
and Munshi 2011.

Economic development leads to woman empoerment?? Why is gender equality important for
development??
Economic development reduces inequality by reducing the constraints the household face.
Increasing the ressources available to family reduces the female vulnerability, because some
choices are made at their expense. There´s quite evidence on literature about the different of
treatment that appears to exist one parents or children face extreme circumstances According
to (Duflo, 2011) India has one of the largest discrepancies in gender specific mortality because
girls are treated differently when they are ill. A study in New Deli found that girls are more
likely to siw of diarrhea. One explanation is that hpouseholds prefer to spend money on a boy
illness. More access to health care would disprop benefit girls.
Promoting gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also a prerequisite for
sustainable development. When women and other marginalized genders are empowered,
economies grow, communities thrive, and societies become more resilient. Gender equality
contributes to poverty reduction, improved health outcomes, enhances d educational attainment,
and increased economic productivity. Additionally, diverse perspectives and experiences enrich
decision-making processes, leading to more innovative and effective solutions to complex
societal challenges.

Economic dev leds to gender eq??

Many authors have argued that gender inequalities are likely to decline with
industrialization or economic growth. As Forsythe, Korzeniewicz, and Durrant (2000)
explain, studies following this approach consider that differences between men and
women in employment, wages or poverty are due primarily to human capital
differentials, which are the consequence of traditional structures likely to wither away
over time.
On the other hand, authors following the Women in Development (WID) approach, like
Boserup (1970), have argued that the initial stages of economic growth are
characterized by a growing gender gap, which only begins to diminish once countries
develop beyond a certain threshold. According to the Goldin model FLP depicts how tje
process of economic development and structure tranformation affects the FLP.Early stages it
was taken in small farms where the demarcation between home and market production is
blurry. With economic development jobs move from the agricultural to the manufactoring
sector. There are two reasons why woman are less linkely to engage in those jobs. First they
happen futher away from home and cannot be combined with woman´s hpouseholds. Second
require physical strengh. With further economic development comes the rise of service sector
jobs, that are physically less demanding. As we can see in figure 5 the set of countries with
lower female participation belong to the Middle East and North Africa. This limited role in the
labour market in most cases is associated with customs. As na example in saudi Araboa ep,mas
have to obtain approval from their male guardian before they seek employment.
According toSeema Jayachandran disarities in health, education amd bargaining power within
marriage tend to be larger in countries with a low GDP per capita. As is shown in this articles
the economic development is the explanating for the observing positive correlation between
gender equality and GDP per capita, however there is not shown whter there is a causal effect
between any of the 2 variables. Analysing first the sectoral production in which country we
observe that as countries grow there is a shift away from the primary sector to the services
secpt. This sectorial transaction offers na explatation for this gender inequalities. As the primary
and secondary sector require more physically taks to be performerded the men a«have a
comparative advantage to this jobs when compared with woman and woman have a compartive
advantage in more mentally intensive tasks, according to the Galor and Weil(1996) work. As
the process of development led to a growing capital stock the return of mentally intensive tasks
will increase and reducing the female-gender wage gap. Going further, the high female wage
increases the opportunity cost of having children leading to a reduction offertility, increasing the
capital-ratio ratio, Seema Jayachandran. However is also important to note that the differences
of gender on work can also depend on nonpecuniary factors. Over the course of history we face
a change in the composition of jobs. Goldin (1995) and Mammen & Paxon(2000) talk about the
U-saped relashionship between economic development and FLFP that rises from the fact that at
low levels of development the woman need to work at home (family farms and family business)
and with the industrial revolution woman where withdraw from the labour force, which caused
the downard part of the U. Then with high levels of development new services begin to rise,
increasing female education and labour.

Finally, the literature from the Gender and Development (GAD) approach have
emphasized the continuing or rising vulnerability of women over the course of
economic development. According to this view, inequalities between men and women
are shaped by institutional arrangements such as patriarchal family structures or
discriminatory labor practices and property laws, which may not be affected by the
economic growth process or could even be affected negatively. Improvements in
selected measures of women's status, some claim, cannot be assumed to translate into
reductions in inequalities between men and women. Duflo (2010), for instance,
concludes that “economic development alone is insufficient to ensure significant
progress in important dimensions of women's empowerment.
(particularly, decision-making ability in the face of persistent stereotype)” and that “to
bring about equality between men and women it will be necessary to take policy action
that favor women at the expense of men, and it will be necessary to do that for a long
time”. Similarly, the World Bank (2001) report concludes that growth alone does not
deliver the desired results with respect to gender equality, and that it may be necessary
not only to reform legal and economic institutions but also to take active measures to
correct the gender gaps in access and control of resources or political voice.3

finisheed

Economic development is characterized by more effiecncy , less labour intensity , more

technology and higher income. This technology developments such as heating, eletricity and
running water free up woman time from the home production ( seema …). Dinkelman 2010
found that eletrification in post-apartheid South Africa increased FLFP. The ability of
participating in the market work and fully engage in their career gives woman more freedom
and have more bargaining power in the household (Dufflo). In developing countries depite the
fact that womans are responsible for the housework they also are more likely to be involved in
informal forms of work which are not the most efficient ways of managing their time. As
woman become free from the housework they gain more independence, the cost of growing a
child increases and therefore the fertility rates decrease. This combined with the availability of
the pill and other contraceptive methods give more freedom to woman and possibility to
completely engage in having a sucessful career. (Golding & Katz´s 2002). Another mechanism
was presented by Doepke and Tertilt (2009) and was based on the fact that man have
conceived rights to woman to provide a better welfare to their daughter and sons.
According to his model with technological progress the human capital plays an
important role in a society and father´s found important to grant rights to their daughter
and future wifes in order to get highly educated.
Geddes and Lueck (2002) explain the expansion of women's rights associated with
economic growth using a property-rights analysis. In most developing countries woman
have no property rights, which makes them totally dependent on man. The marriage
becomes a principal-agent problem where the woman´s interests are not being taken in
account. In another article, Becker (1981) argues that the rise in income induces a
fertility decline. The positive income effect on fertility is dominanted by the substitution
effect on fertility of having one more children.. The economic growth generates a
positive feedback loop by reducing fertility, which leads to a demographic transition
and faster output growth.The rise of income also increases women's cost of staying
home and leads to higher female labor force participation and higher government
spending on services that would reduces the cost of child rearing and child care.

Economic growth has lowered the barriers to school entry for millions of boys and girls
throughout the world and reduced gender inequality in schooling, particularly as
countries move from lower to middle and higher incomes.11 First, as countries prosper
economically, the supply of services by government or other service providers
increases. Second, rising incomes erode the need for families to differentiate
educational investments across children, on the basis of gender, birth order, or any other
reason, as they face less stringent budgets.12 Because more girls than boys had been out
of school, overall improvements in enrollments tend to reduce gender differences.
Third, as growth opens new employment opportunities for women in sectors that
demand a certain level of skills, such as light manufacturing or services, incentives for
parents to invest in their daughters’ education increases, because that education now
yields a greater return. Eliminating school fees has had a similar effect in increasing
overall enrollments and reducing gender differences. The free primary education
programs across Sub-Saharan Africa have had an overwhelming response. In their fi rst
year, student enrollments climbed 68 percent in Malawi and Uganda and 22 percent in
Kenya.13 States have also mandated and enforced participation in schooling through
compulsory education laws. Mass education systems expanded quickly after World War
II, and universal education laws can now be found in almost all nations.14 Such laws,
usually combined with large infrastructure and human resource investments to enhance
service delivery, have brought more children into school throughout the world. In 1997,
Turkey sought to increase educational opportunities for children ages 11–13 years,
particularly rural girls, by expanding mandatory education from fi ve years to eight.
With the launch of the Basic Education Program, enrollments jumped by 1.5 million
children. Net enrollment rates, on the decline between 1991 and 1997, then rose from 86
percent in 1997 to 96 percent in 2002. Gains for rural girls were particularly impressive,
jumping 160 percent in the program’s fi rst year alone in the nine provinces (of 81) with
the greatest gender disparity.15

Is economic groeth me enought

There is great evidence that economic growth is not enough to gender equality as there are
other factors related with culture that will affect the gender inequalities. Na anecdctally case is
China that despite it´s continual economic grwoth since 1970s registered na increase of the
boy ratio from 53% to 57%. When we look about the education indicators the conclusion is
that although the gender gap is closing in the primary and secondary shcoll in the terciary
school remains the same. In the labour markets the conclusion is the same and in the inequal
property rights. The only indicator that seems to have a positive oimprovement is the political
participation, that has registered a nawwo gap between 1995 abd 2005.According to Dufflo
this differences in sex birth can be explained by the unreported birth, infanticide and abortion
of girls. This huge preference towards boys is also commun in other countries such as India,
Taiwan and even in the US were reports cincerned with the sex-selection abortions (Pam
Belluck, New York Times, 2011). At the same time the disparity in earning at all levels of
qualification even in richer countries illustrates teh persisting bias againt womanas well as the
different cultural attitude of what is expected of woman. As long as these biases continue,
gender inequalities will persisten even in the most tecnological advanced societies. Likewise,
there are also lots of favctores continue to impoede the parlimentary representation of
woman due the widespread perspetion that woman are not competent leadersBeaman (2009)
investigate attitudes towards listening to a political speech by a woman and by a man and the
marks to a man were significantly high. In this cases it ´s argued that quotas for woman in
parliament or leadrship role would be the right policymaking interventation in the sense that it
would correct the biased perceptions favouring males. However this policies targetiing woman
´s wellbeing will only could be achievable at the expense of the men. Is it ethically correct to
reserve that spot for a woman even if it´s a man that could have better qualifications forthat
position?? Therefore this measures need to be justified about the worth of this investments in
the short-run, in the long-run it seems that the gender equalities would be beneficial to
everyone in the sense that increasing the share of ressources to woman will increase the
resources available for everyone and conduct to more household efficiencies.

Missing economic drivers

- In specifi c regions, missing economic drivers of female education combined with
other areaspecifi c ecologies—such as poor safety, scattered populations, and linguistic
differences—give rise to gender disadvantages, which mostly, but not always, work
against girls. These ecologies are likely very different, and policies that fi nely target
local problems will vary across severely disadvantaged populations. Six examples
clarify the problem for different populations. Afghanistan and Pakistan are two of the
few countries where female enrollment remains low even at the primary level. It is
widely believed that this is because households discriminate against girls in their
schooling decisions. Yet, new evidence suggests that families are as eager to send their
girls to school as boys when the school is close by, but are more reluctant to enroll their
girls in schools that are farther from their houses. In Pakistan, a half-kilometer increase
in the distance to school decreased female enrollment by 20 percentage points.34
Among families living next to a school, girls are as likely as boys to go to school in both
Afghanistan and Pakistan. Part of the “distance penalty” for girls could refl ect safety
concerns in crossing settlement boundaries within the same village.35 In this severely
disadvantaged population, solving the problem of distance to school for female
enrollment, rather than tackling any innate discrimination at the household level, will
yield large dividends. The population in the highlands of northeast
In specifi c regions, missing economic drivers of female education combined with other
areaspecifi c ecologies—such as poor safety, scattered populations, and linguistic
differences—give rise to gender disadvantages, which mostly, but not always, work
against girls. These ecologies are likely very different, and policies that fi nely target
local problems will vary across severely disadvantaged populations. Six examples
clarify the problem for different populations. Afghanistan and Pakistan are two of the
few countries where female enrollment remains low even at the primary level. It is
widely believed that this is because households discriminate against girls in their
schooling decisions. Yet, new evidence suggests that families are as eager to send their
girls to school as boys when the school is close by, but are more reluctant to enroll their
girls in schools that are farther from their houses. In Pakistan, a half-kilometer increase
in the distance to school decreased female enrollment by 20 percentage points.34
Among families living next to a school, girls are as likely as boys to go to school in both
Afghanistan and Pakistan. Part of the “distance penalty” for girls could refl ect safety
concerns in crossing settlement boundaries within the same village.35 In this severely
disadvantaged population, solving the problem of distance to school for female
enrollment, rather than tackling any innate discrimination at the household level, will
yield large dividends. The population in the highlands of northeast
Women do vote, but they do not enter or progress in formal political institutions as
much as men. Despite increases in representation at national and, more markedly,
subnational levels and in designated positions, progress generally has been slow and
remains below the level typically considered suffi cient to ensure voice (often thought to
be around 30 percent).99 Indeed, European (excluding the Nordic countries) and North
American countries have not made more progress than countries in Asia, Latin America,
or Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite recent improvements, the situation is particularly
striking in the Middle East and North Africa, where only about 1 parliamentarian in 10
is a woman (up from 1 in 25 in 2000).100 When women enter the political arena, they
tend to remain in the lower ranks and to cluster into sectors perceived as “female.” Even
where women’s representation increases, it can make a difference only when women
have access to key decision-making bodies. For example, many women were in the
legislature in the former Soviet Union, but they were almost totally excluded from the
central committees and state council of ministers, where the real power resided. Women
are also more likely to lead ministries of health, education, or social welfare, rather than
hold portfolios in economy or fi nance (fi gure 4.13).101 Constitutional restrictions on
women becoming heads of state still exist in some countries, guaranteeing that women
are excluded from the highest rung of leadership. Women’s participation in the judiciary
repeats this pattern. There generally are more female judges in the lower courts than in
the higher courts. Men typically dominate other quasi-judicial bodies as well.

Examples of cultural forces

That are various examples of how cultural forces play a major role on exacerbating the gender
disparities in the developing countries. One of ir is the patriocality, in which married
coupleslives near husband countries that gives na essentie to families prefer sons in the sense
they will remain in the family whereas a girl will be obligeed to leave his family upon marriage.
Another stricling example is the dowry system, which a payment that the bride´s parents have
to make to the couple at the time of marriage. This system emerged in societies that were the
main activity was not agriculture (Boserup 1970)and today has persisted for example in South
Africa and India. This is a cleary a disincentive for having daughters as the dowry is viewd as
the financial cost of having a girl. (arnold et al. 1998). However not wanting to have a daughter
should not imply a decrease in the investments on them. In reality parents do not observe a
return to the investment in a girl as marriage imply that she would leave her family which gives
the wrong type of incentives to her parents investment. At the same time the fact that the
woman gets totally dependent on the groom could be correlated with violence and some type
of punishment. The other major cultural force towards male is patrineality, defined has the
system in which property pass throught male descendents. One example was India where sons
shared the right to inherit ancestral propery in India, with the reforms of 1980s this law was
reversed which increased the bargaining power and financial independence of woman
(Deininger et al.2013). Another positive result eas the increase in girls scjooling, mostly
because woman make decisions the attend woman´s needs or because of the general
understanding that girls should be better prepared to managed the properties they will inherit.
However according to Anderson and Genicot(2004) this legal reforms also had negative
consequences for woman, with the rise of suicides which they estimate being associated with
possible marital conflicts. At the same time there are some religiond likr confucionism in Chins
and hinduism in India that encourage the patrilinear and patrilocal system that may increase
the parents preference towards having a son.The last important consideration in developing
countries is the society concerns for woman safety and purity. Therefore restrictions on
woman´s mobility can be a cause of reduce female schooling and career oportunities. There
are also some parents that want they daughters segregated from male peers, according to
Adukia 2014 the construction of sex-segregated school increase the school attendance of girls
which shows the high culutural bias against woman freedom. Another interesting findinf of
Fernandez & Fogli is that even when people from east asian and south asian countries
emmigrate to the US they continue with the same fertility of they origin countriez and with the
same preferencee towards having a son, which show that besides the economic enviroment
the culture also matters. Gender norms are passed along from parents to children, so there
seems to be necessary to change this bias to achieve a more equal and developed society

Policy approaches
As we have seen policies leading to the economic development per si do not necessary led to
gender equality. (example of China, India) There is not certainty that incentive the schooling ,
health care per si would benefit woman, if there are some prejudices associated<
Therefore the politicians should design especiffic measures targetting especifically woman.
One possible intervention is granting legal rights to woman. Na example could be reserving
political seaats to woman to ensure woman representation and also to reshape attitudes as
woman´s as leaders. Another example can be providing rights for womans to inherit and
protect their private property, bans on pre-natal sex determination, dowry and child marriage.
Another policy can be financial omcentives for parents to invest in girlsand shift household
financial resources to mothers. Promoting campaings for woman to fight for they rights,
because for some woman to normallity is being discriminated (Beaman at al. 2012)
Also increase the woman protection in the case of a divorce and the acess to institutions that
might support woman. And also giving insurance to woman, since the family insurance is not
functining well.

he Importance of Gender Equality in Development

Progress and Success Stories
Despite the challenges, there have been significant strides in promoting gender equality and
integrating it into development agendas. Many countries have implemented policies and
initiatives to address gender disparities, resulting in improved access to education, healthcare,
and economic opportunities for women and girls. International organizations, non-governmental
organizations, and grassroots movements have played a crucial role in advocating for gender
equality and supporting initiatives that empower women and other marginalized genders.
Conclusion
Gender and development are inextricably linked, and achieving gender equality is essential for
sustainable development on a global scale. By dismantling discriminatory norms and promoting
equal opportunities for all genders, societies can unlock the full potential of their populations,
leading to a more prosperous, peaceful, and inclusive world. It is imperative for governments,
organizations, and individuals to continue working together to promote gender equality,
ensuring that no one is left behind in the pursuit of a better future for all.
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Inter-parliament Union(2023) “Woman in Natianal Parliaments” https://data.ipu.org/women-

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