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Colligative Properties

This document discusses colligative properties, which depend only on the amount of solute and not its type. The four main colligative properties are vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. Vapor pressure lowering follows Raoult's law. Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation are directly proportional to molality. Osmotic pressure depends on molarity and temperature. Deviations from Raoult's law can occur. The van't Hoff factor accounts for solute dissociation.

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Vanessa Angela Cruz
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40 views24 pages

Colligative Properties

This document discusses colligative properties, which depend only on the amount of solute and not its type. The four main colligative properties are vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. Vapor pressure lowering follows Raoult's law. Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation are directly proportional to molality. Osmotic pressure depends on molarity and temperature. Deviations from Raoult's law can occur. The van't Hoff factor accounts for solute dissociation.

Uploaded by

Vanessa Angela Cruz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Colligative Properties

• Properties which depend only on the amount and


not the type of solute
• There are four common colligative properties:
1. Vapor pressure lowering
2. Freezing point depression
3. Boiling point elevation
4. Osmotic pressure
Colligative Properties
Vapor Pressure Lowering
• Non-volatile – substance with no vapor pressure
• Volatile – substance that exhibits vapor pressure

• The vapor pressure of a solution with a non-volatile


solute is lower than that of the solvent
• The lowering of vapor pressure is summarized by
Raoult’s law
Colligative Properties
Raoult’s Law

Psolvent = xsolventPosolvent

Psolvent = vapor pressure of the solvent in solution


xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent in solution
Posolvent = vapor pressure of pure solvent

The vapor pressure of the solvent in solution is equal to a


fraction of the pure solvent vapor pressure
Colligative Properties
Vapor Pressure Lowering
xsolvent + xsolute = 1
xsolvent = 1 – xsolute
Psolvent = xsolventPosolvent
Psolvent = (1 – xsolute)Posolvent
Psolvent = Posolvent – xsolutePosolvent
xsolutePosolvent = Posolvent – Psolvent

ΔP = xsolutePosolvent
Colligative Properties
Deviations from Raoult’s Law

Solvents vapor pressure greater than predicted by Raoult’s


Law (Positive deviation)
• Usually occurs in solutions of different polarity of the 2
components
• The solute and solvent have weaker interaction than those
between solvent-solvent and solute-solute

Solvents with vapor pressure less than predicted by Raoult’s


Law (Negative deviation)
• Usually occurs in solutions with unusually strong attractions
(H-bonding)
Colligative Properties
Vapor pressure of solutions with volatile solutes

From Raoult’s Law


Psolvent = xsolventPosolvent
Psolute = xsolutePosolute

Ptotal = Psolute + Psolvent


Ptotal = xsolutePosolute + xsolventPosolvent
Colligative Properties
Boiling Point Elevation
• A solution boils at a higher temperature than the
pure solvent
• In a solution, the vapor pressure decreases as
described by Raoult’s law.
• Therefore, the temperature at which the vapor
pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure is
increased
• The rise in temperature is determined by the
number of moles of dissolved solute.
Colligative Properties
Boiling Point Elevation

ΔTb = Kbm

ΔTb = change in boiling point


Kb = boiling point elevation constant (K/m or oC/m)
m = molality
Colligative Properties
Freezing Point Depression
• A nonvolatile solute in a solution lowers the
freezing point of the solution relative to the pure
solvent.
• The solute keeps the solvent molecules separate
• Since the solvent molecules are more difficult to
bring together, the freezing point is lower
Colligative Properties
Freezing Point Depression

ΔTf = Kfm

ΔTf = change in freezing point


Kb = freezing point depression constant (K/m or oC/m)
m = molality
Colligative Properties
Colligative Properties
Determination of Molecular Weight

A 37.0 g non electrolyte sample was dissolved in


200g of water. The resulting solution froze at -5.58oC.
What is the molecular weight of the compound?

Kf= 1.86 oC/m


Colligative Properties
ΔTf = Kfm

ΔTf moles solute


= m =
Kf kg solvent
5.58 moles solute
1.86 = 0.200 kg

moles solute = 0.600

37.0 g
MW = 0.600 moles = 61.7 g/mole
Colligative Properties
Osmotic Pressure
• Osmosis is the net flow of a solvent between two
solutions separated by a semipermeable
membrane.
• The solvent passes from the more dilute solution
into the more concentrated solution.
• Arises from the drive to equalize concentration
• Osmotic pressure is the pressure of the solvent
pushing through the membrane
Colligative Properties
Colligative Properties
Osmotic Pressure

= MRT

= osmotic pressure (atm)


M = molarity
R = gas constant (0.08205 L·atm/mol·K)
T = temperature in K
Colligative Properties
• If two solutions with identical osmotic pressure are
separated by a semipermeable membrane, no
osmosis will occur, and the two are called isotonic
• If one solution is of lower concentration, then it is
hypotonic with respect to the more concentrated
solution
• If one solution is of higher concentration, then it is
hypertonic with respect to the more concentrated
solution
Colligative Properties
The van’t Hoff Factor (i)
• For solutes which dissociate, the dissociation
produces more solute

NH3 1 solute particle


NaCl -> Na+ + Cl- 2 solute particles
CaCl2 -> Ca2+ + 2Cl- 3 solute particles

• Colligative properties does not care what the solute


is, only how much solute is there
Colligative Properties
The van’t Hoff Factor (i)

ΔP = ixsolutePosolvent
ΔTb = iKbm
ΔTf = iKfm
= iMRT

• Ideally i is an integer (dissociation is complete)


• i is not always an integer (dissociation is partial)
Colligative Properties
The van’t Hoff Factor (i)

ΔTf = iKfm

ΔTf ΔTf(measured) Kfm(effective)


i = K m = ΔT = Km
f f(calculated) f (stated)
Colligative Properties
The freezing point of 0.0100 molal solution of NaCl is
-0.0360oC. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and
apparent percent dissociation of NaCl in this aqueous
solution.

Kf = 1.86 oC/m
Colligative Properties
ΔTf = iKfm
ΔTf 0.0360
i= = = 1.94
Kfm (1.86)(0.0100)
Colligative Properties
NaCl -> Na+ + Cl-
0.0100-x x x
Let x = amount of NaCl that dissociated

Amount of solute will be


0.0100-x moles of undissociated NaCl per kg solvent
x moles of Na+ per kg solvent
x moles of Cl- per kg solvent
Colligative Properties
m(effective) = 1.94(m(stated)) = 0.0100 – x + x + x

1.94(0.0100) = 0.0100 + x
x = 0.0094 moles dissociated per kg solvent

0.0094 moles dissociated per kg solvent


x 100
0.0100 moles total per kg solvent

94% dissociated

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