Differential Equations
BDA 24303
Chapter 1 – 1st Order Differential Equation
*Applications of 1st ODE
By:
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. Bukhari Manshoor, C.Eng MIET
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
© Bukhari bin Manshoor
1st ODEs – An Applications
● What is the differential equation?
- Equations involving derivatives of different orders.
● How differential equations derived?
- They are derived from the laws of physics.
● Where are the laws of physics relevant to engineering applications?
- Fundamentals laws of physics:
- Conservation of energy (1st law of thermodynamics)
- Conservation of mass.
- Conservation of momentum.
- Application of first order differential equation:
- Newton’s laws for solid mechanics
- Fourier’s laws for heat transfer
- Newton’s laws for convective heat transfer
- Bernoulli’s law for fluid dynamics
- Etc…
Solve an engineering problem
● 1st step in solving an engineering problem – formulate the
problem as a mathematical expression in terms of variables, Physical system
functions, and equations.
● The expression is known as a mathematical model.
Mathematical
● Setting up a model, solving it mathematically, and interpreting the model
result is called mathematical modelling or, briefly, modelling.
● Many physical concepts, such as velocity and acceleration, are Mathematical
derivatives – a model is called a differential equation. solution
● From the model, we can find a solution, explore its properties,
graph it, find values of it, and interpret it in physical terms. Physical
interpretation
Modelling,
solving, interpreting
Newton’s Law of Cooling
● Newton's Law of Cooling is used to model the temperature change of an object of some
temperature placed in an environment of a different temperature.
● The law states that;
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
● This law says that the rate of change of temperature (in time) is proportional to the
difference between the temperature of the object and that of the surrounding
temperature.
● From the Newton’s cooling law, the differential equation can be solving by separating
variable method. By separating the variables of the Newton’s cooling law, we have
dT
k dt
T Ts
● Integrating both sides,
dT
k dt
T Ts
ln T Ts c1 kt c2
ln T Ts kt C
T Ts e kt C Ae kt A eC constant
● Rearrange the equation obtained and general solution for the differential equation,
T t Ae kt Ts
Example 1:
A hard-boiled egg at temperature 100oC is placed in 15oC water to cool. 5 minutes later the
temperature of the egg is 55oC. When will the egg be 25oC?
Example 2:
If a thermometer with a reading of 70oC, is brought into a room whose temperature is kept at a
constant 18oC, and the reading of the thermometer is 57oC after five minutes later, how long will it
take until the reading is drop to 40oC?
Example: 3
An object whose temperature of 615oC was placed in a room whose temperature is 75oC. At 4 p.m,
the object is 135oC and 1 hour later, the object was 95oC. When was the object put into the room?
Example: 4
A metal is heated up to a temperature of 500oC. It is then exposed to a temperature of 38oC. After 2
minutes, the temperature of the metal becomes 190oC. When will be the temperature be 100oC?
What is the temperature of the metal after 4 minutes?
Example: 5
A police were called about 3.00 a.m. on 28 Feb. 2019 where a murder victim was found in the
room that have a temperature of 15oC. The police took the temperature of the body immediately
after the body was found and 1 hour later, it obtaining the values 34.5oC and 33.9oC, respectively.
At 4.30 a.m., 28 Feb. 2019, Mr. X was arrested (due to murder suspect) at the hotel near to the
murder scene. According to the hotel receptionist, Mr. X was check in at 11.00 p.m., 27 Feb. 2019
and never left his room until he was arrested. If the killing time was a factor of the charge against
Mr. X, is that Mr. X is the killer in this case? Given the normal body temperature of the human
body is 37oC.
Growth Population
● One model for the growth of a population is based on the assumption that the
population grows at a rate proportional to the size of the population.
● In can be written in mathematical model as;
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
● Sometimes this model called the law of natural growth.
● If k is positive, then the population increases; if k is negative, it decreases.
● This model also can be apply for the exponential decay.
Example:
Experiments show that a radioactive substance decompose at a rate proportional to the amount of
present. Starting with a given amount of substance, say 2 gram, at certain time, say 𝑡 = 0, what can
be said about the amount available at a later time?
Example:
Half-life of morphine in the body is 2 hours. At time 𝑡 = 0, a patient is given a dose of 5 mg of
morphine. How much morphine is left after 3 hours? Assume that the rate at which morphine is
eliminated is proportional to the amount of morphine left.
Example:
A population of a small town grows proportion to it’s current population. The initial population is
5000 and grow 4% per year. This can be modelled by;
𝑑𝑃
= 0.04𝑃, 𝑃 0 = 5000
𝑑𝑡
a) Find an equation to model the population.
b) Determine the population after 3 years.
c) Determine how long it will take the population to double.
Example:
A culture of bacteria grows proportion to it’s current population. If the initial population of 500
bacteria increases by 15% in 8 hours, what will the population be in 1 day?
