ELEC2300

Electrical Energy Conversion & Utilization

Topic 4: Induction machine and load side management

Week 11: Induction machine.

Course Learning Outcomes

• Explain and Analyse the performance of an induction machine using its equivalent circuit.
• Calculate the energy utilisation bills based on different tariffs.

Lecturer Name: Dr Mahmoud Younis

Academic Year: 2022/2023
Course Coordinator Name: Dr Mahmoud Younis
 Delivery Plan
Module 4: Induction machine and load side management

Week -11: Induction machine.

Week -12: Demand Side Management.

Week -13: Electrical energy consumption.

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Induction Motor

An induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor) is a

commonly used AC electric motor. It is called “Induction” because the
rotor voltage is induced in the rotor windings rather than physically
connected by wires. It is possible to use an induction machine as
motor or generator, but it is mainly used as a motor.
Induction motor features are:
• Simple and rugged construction
• Low cost and minimum maintenance
• High dependability
• Easy to start

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 Induction Motor Components
1) Stator: Consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal circumference of the stator
house the stator winding
2) Rotor: There are two different types of induction motor rotor:

➢ Squirrel cage rotor: Consists of series of

conducting bars laid into slots carved in the face
of rotor and shorted at either end by large
shorting rings.

➢ Wound rotor: A wound rotor has a 3-phase winding,

similar to the stator winding. The rotor winding
terminals are connected to three slip rings which turn
with the rotor. The slip rings/brushes allow external
resistors to be connected in series with the winding.
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 Induction Motor
Components

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https://www.orientalmotor.com/ac-motors-gear-motors/ac-induction-motors.html
Induction Motors Operation Principle

1) The three-phase stator is supplied by balanced three-phase

voltage that drives an AC magnetizing current through each
phase winding.
2) The magnetizing current in each phase generates a pulsating
AC flux.
3) The total flux in the machine is the sum of the three fluxes.
4) The summation of the three AC fluxes results in a rotating flux,
which turns with constant speed and has constant amplitude.

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 5. The rotating flux induces a voltage in the
short-circuited bars of the rotor. This voltage
drives current through the bars.

6. The induced voltage is proportional with the

difference of motor and synchronous speed.
Consequently the motor speed is less than
the synchronous speed

7. The interaction of the rotating flux and the

rotor current generates a force that drives the
motor.

https://www.roboteq.com/applications/all-blogs/497-induction-motor-parameters-calculation 7
 Induction Motors Rotating Field
Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings AN, BN, CN. The
windings are mechanically spaced at 120° from each other and connected to
a 3-phase source.
AC currents Ia, Ib and Ic will flow in
the windings, but will be displaced in
time by 120°. Each winding produces
its own MMF, which creates a flux
across the hollow interior of the
stator. The 3 fluxes combine to
produce a magnetic field that rotates
at the same frequency as the supply.

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Rotating Field - Direction of rotation

• The phase current waveforms follow each other in the

sequence A-B-C. This produces a clockwise rotating
magnetic field.

• If we interchange any two of the

lines connected to the stator, the
new phase sequence will be A-C-
B. This will produce a
counterclockwise rotating field,
reversing the motor direction.
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 Number of Poles – Synchronous Speed
1) The rotating speed of the revolving stator flux can be
reduced by increasing the number of poles (in multiples of
two). In a four-pole stator, the phase groups span an
angle of 90°. In a six-pole stator, the phase groups span
an angle of 60°.

2) This leads to the definition of synchronous speed (rotating

stator flux speed):
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
𝑵𝒔 =
𝒑
where
Ns = synchronous speed (rpm),
f = frequency of the supply (Hz),
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p = number of poles
 Induction Motors Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed can be
expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, known as the slip:

X 100 %

where
s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor speed (rpm)

At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the slip for large motors
rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%. The
slip is 100% for locked rotor.
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 Frequency Induced In the Rotor

The frequency induced in the rotor depends on the slip:

Ns − N
fR = f
where
Ns
fR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor,
f = frequency of the supply and stator field,
s = slip

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 Equivalent circuit of induction motor

• Transformer Model of an Induction Motor

• Per-phase equivalent circuit of transformer:
 Induction Motors Equivalent circuit
An induction motor can be described as rotating transformer, it is input is three phase
voltage and current, the output of IM is shorted out so no electrical output exist, instead
the output is mechanical. The Per phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor:

R1 is the winding resistance of the stator.

X1 is the inductance of the stator winding.
Rc is the core loss component.

XM is the magnetizing reactance of the winding.

R2/s is the power of the rotor, which includes output mechanical power and copper loss of rotor.

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Transformer model of induction motor

Magnetization curve of induction motor

 Transformer Model of Induction Motor

• Note: slope of induction motor’s magneto-motive force-flux curve is

much shallower than curve of a good transformer
• because there is an air gap in an induction motor which greatly
increase reluctance of flux path & therefore reduces coupling between
primary & secondary windings
• Higher reluctance caused by air gap means a higher magnetizing
reactance XM in equivalent circuit will have a much smaller value
(larger susceptance BM) than its value in an ordinary transformer.
Power flow diagram

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 Power and torque in Induction Motors
• The supply power is:

Pin = 3VI cos

• The power transferred through the air gap by the

magnetic coupling is the input power (Pin) minus the
stator copper loss and the magnetizing (stator iron) loss.
PAG = Pin − PSCL − Pcore
R2
PAG = 3I
2
2
s
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• The stator copper losses (PSCL) and core
losses (Pcore) are determined using the
following:
PSCL = 3I1 R1
2

3E12
Pcore =
Rc

• The electrically developed power (Pdv) is

the difference between the air gap power
(Pag) and rotor copper loss.
Pdv ( conv) = PAG − PRCL =  ind m
PRCL = 3I 22 R2  PRCL = sPAG
R2
Pdv ( conv) = PAG (1 − s ) = 3I2
(1 − s ) =  ind m
s 19
 Induction Motors Output Power

• The subtraction of the mechanical ventilation and friction

losses (Pmloss) from the developed power gives the
mechanical output power (in Hp):
Pout = Pdv − Pmloss =  load m

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Induction Motors Efficiency and Torque

• The motor efficiency:

Pout
=
Pin

• Motor torque: Pout

T=
m
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 IM Torque-Speed Characteristic

How does the torque of IM change as the load changes?

• At light loads: The rotor slip is very small and so the relative
motion between the rotor and magnetic field is very small
and the rotor frequency is also very small. Current and ER is
very small and in phase so BR is relatively small, as the rotor
magnetic field is very small then the induced torque is small:

 ind = kBR  Bnet sin 

 =  R + 90 Rotor power factor

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 IM Torque-Speed Characteristic

• At heavy loads:
• As load increase, the slip increase, rotor speed
falls down,
• thus, more relative motion appears and produce
stronger ER,
• larger rotor current IR and so rotor magnetic field
BR will be seen.
• The angle of the rotor current will be also
changed.
• The increase in BR tend to increase in the torque.
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• Starting torque:

Is 200-250% of the full load torque (rated torque).

• Pullout torque:

There is a maximum possible torque that can’t be exceeded.

This torque is called pullout torque and is 2 to 3 times the
rated full-load torque

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A typical induction motor torque-speed characteristic curve

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 Induction Motors Speed/torque control
❑Induction motors essentially constant speed machines
➢Starting torque is low
➢Starting current may be to 7 times rated
High inertia loads critical problem because they prolong starting
period
❑Speed/torque control methods
➢Variation of rotor resistance
➢Double cage rotor
➢Pole-changing motors
➢Variable voltage, variable frequency operation
References
1. Wildi, T. (2014). Electrical machines, drives, and power systems.
Harlow: Pearson.
2. Chapman, S. J. (2012). Electric machinery fundamentals. New York:
McGraw-Hill.