1.

1 Introduction to Power Processing

Power Switching Power

input converter output

Control
input

Dc-dc conversion:
Change and control voltage magnitude

Ac-dc rectification:
Possibly control dc voltage, ac current

Dc-ac inversion:
Produce sinusoid of controllable
magnitude and frequency

Ac-ac cycloconversion:
Change and control voltage magnitude
and frequency

8

 Control is invariably required

Power Switching Power

input converter output

Control
input

feedforward feedback
Controller

reference

9

 High efficiency is essential

1
Pout

=

Pin
0.8
1 –1
Ploss = Pin – Pout = Pout

0.6

High efficiency leads to low

power loss within converter

0.4
Small size and reliable operation
is then feasible

Efficiency is a good measure of
0.2
converter performance

0 0.5 1 1.5
Ploss / Pout

10

 A high-efficiency converter

Pin Pout
Converter

A goal of current converter technology is to construct converters of small

size and weight, which process substantial power at high efficiency

11

 Devices available to the circuit designer

+
–
DT T
Linear- s s

mode Switched-mode
Resistors Capacitors Magnetics Semiconductor devices

12

 Devices available to the circuit designer

+
–
DT T
Linear- s s

mode Switched-mode
Resistors Capacitors Magnetics Semiconductor devices

Signal processing: avoid magnetics

13

 Devices available to the circuit designer

+
–
DT T
Linear- s s

mode Switched-mode
Resistors Capacitors Magnetics Semiconductor devices

Power processing: avoid lossy elements

14

 Power loss in an ideal switch

Switch closed:
v(t) = 0
+

i(t)
Switch open:
i(t) = 0

v(t)
In either event:
p(t) = v(t) i(t) = 0

Ideal switch consumes zero power
–

15

 A simple dc-dc converter example

I
10A
+

Vg + Dc-dc
converter R V
– 5
50V
100V
–

Input source: 100V

Output load: 50V, 10A, 500W

How can this converter be realized?

16

 Dissipative realization

Resistive voltage divider

I
10A
+
+ 50V –
Vg + Ploss = 500W R V
– 5
50V
100V
–
Pin = 1000W Pout = 500W

17

 Dissipative realization

Series pass regulator: transistor operates in

active region

I
+ 50V – 10A
+

Vg linear amplifier –+ Vref

+ R V
– and base driver
100V 5
50V
Ploss  500W
–
Pin  1000W Pout = 500W

18

 Use of a SPDT switch

I
1 10 A
+ +

Vg 2
+ vs(t) R v(t)
– 50 V
100 V
– –

vs(t)
Vg
Vs = DVg

0
DTs (1 – D) Ts t
switch
position: 1 2 1
19

 The switch changes the dc voltage level

vs(t)
Vg
D = switch duty cycle

Vs = DVg
0  D  1

0
Ts = switching period

DTs (1 – D) Ts t
switch
position: 1 2 1 fs = switching frequency

= 1 / Ts

DC component of vs(t) = average value:

Ts
Vs = 1 vs(t) dt = DVg
Ts 0

20

 Addition of low pass filter

Addition of (ideally lossless) L-C low-pass filter, for

removal of switching harmonics:

1
i(t)
+ +
L
Vg 2
+ vs(t) C R v(t)
–
100 V
– –
Pin
500 W Pout = 500 W
Ploss small

• Choose filter cutoff frequency f0 much smaller than switching

frequency fs

• This circuit is known as the “buck converter”

21

 Addition of control system
for regulation of output voltage

Power Switching converter Load

input
+
i

vg + v
–
Sensor
– H(s) gain

Transistor Error
gate driver signal

Pulse-width vc G (s) ve –+ Hv

(t) modulator c

Compensator
Reference
dTs Ts t input vref

22
 The boost converter

2
+
L
1
Vg + C R V
–

5Vg
4Vg
3Vg
V
2Vg
Vg
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
23

 A single-phase inverter

vs(t)
1 + – 2
Vg +
– + v(t) –
2 1
load

vs(t) “H-bridge”

Modulate switch
duty cycles to
obtain sinusoidal
t
low-frequency
component

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1.2 Several applications of power electronics

Power levels encountered in high-efficiency converters

• less than 1 W in battery-operated portable equipment

• tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts in power supplies for
computers or office equipment

• kW to MW in variable-speed motor drives

• 1000 MW in rectifiers and inverters for utility dc transmission
lines

25

A laptop computer power supply system

Inverter Display
backlighting

iac(t) Charger
Buck Microprocessor
vac(t) PWM
Rectifier converter Power
management

ac line input Boost Disk

85–265 Vrms Lithium
battery converter drive

26

Power system of an earth-orbiting spacecraft

Dissipative
shunt regulator

+
Solar
array vbus

Battery Dc-dc Dc-dc

charge/discharge converter converter
controllers

Batteries
Payload Payload

27

An electric vehicle power and drive system

ac machine ac machine

Inverter Inverter control bus

battery
μP
+ system
controller
3øac line Battery
charger DC-DC
vb converter
50/60 Hz
Vehicle
– electronics
Low-voltage
dc bus

Inverter Inverter

Variable-frequency
Variable-voltage ac
ac machine ac machine

28

A standalone photovoltaic power system

The system constructed in ECEN 4517/5517 Power

Electronics and Photovoltaic Systems Laboratory

29

 1.3 Elements of power electronics

Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of

analog circuits

electronic devices

control systems

power systems

magnetics

electric machines

numerical simulation

30

 Part I. Converters in equilibrium

Inductor waveforms
Averaged equivalent circuit

D' VD
vL(t) RL D Ron D' RD D' : 1
Vg – V

+
–
+
DTs D'Ts
t Vg + V R
–V – I
switch
position: 1 2 1 –

iL(t)
I
iL(DTs)

iL
Predicted efficiency

iL(0) Vg – V –V
100%
0.002
L L 90%
0.01
80%
0 DTs Ts t
70% 0.02

60% 0.05

50% RL/R = 0.1

40%

Discontinuous conduction mode
30%

20%

10%
Transformer isolation
0%
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

31

 Switch realization: semiconductor devices

iA(t)
The IGBT
collector
Switching loss

transistor
waveforms Qr
Vg
gate iL
vA(t)

0 0
emitter t

Emitter iB(t)
diode
waveforms iL
vB(t)
Gate 0 0
t
area
–Qr –Vg
n n n n
p p

minority carrier
n- injection tr

p pA(t)
= vA iA
area
~QrVg
Collector area
~iLVgtr
t0 t1 t2 t

32

 Part I. Converters in equilibrium

2.
Principles of steady state converter analysis

3.
Steady-state equivalent circuit modeling, losses, and efficiency

4.
Switch realization

5.
The discontinuous conduction mode

6.
Converter circuits

33