Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CONTENTS

Serial number Chapters Page numbers

1 Chapter 1: Introduction 6

2 Chapter 2: Review of literature 13

3 Chapter 3: Anthology 17

4 Chapter 4: Objective, Scope of 22

work and Methodology

5 Chapter 5: Validation of 26
Software

6 Chapter6:Horizontal 33
irregularities

7 Conclusion 40

8 References 43

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 1

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

List of Figures

Serial number Contents Page numbers

1 Fig a: Earthquake effects 4
2 Fig 1.1: Nepal Earthquake 6
3 Fig 1.2: seismic mapping zone of India 8
4 Fig 5.1: Graph plotted for the Storey displacement 29
5 Fig 5.2: Graph plotted for the Storey displacement [1] 29

6 Fig 5.3: Graph plotted for the Storey drift 30

7 Fig 5.4: Graph plotted for the Storey drift [1] 30

8 Fig 5.5: Graph plotted for the Storey overturning 31

moment

9 Fig 5.6: Graph plotted for the Storey overturning 31

moment [1]

10 Fig 5.7: Graph plotted for the Storey Shear 32

11 Fig 5.8: Graph plotted for the Storey Shear [1] 32

12 Fig 6.1:W-Shaped Model 34

13 Fig 6.2:L-Shaped Model 35
14 Fig 6.3:Rectangular Model 35
15 Fig 6.4:I-Shaped Model 36

16 Fig 6.5: Graph plotted for storey displacement 39

17 Fig 6.6: Graph plotted for storey drift 40

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 2

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

List of tables

1 Table 3.1: Anthology of Dynamic Analysis of Building 17

with Plan Irregularity.
2 Table 3.2: Anthology of Dynamic analysis of structures 18
subjected to earthquake load.
3 Table 3.3: Anthology of Dynamic analysis of multi 19
storey structure for different shapes
4 Table 3.4: Anthology of Seismic Analysis of a Multi- 20
Storeyed Building with Irregular Plan
5 Table 3.5: Anthology of Dynamics analysis of RC 21
regular and irregular structures using Time History
Method
6 Table 5.1: The material properties and geometry of the 26
model
7 Table 5.2: Load details for the model 27

8 Table 5.3: Data from dynamic analysis performed 28

9 Table 5.4: Data from dynamic analysis from [1] 28

10 Table 5.5: The results for storey displacement 29

11 Table 5.6: The results for storey drift 30

12 Table 5.7: The results for storey overturning moments 31

13 Table 5.8: The results for storey Shear 32

14 Table 6.1: Parameters considered for building design 37

15 Table 6.2: Data From Storey Displacement 38

16 Table 6.4: Data From Storey Displacement 39

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 3

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

ABSTRACT:

Analysis and design of buildings for static forces is a routine affair these days because of
availability of affordable computers and specialized programs which can be used for the
analysis. On the other hand, dynamic analysis is a time-consuming process and requires
additional input related to mass of the structure, and an understanding of structural dynamics
for interpretation of analytical results. Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings are most
common type of constructions in urban India, which are subjected to several types of forces
during their lifetime, such as static forces due to dead and live loads and dynamic forces due
to the wind and earthquake.

During an earthquake, failure of structure starts off-evolved at factors of weak spot.

This weak point arises due to discontinuity in mass, stiffness and geometry of structure. The
systems having this discontinuity are termed as irregular systems. Irregular structures
contribute a massive portion of city infrastructure. Vertical irregularities are one of the essential
motives of failures of systems during earthquakes. The effect of vertically irregularities within
the seismic overall performance of systems will become definitely vital. Peak-wise changes in
stiffness and mass render the dynamic traits of those buildings exceptional from the ordinary
building. The irregularity within the building structures may be due to irregular distributions
in their mass, strength and stiffness along the height of building.

The analysis can be done in Staad Pro software, ETABS software SAP 2000 software
and Tekla software. As ETABS is known widely throughout the country, it is one of the best
software’s for structural analysis. Validation of the ETABS software has been done with
respect of paper [1], comparison of Storey overturning moment, storey drift, Storey
displacements, storey shear and modal mass participation ratios has been done.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 4

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TERMINOLOGIES:
Focus:
The focus or hypocenter of an earthquake is where the earthquake originated from, usually
underground on the fault zone.

Epicenter:
The epicenter of an earthquake is the point on the surface of Earth directly above the
epicenter.

Fault Plane:
A fault is a weak point within a tectonic plate where pressure from beneath the surface can
break through and causing shaking in an earthquake.

Magnitude:
Magnitude is used to describe the size of the Earthquake. There are a number of different ways
to calculate the magnitude of an earthquake, including the Richter Scale. Scientists also use the
moment magnitude scale, which calculates the magnitude of an earthquake based on physical
properties such as the area of movement (slip) along the fault plane. The earthquake effects for
different magnitudes are given in the below fig a.

Fig a.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 5

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Waves:
Earthquake waves travel through and on top of the surface of Earth causing the shaking and
vibrations on the ground. Earthquake waves can travel hundreds of kilometers causing
earthquakes to be felt a long way away from the origin

Tectonic Plates:
The outer layer (crust) of Earth is divided into sections called tectonic plates.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 6

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CHAPTER 1
Introduction:

Earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements in the Earth's crust. The main cause is that
when tectonic plates collide, one rides over the other, causing earthquakes and volcanoes. The
earthquakes are caused by the vibrations set up in the earth's crust which spread outwards in
all directions from the source of disturbance. Some of the earthquakes are artificial, while
others are natural. But it is undoubtedly true that all the earthquakes are caused due to the
disequilibrium in the earth's crust.

One of the latest earthquakes happened was in Nepal, it sits on the boundary of the two massive
tectonic plates that collided to build the Himalayas. Their ongoing convergence also
means earthquakes. The April 25, 2015 earthquake in Nepal destroyed housing in Kathmandu,
damaged World Heritage sites, and triggered deadly avalanches around Mount Everest as
shown in fig 1.1. The earthquake magnitude was around 7.8.

Fig:1.1

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 7

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

1.1 Seismic zones

Seismic zone is an area of seismicity potentially sharing a common cause. It may also be a
region on a map for which a common areal rate of seismicity is assumed for the purpose of
calculating probabilistic ground motions.

The seismic zone is another factor on which destruction of the structure depends. The
Geological Survey of India (G. S. I.) first published the seismic zoning map of the country in
the year 1935. With numerous modifications made afterwards, this map was initially based on
the amount of damage suffered by the different regions of India because of earthquakes. Colour
coded in different shades of the colour red, this map shows the four distinct seismic zones of
India. Following are the varied seismic zones of the nation,

Which are prominently shown in the map:

Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.

Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.

Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.

Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.

This map helps them in planning for a natural disaster like earthquake. An Indian seismic
zoning map assists one in identifying the lowest, moderate as well as highest hazardous or
earthquake prone areas in India. Even such maps are looked into before constructing any high
rise building so as to check the level of seismology in any particular area. This in turn results
in saving life in the long run. The figure 1.2 shows the seismic mapping zone.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 8

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Fig:1.2
1.3 Irregularities

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 9

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Nowadays, most buildings are marked by irregularity in both plan and vertical configurations.
Irregularity in structures means lack of symmetry which implies vital eccentricity between the
building mass and stiffness centres, give rise to damaging coupled lateral response. Moreover,
to design and analyse an irregular building effectively, high levels of engineering and designer
efforts are needed, whereas a poor designer will design and analyze a structure by leaving many
parameters not under consideration resulting in unsafe design. , to design and analyze an
irregular building effectively, high levels of engineering and designer efforts are needed
Therefore, irregular structures would require an additional, careful structural analysis so as to
improve their dynamic response in case of an earthquake.

Vertical irregularities are one of the major reasons of failures of structures during earthquakes.
For example, structures with soft storeys were the most notable structures which collapsed. So,
the effect of vertically irregularities in the seismic performance of structures becomes really
important. Height-wise changes in stiffness and mass render the dynamic characteristics of
these buildings different from the regular building. IS 1893 definition of vertically irregular
structures states that the irregularity in the building structures is due to irregular distributions
in their mass, strength and stiffness along the height of building. When such buildings are
constructed in high seismic zones, the analysis and design become more complicated.

During an earthquake, failure of structure starts off-evolved at factors of weak spot. This weak
point arises due to discontinuity in mass, stiffness and geometry of structure. The systems
having this discontinuity are termed as irregular systems. Irregular structures contribute a
massive portion of city infrastructure. Irregularities are one of the essential motives of failures
of systems during earthquakes. The effect of irregularities within the seismic overall
performance of systems will become definitely vital. Peak-wise changes in stiffness and mass
render the dynamic traits of those buildings exceptional from the ordinary building. The
irregularity within the building structures may be due to irregular distributions in their mass,
strength and stiffness along the height of building. Whilst such buildings are built in high
seismic zones, the analysis and design turns into more complexes.

Vertical irregularities are one of the major reasons of failures of structures during earthquakes.
For example structures with soft storeys were the most notable structures which collapsed. So,
the effect of vertically irregularities in the seismic performance of structures becomes really
important. Height-wise changes in stiffness and mass render the dynamic characteristics of

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 10

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

these buildings different from the regular building. IS 1893 definition of vertically irregular
structures states that the irregularity in the building structures is due to irregular distributions
in their mass, strength and stiffness along the height of building. When such buildings are
constructed in high seismic zones, the analysis and design becomes more complicated. There
are two types of irregularities-

1. Vertical Irregularities

2. Plan Irregularities

1.3.1 VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES ARE MAINLY OF FIVE TYPES-

i.a) Stiffness Irregularity — Soft Storey-A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is
less than 70 percent of the storey above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness
of the three storeys above.

i.b) Stiffness Irregularity — Extreme Soft Storey-An extreme soft storey is one in which the
lateral stiffness is less than 60 percent of that in the storey above or less than 70 percent of the
average stiffness of the three storeys above.

ii) Mass Irregularity-Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the seismic weight
of any storey is more than 200 percent of that of its adjacent storeys. In case of roofs irregularity
need not be considered.
iii) Vertical Geometric Irregularity- A structure is considered to be Vertical geometric
irregular when the horizontal dimension of the lateral force resisting system in any storey is
more than 150 percent of that in its adjacent storey.

iv) In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral Force-An in-plane

offset of the lateral force resisting elements greater than the length of those elements.

v) Discontinuity in Capacity — Weak Storey-A weak storey is one in which the storey
lateral strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey above.

As per IS 1893, Part 1 Linear static analysis of structures can be used for regular structures of
limited height as in this process lateral forces are calculated as per code based fundamental
time period of the structure. Linear dynamic analysis are an improvement over linear static

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 11

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

analysis, as this analysis produces the effect of the higher modes of vibration and the actual
distribution of forces in the elastic range in a better way.

Buildings are designed as per Design based earthquake, but the actual forces acting on the
structure is far more than that of DBE. So, in higher seismic zones Ductility based design
approach is preferred as ductility of the structure narrows the gap. The primary objective in
designing an earthquake resistant structure is to ensure that the building has enough ductility
to withstand the earthquake forces, which it will be subjected to during an earthquake.

In essence all the loads are dynamic including the self-weight of the structure because at some
point in time these loads were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the
static analysis on the basis of whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison
to the structure's natural frequency. Structural dynamics, therefore, is a type of structural
analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high
acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and
blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to
find dynamic displacements, time history, and modal analysis by using the software’s like
STAAD PRO & ETABS.

1.4 Method of analysis:

1.4.1 Seismic analysis:
Seismic analysis is a major tool in earthquake engineering which is used to understand the
response of buildings due Response Spectrum Analysis to seismic excitations in a simpler
manner. In the past the buildings were designed just for gravity loads and seismic analysis is a
recent development. It is a part of structural analysis and a part of structural design where
earthquake is prevalent.

There are different types of earthquake analysis methods. Some of them used in the
project are

• Response Spectrum Analysis

• Time History Analysis

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 12

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Response spectrum method:

In this concept the multiple modes of vibration of a structure can be used. This analysis can be
used in many building codes for all except for simple or complex structures. The vibration of
a building is defined as the combination of many special modes that are in a vibrating string
corresponding to the “harmonics”. Computer aided structural analysis is used to determine
these mode shapes for the structure. For every mode shape, from design spectrum responses
are studied, with the help of parameters such as modal participation mass and modal frequency,
and then they are combined to provide an evaluation of the total responses of the structure.

• Time history analysis:

It is known as Time history analysis. It is an important technique for structural seismic analysis
especially when the evaluated structural response is nonlinear. To perform such an analysis, a
representative earthquake time history is required for a structure being evaluated. Time history
analysis is a step-by-step analysis of the dynamic response of a structure to a specified loading
that may vary with time. Time history analysis is used to determine the seismic response of a
structure under dynamic loading of representative earthquake.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 13

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CHAPTER 2

Literature review:
2.1 A Study on design of vertically irregular RC building frames by Ankesh and
Biswobhanu, NIT Odisha.

Seismic analysis and design of vertically irregular rc building frames proposed by Ankesh
Sharma and Biswobhanu Bhadra of National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha, India
According to results of RSA, the storey shear force was found to be maximum for the first
storey and it decreased to a minimum in the top storey in all cases and mass irregular building
frames experience larger base shear than similar regular building frames and the stiffness
irregular building experienced lesser base shear and has larger inter storey drifts

2.2 A Study on Dynamic analysis of multi-storey building for different shapes by

Rizwan and Peera, P.G student, JNTUA, Anantapura.

Dynamic analysis of multi-storey building for different shapes proposed by Mohammed

Rizwan Sultan*and D. Gouse Peera Department of civil engineering P.G student, JNTUA,
Anantapura . The aim of this study is to grasp the behaviour of the structure in high seismic
zone and also to evaluate Storey overturning moment, Storey Drift, Displacement in a 15
storey-high building on four totally different shapes like Rectangular, L-shape, H-shape, and
C-shape. Result has been proved that Irregular shapes are severely affected during earthquakes
especially in high seismic zones and C shaped building is more vulnerable compare to all other
different shapes.

2.3 A Study on Response of multi-storey regular and irregular buildings by ‘Md.

Mashfiqulislam’ a senior lecture, AUST, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

‘Response of multi-storey regular and irregular buildings weight under static and dynamic
loading in context of Bangladesh’ proposed by ‘Md. Mashfiqulislam’ a senior lecturer,
department in civil engineering, ahsanullah university technology (AUST), Dhaka,
Bangladesh. The aim of this paper is to assess the seismic vulnerability and response of regular
and irregular shaped multi-storey building of identical weight in context of Bangladesh (zone-
2) which is seismically active region including north eastern part of India by using response
spectrum analysis method.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 14

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

2.4 A Study on dynamic effect on unsymmetrical building (RCC & Steel) by ‘Pralobh
S.Gaikwad’, ‘Prof. Kamhaiya K. Talani.

‘Study of dynamic effect on unsymmetrical building (RCC & Steel) by ‘Pralobh S. Gaikwad’,
‘Prof. Kamhaiya K. Talani’ there main objective of earthquake engineer is to design and build
a structure in such a way that damage to the structure during the earthquake is minimize. The
analysis carried by using ETABS software. Permissible limit of storey drift 12 mm as per
IS1893 By analysis of G+9 storey structure it is found that maximum storey drift of RCC
structure is 0.679.

2.5 A Study on dynamic equations for system of irregularly shaped plane bodies by Oleg
Vinogradov.

Study on Dynamic equations for system of irregularly shaped plane bodies by Oleg there main
objective is the computer simulation of dynamic behavior of irregularly shaped granular-type
materials by the system of differential and algebraic equations. Also use of Lagrange’s
equations for the simplicity. As a result, an explicit form of the governing equations and
analytical cancellation of the terms in Lagrange’s equations, lead to more efficient and accurate
(in term of accumulated error) computer simulations.

2.6 A study on Seismic Response of R.C.C Building with Soft Storey Dr. Saraswati Setia and
Vineet Sharma, NIT, Kurukshetra, India.

Study on Seismic Response of R.C.C Building with Soft Storey by Dr. Saraswati Setiaand
Vineet Sharma, Associate Professor, NIT Kurukshetra, India and lecturer, Civil Engineering
Department. G.P. Nilokheri Haryana, India. Their main aim to study behavior of R.C.C
Building under seismic loading in +x direction, +z direction, -x direction, -z direction. Result
are Lateral displacement is largest in bare frame with soft storey defect both for earthquake
force in X-direction as well as in z-direction for corner columns as well as for intermediate
columns. Displacement of intermediate column is more by 0.02% and 0.04% in X and Z-
direction respectively w.r.t. corner column. Minimum displacement for corner column is
observed in the building in which a shear wall is introduced in X-direction as well as in Z-
direction. Building having masonry infill in upper floors and with increased column stiffness
of bottom story and building with shear wall in core has a small first storey displacement of
about 18% and 16% respectively of that of building having masonry in fill in upper floors only.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 15

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

2.7 A study on Earthquake Analysis of High Rise Building with and Without Infilled
Walls By Wakchaure M.R, Ped S. P Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner.

A study on Earthquake Analysis of High-Rise Building with and Without In filled WallsBy
Wakchaure M.R, Ped S. P H.O.D of Civil Engineering Department at Amrutvahini College of
Engineering, Sangamner, and Maharashtra. The result of the present study show that structural
infill wall have very important effect on structural behaviour under earthquake effect. On
structural capacity under earthquake effect displacement and relative story displacement are
affected by the structural irregularities. Regarding with the result, infill walls are very important
effect on structural behaviour. 1) Base Shear: From the results it is shown that due to infill
walls in building the base shear is increased from 2.49 to 7.81%. and the difference is 4.86%.
2) Displacement: The displacements at top story of the building with infill’s wall for single
strut reduce 0.77% to 0.39%. 3. Storey Drift: Storey drift for infilled wall model is within
permissible limit. Storey drift is reduced 0.0034% to 0.018%. Due to infill walls in the High
Rise Building top storey displacement is reduces. Base shear is increased.

2.8 Comparative Static and Dynamic Study on Seismic Analysis of Uniform and Non
Uniform Column Sections in a Building Adhikari1 , Dr K. Rajasekhar Andhra
University Visakhapatnam.

This study is related to column analysis of uniform and non-uniform multi-storey building
under earthquake loading and to determine the critical behaviour of column using ETABS
software with the response spectrum method. The result of analysis are ETABS gives less value
for dynamic shear by response spectrum method. Those values should be scaled appropriately
according to IS code 1893 - 2000 clause 7.8.2. Static approach gives higher values of forces
and moments which makes building uneconomical hence consideration of dynamic approach
is also needed. Lateral force at floor level due to static shear is almost same for both building
but due to dynamic shear it is less in storey 4 & 5 in case1 and more in storey 8.

2.9 A Study on review paper on seismic responses of multi-stored RCC building with
mass irregularity by Sagar R Padol, Rajashekhar S. Talikoti.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 16

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor
level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper
highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history
and analysis is done by using ETABS software many of the studies have shown seismic
analysis of the RCC structures with different irregularities such as mass irregularity, stiffness
and vertical geometry irregularity. Whenever a structure having different irregularity, it is
necessary to analyze the building in various earthquake zones. From many past studies it is
clear that effect of earthquake on structure can be minimize by providing shear wall, base
isolation etc.

2.10 A study on Review Paper on Dynamic Analysis of Building by Pralobh S. and

Kanhaiya K.

A study on Review Paper on Dynamic Analysis of Building by Pralobh S. Gaikwad and

Kanhaiya K. Tolani, Late G. N. Sapkal College of Engineering, Nasik, Maharashtra, the
dynamic effect on the building with symmetrical configuration for the analysis purpose basic
parameter taken are lateral force, base shear, storey drift , storey shear and results are
interpreted on the bases of this parameter. Lack of research have observed on the building with
unsymmetrical configuration thus in the further work i will compared the building with
unsymmetrical configuration. Due to the unsymmetrical the important factor to be considered
is torsion.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 17

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CHAPTER 3

ANTALOGY:

TABLE 3.1

TITLE ABSTRACT METHOD DATA USED RESULTS CONCLUSION

AND
SOFTWARE
Dynamic To study the E-tabs software Storey G+12 1) ESA 1. Dynamic analysis
Analysis irregularity in plan (version 9.7.1) Approximate time gives different time
Column 0.75*0.75m
of due to Re- entrant 1. Time history period. 2) period for regular and
size
Building corner. Buildings method. ESA Approximate irregular buildings.
with Plan with large 2. Response Beam 0.45*0.50m Base shear. 2. ESA gives different
Irregularity projections of Re- spectrum method. size 3) Base shear by values of Base shear for
entrant corners 3. Equivalent static response spectrum all regular and irregular
results in torsion. analysis (ESA) Wall 0.23m analysis. buildings.
thickness 4) Base shear by 3. RSA gives different
Time History and less value of base
Grade of M30 analysis. shear than ESA.
concrete 5) Time history 4. THA gives lesser
analysis of EI value of Base shear
Soil type Medium Centro Earthquake than RSA.
5. ESA and RSA base
Seismic Zone 5 shear value in Y-
zone direction is more than
X-direction but it is not
Damping 5% necessary for THA.
Floor 3kN/m2
live
load
Roof 1kN/m2
live
load
Floor to 3.1m
floor
height

Height 40.3m
of
building
model

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 18

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 3.2

TITLE ABSTRACT METHOD DATA USED RESULTS CONCLUSION

AND
SOFTWARE
Dynamic To study and E-tabs software 1. Type of 1.Maximum 1) Storey drift in Time
analysis of to design a (version 9.7.1) structure-- Multi- Displacement in History analysis is found
structures structure in 1. Time history storey rigid Z direction and to be 2 to 8 percent
subjected to such a way method. jointed 3-D the numerical higher than that of
earthquake that the 2. Response frames values is Response Spectrum
load damage to the spectrum 2. No of storey- 1.14 times more Analysis in both types of
structure and method. - G+20, twenty for Times buildings i.e. regular &
its structural stories history analysis irregular.
component 3. Seismic as compared to 2) For high rise building
during an Zones- IV Response it is necessary to provide
earthquake is 4. Floor height-- spectrum dynamic analysis
minimized 3.0m. analysis. because of nonlinear
5. Building 2. Maximum distribution of forces.
height-- 60.00m Storey Drift in 3) For important
6. Plan size-- case of Time structure time history
24.50 x 21.00m history analysis analysis should be
7. Total area-- is performed it predicts the
514.5sqm 1.02 times structural response more
8. Size of greater than accurately.
columns-- 0.50m Response 4) The displacement
x 0.50 m spectrum value will depend upon
9. Size of beams- analysis. frequency of earthquake
- 0.30m x 0.60m 3. Maximum and natural frequency of
10. Walls- base shear in the structure.
(a) External- case of 5) The base shear value
0.20m Response obtained in case of
(b) Internal spectrum Response spectrum
0.10m 11 analysis is 1.18 analysis are more as
Thickness of times greater compared to Time
slab- 125 mm than Time history analysis as its
12. Imposed history analysis. depends on the frequency
load- 4.00kN/ content of the earthquake
m2 data.
13. Floor finish - 6) Storey displacement
1.00kN/ m2 greater in Time history
analysis as compared to
Response spectrum
analysis.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 19

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TITLE ABSTRACT METHOD DATA RESULTS CONCLUSION

AND USED
SOFTWARE

Dynamic To study the E-tabs software 1. Dead load 1) Storey drift in 1. For the Drift in X-
analysis of seismic analysis (version 9.7.1) for column 9 X & Y direction. Direction the C Shape
multi storey and design on 1. Time history KN/m 2) Storey shear Building is having
structure for structural method. 2. Dead load in X & Y better results than
different shapes behaviour of 2. Response for beam direction. other cases (General
multi-storey spectrum method. 5.0625 KN/m. 3) Building buildings, O Shape
building (G+12) 3. Live load: It overturning buildings, T Shape
for different plan consist of Floor moment. buildings).
configurations load which is 4) Bending 2. For the Drift in Y-
like Rectangular, taken as moment in both Direction the O Shape
C- shape, T- 3.5KN/m2. X & Y direction. Building is having
Shape, O- Shape 4. Seismic better results than
Buildings. Load: The other cases (General
To study the different buildings, C Shape
effect of structural seismic buildings, T Shape
displacements, parameters are buildings).
drifts, story shear, taken as 3. For the Shear force
overturning follows, IS point of view the
moments 1893(Part- minimum value of
1):2002. shear force was
· Seismic obtained for T Shape
zone: V buildings than other
(Z=0.36). cases (General
· Soil type: buildings, O Shape
II buildings, C Shape
· building) in both X
Importance and Y Directions
factor: 1. . 4. For the Bending
Damping: 5%. moment point of view
5. Length X the minimum value of
width: 27m X Bending moment was
24m 6. obtained for T Shape
columns buildings than other
spaced at 3m cases (General
from centre to buildings, O Shape
centre. buildings, T Shape
7. The storey building) in both X
height is 3m. and Y Directions
8. The storey 5. For the Building
height between overturning the C
two floors is Shape buildings has
3.0m less values than other
9. Beam size cases
0.45x0.45m 6. Results have been
10. Column proved that C shape
sizes 0.6x0.6m building is more
11. The slab vulnerable compare to
thickness is all other different
taken as shapes.
0.125m.
13. Number of
stories: 13
14. Storey
height: 3M
TABLE 3.3

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 20

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 3.4

STITLE ABSTRACT METHOD DATA USED RESULTS CONCLUSION

AND
SOFTWA
RE
Dynamics To study the E-tabs Plan 6m*6m 1. Maximum 1. Re-entrant building
analysis of RC comparison of software dimension storey undergo maximum
regular and regular and re- (version 9.7.1) displacement is displacement and drift
Storey 3m
irregular entrant corner Time history higher along Y compared to regular
height
structures building by analysis direction in all frame.
using Time conducting time Bay along 6m the models and 2. Building with 80%
History history analysis x- displacement is re-entrant deflex more
Method located is seismic direction minimum in than other building.
zone 5. Bay along 6m regular frame. 3. Regular models
And also to y- 2. Maximum undergo minimum
evaluate storey direction storey drift is storey drift compared
displacement, Grade of Fe415 same along X to irregular models. 4.
storey drift, time Steel and Y Due to lesser area and
period, base shear direction for mass, the model
and the forces of Grade of M30 model 1 and 2 having 80% re-entrant
the columns near Concrete and model 4 is is having least base
the re-entrant Size of 300mm having shear.
corner beams * maximum 5. Irregular models
. 600mm drift. are having greater
Size of 750mm 3. Base shear values of time period
columns * for regular and hence are less
750mm plan structure stiff compared to
Thickness 150mm is highest. another regular
of 4. Time period model.
slab is maximum in 6. Stress and forces
Density of 25kN/ 80% re-entrant for the columns near
concrete m3 building. the re-entrant corner
5. Column are the highest.
Floor 1kN/m3 forces: The
finishes column near
the re-entrant
Live load 3N/m3
corner is
Glazing 1.875k subject to
load N/ greater stress
m3 and forces.
Thickness 300mm
of
shear wall
Zone 0.36
factor z
Importance 1
factor,1

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 21

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TITLE ABSTRACT METHOD DATA USED RESULTS CONCLUSION

AND
SOFTWARE
Seismic It is an attempt to E-tabs software (version 1. Live load: 3kN/m2 at 1) Torsion 1) The plan configuration
Analysis of a investigate the effect of 9.7.1) typical floor and 1.5 2) Base shear in X of the structure has major
Multi- Irregular plan 1. Time history method. KN/m2 on terrace. & Y direction. impact on the seismic
Storeyed configuration for multi- 2. Response spectrum 2. Wall load: Exterior 3) Max storey response of the structure in
Building with storeyed reinforced method. walls: 12kN/m and displacement in X terms of displacement,
Irregular Plan concrete building Interior walls: 6kN/m & Y direction. story drift, story shear etc...
model. and Parapet wall: 4) Base reactions 2) The structural
Post analyses of the 6kN/m in X &7 Y performance of the
structure such as 3. Wind Load: As per direction. building model is better in
Maximum Storey IS: 875(Part 3) - 1987 5) Storey drift in zone II when compared to
Displacement, Base 4. Earthquake Load: As X & Y directions. the other three zones. That
Shear, Storey Drift, per IS-1893 (Part 1) – 6) Overturning too, in soil Type I (i.e.,
Maximum base 2002 moments. Hard Soil) it performs well
reactions, Torsion and 5. Storey Height: 3) It has been concluded
Over-turning moments Typical floor: 3 m, that the Storey Overturning
are computed Ground floor: 3m moment decreases with
6. Floors: G.F. + 25 increase in the storey
upper floors. height.
7. Slab Thickness: 115 4) Greater the height of the
mm structure (building), higher
8. Grade of Concrete: will be the Storey
M40 Displacement.
9. Grade of Steel: 5) The Drift values
1) For Beams: increases along with the
Longitudinal storey height to some
Reinforcement: Fe500 extent and then decreases.
Shear Reinforcement: In this case, The Storey
Fe250 Drift value of the building
2) For Columns: is more at storey 19 in all
Longitudinal the zones. With the help of
Reinforcement: Fe550 graph, we can also
Shear Reinforcement conclude that, as the plan
: Fe415 configuration changes, the
drift curve also changes its
fashion even in the same
structure.
6) The Torsion and Base
shear values of the building
decreases with increase in
height of the structure.
7) The above stated
Structural properties (i.e.,
Displacement, Storey Drift,
Base shear, Overturning
Moment…) of the building
differs more by about 72%
in Zone V when compared
to Zone II.
8) Whereas, the Axial
shear force
values are same in all the
zones.

TABLE 3.5

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 22

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CHAPTER 4

OBJECTIVES:

1. To analyse structures using ETABS software for static load.

2. To investigate the behaviour of re-entrant corner building under dynamic loading.

3. To study the column forces for Columns near the re-entrant corner.

4. To study the parameters such as displacement drift, base shear & time period of irregular
buildings.

5. To establish proper methodology to analyse and design irregular RC structure.

6. To perform dynamic analysis of regular structures too understand the structural behaviour
during earthquake.

7. To compare the behaviour of RC irregular frames in zone V.

8. To publish a proper consciousness towards the parameter which affect the design of irregular
structures.

9. Performing response spectrum methods to analyse a typical irregular RC structure.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 23

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Methodology:

Software Learning

Software Validation

Parametric Studies

Results Discussion and

Conclusion

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 24

 Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

ETABS software:
ETABS is an engineering software product that caters to multi-story building analysis and
design. Modelling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods and
solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of structure.
Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions may be evaluated using ETABS.
For a sophisticated assessment of seismic performance, modal and direct-integration time-
history analyses may couple with P-Delta and Large Displacement effects. Nonlinear links and
concentrated PMM or fibre hinges may capture material nonlinearity under monotonic or
hysteretic behaviour. Intuitive and integrated features make applications of any complexity
practical to implement. Interoperability with a series of design and documentation platforms
makes ETABS a coordinated and productive tool for designs which range from simple 2D
frames to elaborate modern high-rises.

Modelling of Structural Systems

Fundamental to ETABS modelling is the generalization that multi-story buildings typically
consist of identical or similar floor plans that repeat in the vertical direction. Modelling features
that streamline analytical-model generation, and simulate advanced seismic systems, are listed
as follows:

• Templates for global-system and local-element modelling

• Customized section geometry and constitutive behaviour
• Grouping of frame and shell objects
• Link assignment for modelling isolators, dampers, and other advanced seismic systems
• Nonlinear hinge specification
• Automatic meshing with manual options
• Editing and assignment features for plan, elevation, and 3D views

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 25

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Loading, Analysis, and Design

Once modelling is complete, ETABS automatically generates and assigns code-based loading
conditions for gravity, seismic, wind, and thermal forces. Users may specify an unlimited
number of load cases and combinations.

Analysis capabilities then offer advanced nonlinear methods for characterization of static-
pushover and dynamic response. Dynamic considerations may include modal, response-
spectrum, or time-history analysis. P-delta effect account for geometric nonlinearity.

Given enveloping specification, design features will automatically size elements and systems,
design reinforcing schemes, and otherwise optimize the structure according to desired
performance measures.

Output
Output and display formats are also practical and intuitive. Moment, shear, and axial force
diagrams, presented in 2D and 3D views with corresponding data sets, may be organized into
customizable reports are also available in detailed section cuts depicting various local response
measures. Global perspectives depicting static displaced configurations or video animations of
time-history response are available as well.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 26

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CHAPTER 5
Validation of ETABS software:
Validation is done with data respect to the regular G+12 storey structure, from the research
paper [1]. Response spectrum analysis is done by applying seismic loads.

PLAN DETAILS:

The structure is 32m in x-direction & 24m in y-direction with columns spaced at 4m from
centre to centre. The storey height is kept as 3m. Basically model consists of multiple bay
fifteen storey building, each bay having width of 4m. The storey height between two floors is
3.0m with beam and column sizes of 0.45x0.45m respectively and also the slab thickness is
taken as 0. 125m.Shape of the building for all the cases is shown in figure.

A. The material properties and geometry of the model are described below in table 5.1.

TABLE 5.1

Dimensions Values
Length X width 32m X 24m
Number of stories 15
Support conditions Fixed
Storey height 3m
Grade of concrete 30 Mpa
Grade of steel Fe415

Size of columns from 1-5 storey 650mm x 650mm

Size of columns from 6-15 storey 500mm x 500mm

Size of beams 450mm x 450mm

Height of parapet wall 0.9m
Thickness of main wall 230mm

Thickness of parapet wall 115mm

Load details for the model is given in the below table 5.2

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 27

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 5.2

Loads Values

Wall load 13.8 KN/m

Wall load (of Parapet wall at top

2.07 KN/m
floor):

Live load:

Floor load 4KN/m2

Roof load 2KN/m2

Seismic Load:

Seismic zone V (Z=0.36)

Soil type II

Importance factor 1

Response reduction factor 5

Damping 5%

All the results are given below. We have selected rectangular section from the paper [1]. And
the comparison of results is also given below.

Data from dynamic analysis performed is given in the table 5.3 and the data from dynamic
analysis from [1] is given in the table 5.4.

TABLE 5.3

modal mass participation

Modes time period Frequency ratios
X trans Y trans
1 1.57 0.637 0 75.5
2 1.524 0.656 75.82 0
3 1.372 0.729 0 0
sum of 12 modes 93.32 93.28

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 28

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 5.4

modes time period Frequency modal mass participation ratios

X trans Y trans
1 1.332729 0.75034 0 77.0963
2 1.303713 0.767039 77.3483 0
3 1.200129 0.833243 0 0
sum of 12 modes 94.6027 94.5829

The below Fig 5.1 and Fig 5.2 is the graph plotted for the Storey displacement. The graph is
plotted for displacement vs Storey. The results for storey displacement are given in the table
5.5.

STOREY DISPLACEMENT
45
40
35
DISPLAMENT (MM)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
base plinth GF 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th
STOREY

Fig 5.1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

storey

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 29

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Fig 5.2
TABLE 5.5

Result obtained Result of the paper

43 mm 38mm

The below Fig 5.3 and Fig 5.4 is the graph plotted for the Storey drift. The graph is plotted
for storey drift vs Storey. The results for storey drift are given in the table 5.6.

storey drift (mm)

5
4.5
STOREY DRIFT (MM)

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
STOREY

Fig 5.3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

STOREY

Fig 5.4

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 30

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 5.6

Result obtained Result of the paper

4.3 mm 9mm

The below Fig 5.5 and Fig 5.6 is the graph plotted for the Storey Overturning moment. The
graph is plotted for storey moment vs Storey. The results for storey Overturning moment are
given in the table 5.7.

STOREY OVERTURNING MOMENT

140000
120000
100000
MOMENT

80000
60000
40000
20000
0

STOREY

Fig 5.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

storey

Fig 5.6

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 31

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 5.7

Result obtained Result of the paper

119000 KN 112000 KN
The below Fig 5.7 and Fig 5.7 is the bar graph plotted for the Storey Shear. The graph is
plotted for storey Shear vs Storey. The results for storey Shear are given in the table 5.8.

storey shear KN
4500

4000

3500
STOREY SHEAR (KN)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1st storey 5th storey 10th storey 15th storey

Fig 5.7

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

Storey shear (KN)

Fig 5.8

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 32

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

TABLE 5.8

storey storey shear obtained storey shear [1]

1st storey 4166.3 3000
5th storey 3294.6 2800
10th storey 2351.61 2000
15th storey 633.19 500

CONCLUSION FOR VALIDATION

• Initially Static Analysis is done.
• ETABS software is learnt. Dynamic analysis is studied thoroughly and validation of
the software is done by selecting a model from paper [1].
• We compared the modal mass participation ratios and the result we obtained was 1.3%
less.
• We compared the Storey displacement values, Value we obtained is 21% more.
• The maximum storey drift value we got is 4.34 mm, the maximum drift value from the
paper is 9 mm. There is a difference of 50% in the values.
• The storey overturning moment we obtained is 13.8% greater than the value in paper.
• The Storey shear results we obtained were nearly 32% greater.
• Seeing all the results we obtained and validation of software is also done, it is expected
to proceed with the parametric studies.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 33

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CHAPTER 6

Regular and Irregular Building Structures:

Because of the considerations of the magnitude and pattern of the buildings structural
elements and their arrangements the building structure are referred as regular and irregular
building structures. The IS1893 (part 1)2002 has recommended building configuration
system in section 7
for the better performance of RC buildings during earthquake. The building configuration has
been described as regular or irregular in terms of size and shape of the building, arrangement
of structural elements and mass.
Regular building configurations are almost symmetrical in plan and elevation about the Axis
and have uniform distribution of the lateral force resisting structure such that it Provides
continuous load path for both gravity and lateral loads. A building that lacks symmetry and
has discontinuity in geometry, mass or load resisting elements is called irregular. These
irregularities may cause interruption of force flow and stress concentrations. Asymmetrical
arrangement of mass and stiffness of elements may cause large torsional force (where the
center of mass does not coincide with center of rigidity)
The irregularities are categorized in two types
Vertical irregularities
Horizontal irregularities

Horizontal irregularity:

This refers to asymmetrical plan shapes (eg. L, T, U, F +) or discontinuities in horizontal

resisting elements (diaphragms) such as cutouts large openings, re-entrant corners and other
abrupt changes resulting in torsion diaphragm deformations and stress concentration.
a. Torsion irregularities: Torsion irregularity shall be considered when floor diaphragms are
rigid in their own plane in relation to the vertical structural elements that resist the lateral
forces. Torsional irregularity is considered to exist when the maximum storey drift computed
with design eccentricity at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2
times the average of the storey drift at the two ends of the structure.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 34

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

b. Re – entrant corners: according to IS 1893 plan configurations of a structure and its

lateral force resisting systems contain re-entrant corners where both projections of the
structure beyond the re-entrant corner are greater than 15% of its plan dimension in the given
direction.
c. Diaphragm discontinuity: the diaphragm discontinuity may occur with abrupt variations
in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50% of the gross
enclosed diaphragm area, or change in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50% from
one storey to the next.
d. Non – parallel systems: the vertical load resisting elements are not parallel or
symmetrical about the major orthogonal axis of the lateral force resisting system. This
condition results in a high probability of tensional forces under a ground motion because the
centre of mass and resistance doesn’t coincide.

Models Considered for the Analysis:

The model consists of G+15 floors, consisting of four types rectangular L
shape, W shape, I shape. In add ition to this 4 more models are considered and each model
has different irregularities. The bottom structure remains same for all the models. The
behavior of models are studied by carrying out dynamic analysis. Each model has different
irregularity. specification of the are given below in the table.

W- shaped model FIG 6.1

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 35
Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

L shaped model

FIG 6.2

Rectangular shaped mode

FIG 6.3

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 36

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

I – shaped model

FIG 6.4
Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 37
Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Parameters Considered for the Building Design

Parameter Type/Value

Structure Type RC frame structure

Number of Stories G+15

Storey Height 3m

Bay Width in both direction 5m

Wall thickness 230mm

Beam Size 450mmX300mm

Column Size 450mmX450mm

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel Fe500

Live Load on the top 1.5kN/m2

Impose load 3Kn /m2

Seismic Zone 3

Zone factor 0.16

Importance Factor 1

Response Reduction Factor 5

Soil Type II

Slab thickness 150mm

Table 6.1: Parameters considered for the building design

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 38

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

STOREY DISPLACEMENT

TABLE 6.2

storey displacement
140
120
displacement(mm)

100
80
60
R
40
L
20
I
0
W

storey

FIG 6.5

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 39

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

STOREY DRIFT

TABLE 6.3

storey drift
0.004
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
drift (mm)

I
0.002
R
0.0015
L
0.001
W
0.0005
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
storey no

FIG 6.6
Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 40
Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

CONCLUSION FOR THE ANALYSIS:

Effect of parameters studied on storey drift:

1. According to IS:1893:2002 (part I),maximum limit for storey drift with partial load factor
1.0 is 0.004 times of storey height. Here, for 3.6 m height and load factor of 1.5, though
maximum drift will be 21.6 mm.

2. It is observed from result tables and figures that for all the buildings considered drift values
follow a similar path along storey height with maximum value lying somewhere near the
second to tenth storey.

3. In zone II zone III and zone IV it is observed that for all the buildings storey drift is safe
under its permissible limit and hence there is no need to provide shear wall.

4. In zone V in case of without shear wall and with shear wall it is observed that building 1, 2
and 3 are well within permissible limits. Building 4 exceeds permissible values from fourth
to eleventh storey so in case of building 4 shear wall should be provided throughout the
building height.

Effect of parameters studied on lateral displacement:

1. According to IS:456:2000, maximum limit for lateral displacement is H/500, where H is

building height. Here for building height 72 m maximum limit for displacement is 144 mm.
Results for lateral displacement are tabulated in the result tables.

2. In zone II it is observed that all the buildings are safe within permissible limit in case of
without shear wall also hence there is no need to provide shear wall.

3. In zone IV it is observed that all the buildings exceeds permissible limits largely in case of
without shear wall, but when shear wall is provided values exceeds slightly.

4.In zone V it is observed that all the buildings exceeds badly to maximum permissible limits
of displacement, hence to reduce displacements shear wall must be provided throughout the
building height.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 41

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

Within the scope of present work following conclusions are drawn:

1. For all the frames considered, drift values follow a similar path along storey height with
maximum value lying somewhere near the second to tenth storey.

2. From drift point of view, in zone II, zone III and zone IV all the frames are within
permissible limit, hence there is no requirement of shear wall in these zones. In zone V only
building 4, i.e., C shape building exceeds permissible limits and requires shear wall
throughout the height.

3. From displacement view point, only in zone II all the buildings are within permissible limit.
In zone III building 1 slightly exceeds permissible value on 15th floor, but building 2, 3 and
4 requires shear wall to control the limit. In zone IV all the buildings exceeds limits largely.
And in zone V all the buildings exceeds largely and requires shear wall throughout the
height to control displacement limits.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 42

Dynamic analysis of irregular structures using ETABS software

REFERENCES:

1 Mohammed Rizwan sultan and Gouse peera on Dynamic Analysis of multi-storey

building for different shapes international journal of innovative research in advanced
engineering (ijirae) issn: 2349-2163issue 8, volume 2 (august 2015).

2 Malavika Manilal and S.V.Rajeeva on Dynamic Analysis of RC Regular and Irregular

Structures using Time History Method of international journal of research in
Engineering and technology .

3 Komal R Bele and S B Borghate on Dynamic analysis of building with Plan

Irregularity of journal of civil Engineering and Environmental Technology, print issn
2349-8404, volume 2 (April June 2015).

4 Dr. S K Dubey, Prakash Sangamnerkar and Ankit Agarwal on Dynamic Analysis of

Structures subjected to Earthquake Load of International Journal of Advance
Engineering and Research Development volume 2 issue 9 (sept 2015).

5 K Upendra Reddy and Dr. E Arunakanthi on Dynamic Analysis of Multistorey

Structures for different shapes of IJTIMES Volume 3, Issue 12 (Dec 2017).

6 N Mohan Reddy and Dr. E Arunakanthi on Seismic analysis of Multistoreyed

Building with Irregular plan configuration using ETABS of IJSRD volume 3, issue 9,
2015.

7 IS code book 1893 (part 1) 2002, Indian standard criteria for Earthquake resistant
design of structures.

8 Some Concepts in Earthquake behaviour of buildings by C.V.R Murty, Rupen

9 Goswami, A.R. Vijaya Narayana and Vipul V Mehta.

Department of Civil Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore. Page 43