MAIR 12/ CSE B / JULY 2022

Linear Algebra and Calculus

Problem Sheet Unit-2

1. Let X be a non-empty set and F be a field. F(X, F) = {f : X → F} is the set of all

functions from X to F. Show that F(X, F) is a vector space over the field F with the
operations: for any f, g ∈ F(X, F) and α ∈ F
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) and (αf )(x) = αf (x),
where x ∈ X.
2. P(F) = {a0 + a1 x + · · · + ak xk : a0 , a1 , · · · , an ∈ F and k ∈ N} be the set of all
polynomials whose coefficients are from the field F. Show that P(F) is a vector space
over the field F with the operations: suppose m ≤ n,
(a0 +a1 x+·+am xm )+(b0 +b1 x+· · ·+bn xn ) = (a0 +b0 )+(a1 +b1 )x+· · ·+(an +bn )xn ,
where am+1 = · · · = an = 0 and
α(a0 + a1 x + · + am xm ) = αa0 + αa1 x + · + αam xm .

3. Let V = {(a1 , a2 ) : a1 , a2 ∈ R}. For any (a1 , a2 ), (b1 , b2 ) ∈ V and α ∈ R,

(a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 − b2 ) and α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , αa2 ).
Show that V is not a vector space.
4. Let V = {(a1 , a2 ) : a1 , a2 ∈ R}. For any (a1 , a2 ), (b1 , b2 ) ∈ V and α ∈ R,
(a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + b1 , 0) and α(a1 , a2 ) = (αa1 , 0).
Show that V is not a vector space.
5. Let X be a non-empty set and R be a field. Fe (X, R) = {f : X → F : f (−x) = f (x)}
is the set of all even functions from X to F. Show that Fe (X, R) is a vector space
over the field R with the operations: for any f, g ∈ Fe (X, R) and α ∈ R
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) and (αf )(x) = αf (x),
where x ∈ X.
6. Let V and W be vector spaces over F. Let us define Cartesian product V × W =
{(v, w) : v ∈ V, w ∈ W }. Show that V × W is a vector space over the field F with
the operations: For any (v1 , w1 ), (v2 , w2 ) ∈ V × W and α ∈ F
(v1 , w1 ) + (v2 , w2 ) = (v1 + v2 , w1 + w2 ) and α(v1 , w1 ) = (αv1 , αw1 ).

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 7. Let {⋆} be any singleton set and W be vector spaces over F. Let us define Cartesian
product {⋆} × W = {(⋆, w) : w ∈ W }. Show that {⋆} × W is a vector space over the
field F with the operations: For any (⋆, w1 ), (⋆, w2 ) ∈ {⋆} × W and α ∈ F

(⋆, w1 ) + (⋆, w2 ) = (⋆, w1 + w2 ) and α(⋆, w1 ) = (⋆, αw1 ).

8. Let n ∈ N and Pn (F) = {a0 + a1 x + · · · + ak xk : a0 , a1 , · · · , an ∈ F and 1 ≤ k ≤ n}

be the set of all polynomials of degree less than or equal to n whose coefficients are
from the field F. Show that Pn (F) is the subspace of P(F).
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9. Let Mm×n (R) be the set of all matrices with non-negative entries from R. Show that
+
Mm×n (R) is not a subspace of Mm×n (R).

10. Let W1 and W2 be vector subspaces of V over F. show that W1 ∩ W2 is a vector

subspace of V .

11. Determine which of the following sets are subspaces of R3 .

(a) W1 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : a1 = 3a2 , a3 = −a2 }
(b) W2 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : a1 = a3 + 2}
(c) W3 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : 2a1 − 7a2 + a3 = 0}
(d) W4 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : a1 + 2a2 − 3a3 = 1}
(e) W5 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : 5a21 − 3a22 + 6a23 = 0}
(f) W6 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : αa1 + βa2 + γa3 = 0, α, β, γ ̸= 0}

12. Let Um×n (F) = {(aij ) ∈ Mm×n (F) : aij = 0, if i > j} be the set of all upper triangular
matrices with entries from F. Show that Um×n (F) is a subspace of Mm×n (F).

13. Let X be a non-empty set, x0 ∈ X and Fx0 (X, F) = {f ∈ F(X, F) : f (x0 ) = 0}.
Show that Fx0 (X, F) is a subspace of F(X, F).

14. Let S = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vk } be a subset of a vector space V over the field F. Show
that V0 = {α1 v1 + · · · + αk vk ∈ V : α1 , · · · , αk ∈ F} is the smallest subspace of V
containing S. [Hint: Show that V0 contains S and if W is a subspace of V contains
S then V0 ⊂ W .]

15. Show that the following sets are linearly independent.

(a) {(1, 0, 0, −1), (0, 1, 0, −1), (0, 0, 1, −1), (0, 0, 0, 1)} in R4 .
(b) {1, x, · · · , xn } in Pn (F).
(c) {E ij : 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n} in Mm×n (F), where E ij denotes the matrix whose
only non-zero entry is 1 in the ith row and jth column.

16. Let V be a vector space and S1 ⊂ S2 ⊂ V . Then prove the following

(a) If S1 is linearly dependent, then S2 is linearly dependent.
(b) If S2 is linearly independent, then S1 is linearly independent.

17. Let V be a vector space. Show that if u and v are linearly independent vectors of V
then u + v and u − v are linearly independent vectors of V .

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18. Let V be a vector space and S ⊂ V . Show that if 0 ∈ S then S is linearly dependent.

19. Find the basis and dimension of the following vector spaces.
(a) W1 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) ∈ F5 : a1 + a3 + a5 = 0, a2 = a4 }.
(b) W2 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) ∈ F5 : a1 − a3 − a4 = 0}.
(c) W3 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) ∈ F5 : a1 + a5 = 0, a2 = a3 = a4 }.
(d) W4 = {(a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) ∈ Fn : a1 = an }.
(e) W4 = {(a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) ∈ Fn : ak = 0 if k is even}.
(f) Dn×n (F) be set of all diagonal n × n matrices whose entries from the field F.
(g) Sn×n (F) be the set of all symmetric n × n matrices whose entries from the field
F.
(h) Un×n (F) be set of all upper triangular n × n matrices whose entries from the
field F.
(i) Fix a ∈ R. Pn (R, a) = {f ∈ Pn (R) : f (a) = 0}.
(j) {⋆} × W , where {⋆} be any singleton set and W be vector spaces over F with
basis β = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn }.

20. Determine which of the following sets are basis of R3 .

(a) {(1, 0, −1), (2, 5, −1), (0, −4, 3)}
(b) {(2, −4, 1), (0, 3, −1), (6, 0, −1)}
(c) {(1, 2, −1), (1, 0, 2), (2, 1, 1)}
(d) {(1, 3, 1), (2, −4, −3), (−3, 8, 2)}
(e) {(1, −3, −2), (−3, 1, 3), (−2, −10, −2)}

21. Determine which of the following sets are basis of P2 (R).

(a) {−1 − x + 2x2 , 2 + x − 2x2 , 1 − 2x + 4x2 }
(b) {1 + 2x + x2 , 3 + x2 , x + x2 }
(c) {−1 + 2x + 4x2 , 3 − 4x − 10x2 , −2 − 5x − 6x2 }
(d) {1 − 2x − 2x2 , −2 + 3x − x2 , 1 − x + 6x2 }
(e) {1 + 2x − x2 , 4 − 2x + x2 , −1 + 18x − 9x2 }

Definition 1 Let A = (aij ) ∈ Mm×n (F). We define A∗ = (a∗ij ) by (a∗ij ) = (aji ). We

call A∗ as adjoint of A.

22. Show that Mn×n (F) is an inner product space with the inner product defined by
⟨A, B⟩ = trace(B ∗ A), for any A, B ∈ Mn×n (F).

23. Determine weather the following are an inner product on the given vector space.
(a) ⟨(a, b), (c, d)⟩ = ad − bc on R2 .
(b) ⟨A, B⟩ = trace(A + B) on M2×2 (R).
R1
(c) ⟨f (x), g(x)⟩ = 0 f ′ (t)g(t)dt on P(R), where f ′ is the differentiation of f .

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24. Let ⟨·, ·⟩1 and ⟨·, ·⟩2 be two different inner product on a vector space V . Show that
⟨·, ·⟩ = ⟨·, ·⟩1 + ⟨·, ·⟩2 is an inner product on V .
25. Let S be a non-empty subset of a inner product space V and
S ⊥ = {v ∈ V : ⟨v, s⟩ = 0, ∀ s ∈ S}. Show that S ⊥ is a subspace of V .
26. Apply Gram-Schmidt process to obtain orthonormal basis for the following sets:
(a) {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 3, 3)} in R3 .
(b) {(1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)} in R3 .
R1
(c) {1, x, x2 } in P2 (R) with ⟨f, g⟩ = 0 f (t)g(t)dt.
(d) {(1, i, 0), (1 − i, 2, 4i)} in C3 .
(e) {(2, −1, −2, 4), (−2, 1, −5, 5), (−1, 3, 7, 11)} in R4 .
     
3 5 −1 9 7 −17
(f) , , in M2×2 (R) with ⟨A, B⟩ = trace(B ∗ A).
−1 1 5 −1 2 −6
     
2 2 11 4 4 −12
(g) , , in M2×2 (R).
2 1 2 5 3 −16
(h) {(1, i, 2 − i, −1), (2 + 3i, 3i, 1 − i, 2i), (−1 + 7i, 6 + 10i, 11 − 4i, 3 + 4i)} in C4 .
27. Show that T is a linear transformation and find the basis for N (T ) and R(T ). Also
verify Rank-Nullity Theorem.
(a) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , −a2 ).
(b) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , 0).
(c) T : Mm×n (F) → Mn×m (F) defined by T (A) = AT .
(d) T : Pn (R) → Pn−1 (R) defined by T (f (x)) = f ′ (x).
 
f (1) − f (2) 0
(e) T : P2 (R) → M2×2 (R) defined by T (f (x)) = .
0 f (0)
Rx
(f) T : P2 (R) → P3 (R) defined by T (f (x)) = 2f ′ (x) + 0 3f (t)dt.
(g) T : P2 (R) → R3 defined by T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) = (a0 , a1 , a2 ).
(h) T : R3 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 , a3 ) = (a1 − a2 , a3 ).
(i) T : R2 → R3 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 + a2 , 0, a1 − a2 ).
   
a11 a12 a13 2a11 − a12 a13 + a12
(j) T : M2×3 (F) → M2×2 (F) defined by T = .
a21 a22 a23 0 0
(k) T : P2 (R) → P3 (R) defined by T (f (x)) = xf (x) + f ′ (x).
(l) T : Mn×n (F) → F defined T (A) = trace(A).
28. Show that the following are not linear transformation.
(a) T : R → R defined by T (x) = x2 .
(b) T : R2 → R3 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , a2 , a1 a2 ).
(c) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 , a2 + 3).
29. T : P3 (R) → P2 (R) defined by T (f (x)) = f ′ (x). Let β and γ be the standard basis
of P3 (R) and P2 (R) respectively. Compute [T ]γβ .

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30. Let β and γ be the standard basis of Rn and Rm respectively. For each linear
transformation T : Rn → Rm , compute [T ]γβ .
(a) T : R2 → R3 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (2a1 − a2 , 3a1 + 4a2 , a1 ).
(b) T : R3 → R2 defined by T (a1 , a2 , a3 ) = (2a1 + 3a2 − a3 , a1 + a2 ).
(c) T : Rn → Rn defined by T (a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) = (an , an−1 , · · · , a1 ).
(d) T : Rn → R defined by T (a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) = a1 + an .
 
a b
31. T : M2×2 (R) → P2 (R) defined by T = (a + b) = (2d)x + bx2 . Let β and γ be
c d
the standard basis of M2×2 (R) and P2 (R) respectively. Compute [T ]γβ .

32. T : R2 → R3 defined by T (a1 , a2 ) = (a1 − a2 , a1 , 2a1 + a2 ). Let β = {(1, 2), (2, 3)}
and γ = {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (2, 2, 3)}. Compute [T ]γβ .

Definition 2 Let β = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } be an ordered basis for the finite dimensional

Pn V . For any x ∈ V , Let α1 , α2 , · · · , αn ∈ F be the unique scalars such
vector space
that x = i=1 αi vi . We define Co-ordinate vector of x relative to β by
 
α1
 α2 
[x]β =  .. 
 
.
αn

33. Let β be an ordered basis for the n−dimensional vector space V and T : V → Fn
defined by T (x) = [x]β . Show that T is linear transformation.