Name Dhrumil Bhavsar

Enrolment no – 190280117004

Aim: Configure, and calibrate the I/P converter for level control
system
Theory:
A current to pressure converter also known as current to pressure transducer
converts 4 to 20 mA analog signal into proportional 0.2 to 1 Kg/cm^2 ( 3 to 15 psig)
pneumatic signal. It is necessary to translate electrical output from control system
into corresponding pressure signal to operate pneumatic actuators, pneumatic
valves, dampers etc.

It is a link between – electric controller (which has a standard 4-20 mA current

output) – and pneumatic actuators which operate on air pressure

Usually, direct action and reverse action are the two types that are available.
Selection of the
action depends on the type of final control element I.e., control valve and actuator
available in the process. The device can be wall mounted or pipe mounted or on
the valve actuator depending upon the vibrations existing in the plant.

Prerequisite:

• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system

• Working of flapper Nozzle sensor
Working Principle:

The input to the I/P converter is control signal from electronic controllers varying
in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA. This input is connected to the voice coil assembly
which consists of a permanent magnet and an electromagnetic coil. The name
voice call is because of its resemblance with the audio amplifier circuit. A soft iron
piece is attached to the flapper which is attracted towards coil due to
magnetisation of the coil. The extent of pull towards coil depends on the
magnitude of the current passing through the coil which is a control signal or
output of the controller.

As per the variations in the current through the coil, the magnetic strip attached to
the coil is attracted or repelled. Due to this, the flapper in the flapper nozzle sensor
is repelled or attracted towards the nozzle. As there is pivot at the centre, when
the strip is attracted at the coil end, it moves away from the nozzle. Also when the
strip is repelled at the coil end, it moves closer to the nozzle.

When flapper moves away from the nozzle, the output pressure decreases and
the output pressure increases if flapper comes closer to the nozzle.

The transducer is to be calibrated such as, when the input is 4 mA, the output
pressure is 0.2 Kg/cm^2 and when input is 20 mA, the output pressure is
1Kg/cm^2.

Calibration Procedure:

1. Open protective covers to expose zero and span adjustment screws.

2. Connect 1.4 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 20 psig supply pressure and connect input signal i.e.
4-20 mA.

3. Set the input signal to 4 mA and check the output pressure on gauge as 3 psig.
If necessary, adjust zero screw until reaching 0.2 Kg/cm^2 i.e., 3 psig. Turn zero
screw counterclockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to decrease pressure.

4. Set the input current signal to 20 mA and check the output pressure on gauge
as 1 Kg/cm^2 i.e., 15 psig.

If necessary, adjust the span screw until reaching 15 psig pressures. Turn span
screw counterclockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to decrease pressure.

5. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (4 mA ~ 3 psig) has not
changed after adjusting the span. If necessary, repeat steps 4 through 5 to
fine-tune the unit.

Zero adjustment: As per the working standard of the I/P converter if the 4-mA
current is applied to the coli the output of the converter should be 0.2 Kg.cm^2.
This output depends on the distance between flapper and nozzle. Due to change
in distance between flapper and nozzle may change and hence using the zero
screw the distance between flapper and nozzle is adjusted so as to obtain 0.2
Kg/cn^2.

Span Adjustment: The output of the I/P converter should be 1 kg/cm^2 when 20
mA current is applied. When we apply 20 mA current the flapper tilts and the
distance between flapper and nozzle is reduces in turn increasing the back
pressure. In case the output is equal to 1 kg/cm^2, even if we apply 20 mA, then
the nozzle is displaced towards the tip reducing the distance between flapper and
nozzle in turn increasing the output pressure. This is true for direct acting I/P
converter while opposite response will be observed if it is reverse acting. While
adjusting the span the position of nozzle is changed hence when the control signal
is made 4 mA, the output will not be 0.2 Kg.cm^2 hence adjustment of zero
becomes mandatory. To complete the calibrations minimum three iterations are
advised.

Pre-test:
Procedure:

1. Introduction

• Select the application.

• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration

• Select I/p converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.

• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected I/p converter type, Select the require components

from symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization

• Take multiple readings to check output of I/p converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration
 • Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage Accuracy.
• Calibrate the I/p converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the I/p converter's few readings.

Simulation:
1)Direct acting:

Configuration:

Connection diagram:
Process diagram:

Observation:
Graph:

Calibration:
Corrected output after calibration:

Observation:
 Fault Detection:

2)Reverse acting:

Configuration:
Connection diagram:

Process diagram:
Observation:

Graph:
Calibration:

Corrected output after calibration:

Observation:

Fault detection:
Post-test:

Conclusion:
In this experiment we configured and calibrated the I/P converter for level
control system successfully.
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

L. D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad-15
Gujarat Technological University
Winter 2021
PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION-3151709

NAME: KHUSHALI PATEL

ENROLLMENT NUMBER: 190280117048

EXPERIMENT 2 & 7
V-lab practical
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

Experiment-2
Aim: Configure, and calibrate the I/P converter for
pressure control system
Theory:
➢ A current to pressure converter also known as current to pressure transducer
converts 4 to 20 mA analog signal into proportional 0.2 to 1 Kg/cm^2 ( 3
to 15 psig) pneumatic signal.
➢ It is necessary to translate electrical output from control system into
corresponding pressure signal to operate pneumatic actuators, pneumatic
valves, dampers etc.
➢ It is a link between – electric controller ( which has a standard 4-20 mA
current output ) – and pneumatic actuators which operate on air pressure
➢ Usually direct action and reverse action are the two types that are available.
Selection of the action depends on the type of final control element I.e.
control valve and actuator available in the process.
➢ The device can be wall mounted or pipe mounted or on the valve actuator
depending upon the vibrations existing in the plant.

Prerequisite:

• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system

• Working of flapper Nozzle sensor
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

Working Principle:
➢ The input to the I/P converter is control signal from electronic controllers
varying in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA.
➢ This input is connected to the voice coil assembly which consists of a
permanent magnet and an electromagnetic coil.
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

➢ The name voice call is because of its resemblance with the audio amplifier
circuit.
➢ A soft iron piece is attached to the flapper which is attracted towards coil
due to magnetisation of the coil.
➢ The extent of pull towards coil depends on the magnitude of the current
passing through the coil which is a control signal or output of the controller.
➢ As per the variations in the current through the coil, the magnetic strip
attached to the coil is attracted or repelled.
➢ Due to this, the flapper in the flapper nozzle sensor is repelled or attracted
towards the nozzle.
➢ As there is pivot at the centre, when the strip is attracted at the coil end, it
moves away from the nozzle. Also when the strip is repelled at the coil end,
it moves closer to the nozzle.
➢ When flapper moves away from the nozzle, the output pressure decreases
and the output pressure increases if flapper comes closer to the nozzle.
➢ The transducer is to be calibrated such as, when the input is 4 mA, the
output pressure is 0.2 Kg/cm^2 and when input is 20 mA, the output
pressure is 1Kg/cm^2.

Calibration Procedure:
1. Open protective covers to expose zero and span adjustment screws.
2. Connect 1.4 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 20 psig supply pressure and connect input signal
i.e. 4-20 mA.
3. Set the input signal to 4 mA and check the output pressure on gauge as 3
psig.
If necessary adjust zero screw until reaching 0.2 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 3 psig.
Turn zero screw counter clockwise to increase pressure, clockwise
to decrease pressure.

4. Set the input current signal to 20 mA and check the output pressure on
gauge as 1 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 15 psig.

If necessary adjust the span screw until reaching 15 psig pressures.

Turn span screw counter clockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to
decrease pressure.
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

5. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (4 mA ~ 3 psig) has not
changed after adjusting the span. If necessary repeat steps 4 through 5 to
fine-tune the unit.

Zero adjustment:
As per the working standard of the I/P converter if the 4 mA current
is applied to the coli the output of the converter should be 0.2
Kg.cm^2. This output depends on the distance between flapper and
nozzle. Due to change in distance between flapper and nozzle may
change and hence using the zero screw the distance between flapper
and nozzle is adjusted so as to obtain 0.2 Kg/cn^2.

Span Adjustment:
The output of the I/P converter should be 1 kg/cm^2 when 20 mA
current is applied. When we apply 20 mA current the flapper tilts and
the distance between flapper and nozzle is reduces in turn increasing
the back pressure. In case the output is equal to 1 kg/cm^2, even if we
apply 20 mA, then the nozzle is displaced towards the tip reducing
the distance between flapper and nozzle in turn increasing the output
pressure. This is true for direct acting I/P converter while opposite
response will be observed if it is reverse acting. While adjusting the
span the position of nozzle is changed hence when the control signal
is made 4 mA, the output will not be 0.2 Kg.cm^2 hence adjustment
of zero becomes mandatory. To complete the calibrations minimum
three iterations are advised.

Pre-test
What will be the output of any Flapper and Nozzle sensor?
a: Change in pressure
b: Change in flow of air
c: Inductance
d: Change in displacement
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

When the reference junction is the same temperature as the measurement

junction in a thermocouple circuit, the output voltage (measured by the
sensing instrument) is:
a: Reverse polarity
b: Zero
c: Noisy
d: unreliable

The instruments used for the measurement of pressure is/are

a: Bellows
b: Diaphragms
c: Fiber optic pressure sensors
d: All of these

Which of the following is not a type of pressure sensing element?

a: Bellows
b: Bourdon tube
c: Orifice plate
d: Diaphragm

If a force of 3400 pounds is applied to a circular piston 2 inches in diameter,

calculate the fluid pressure working against the piston.
a: 344.5 PSI
b: 270.6 PSI
c: 1700 PSI
d: 1082.3 PSI
Submit Quiz
5 out of 5
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

Procedure
Instruction to run the simulator

Simulator contains 6 steps

1. Introduction \
2. Configuration \
3. Connection \
4. Characterization \
5. Calibration \
6. Fault Detection

Procedure to run the simulator's 6 steps:

1. Introduction

• Select the application.

• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration

• Select I/p converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.

• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected I/p converter type, Select the require components

from symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

• Take multiple readings to check output of I/p converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration

• Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage

Accuracy.
• Calibrate the I/p converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the I/p converter's few reading

Simulation
Select Application
Pressure Controller

Pressure Control Theory

• The example is of a typical pressure control in a reservoir.
• Temperature in the tank (T100) containing gas is to be controlled by
adjusting the IN FLOW of the gas, based on the control strategy
prescribed by the control expert.
• The pressure in the tank is measured using a pressure sensor (PE 100).
• The output of the sensor is converted into instrument standard viz. 4~20
mA/HART/FF using a pressure transmitter (PT 100).
• The output of the transmitter will be based on the selection of the
configuration of the transmitter i.e. it can be 4~20 mA, HART or FF
signal.
• The output of the transmitter is connected to a PID controller (PIC 100).
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

• As per the output of the controller the I/P converter (PY 100) will send
corresponding pneumatic signal to the control valve (PCV 100).
• It is pertinent to note that the accuracy of the controller will be dependant
of the accuracy of the sensing and transmitting signal.
• The configuration and calibration of the transmitter becomes essential to
achieve the best results.
• Hence in this experiment you are required to select/configure/calibrate
level transmitter.
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

Simulation test

Pressure Controller Questions

Question No : 1
If the polarities of the power supply are interchanged what will be the output of the I/P
converter?

It will work as per standard output

The converter will give 0.2 kg/cm² irrespective of change in input

The transmitter will give 20 mA irrespective of change in input

The transmitter will give less than 0.2 kg/cm² irrespective of change in input

Question No : 2
In which situation the converter will reverse its readings i.e. for minimum output will be 1
Kg/cm² and 0.2 Kg/cm² for maximum?

Power supply polarities are interchanged

The selected I/P converter is of the type direct

Analog output channels are interchanged

The selected I/P converter is of the type reverse

Question No : 3
What is the maximum voltage that can be applied to the I/P converter?

48 VDC

18 VDC
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

12 VDC
24 VDC

Question No : 4
What is the process variable and manipulated variable in this control loop?

Outlet Pressure and Inlet Flow

Tank pressure and Outlet flow

None of the listed

Tank pressure and Inlet flow

Question No : 5
What change is required in the settings of the pressure transmitter, if the CV 200 is to be used
as manipulated variable?

Zero and span settings need to be changed

Only zero setting needs to be changed

Nothing is required to be changed

Only span setting needs to be changed

Question No : 6
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

In case of a PY 100 what type of control valve will be suitable for appropriate operation?

Pneumatically operated control valve

None of the listed

Hydraulically operated control valve

Motorised control valve

Simulation
Next level
 Batch B2
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Circuit simulation
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

OBSERVATION TABLE

GRAPH
Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048
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Khushali patel-190280117048

Observation table when zero, span &

linearity adjusted successfully

Post test
A differential pressure transmitter is calibrated 0 to 80 inches of water and transmits a 4 to
20 mA dc signal. This transmitter is placed across an orifice plate which is sized to create 80
inches of water differential 6 gallons per minute. What is the flow rate when the signal is 13
mA dc?
a: 3.9 gpm
b: 4.5 gpm
c: 3.4 gpm
d: 4.9 gpm

For the equipment described in the preceding question, what will the signal be if the flow
rate is 4 gpm?
a: 11.2 mA dc
b: 13.3 mA dc
c: 8.9 mA dc
 Batch B2
Khushali patel-190280117048

d: 6.7 mA dc

Assume the line used in Questions 1 and 2, is a 1/2-inch schedule 40 pipe (IV = 0.622 inches).
find the orifice bore used to satisfy the conditions given if the measured fluid is water at 60
Deg F
a: 0.190 inches
b: 0.556 inches
c: 0.414 inches
d: 0.352 inches

The best choice of orifice taps in the preceding problem would be:
a: Flange taps
b: Vena-contracta taps
c: Corner taps
d: Pipe taps

A 2-inch schedule 40 line (lD = 2.067) is used to carry gasoline (Specific Gravity = 0.75). The
flow rate is measured with an orifice plate (d = 1.034) and pipe taps are used. At full flow
rate, a differential pressure of 50 inches of water is produced. What is the approximate full
flow rate in gpm?
a: 36 gpm
b: 250 gpm
c: 53 gpm
d: 30 gpm

Submit Quiz
5 out of 5
 NAME= MARU MOHIT G.

ENROLL. NO= 200280117513

SUBJECT= PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION

VLAB EXPERIMENT NO= 3

BATCH= B3

AIM= Calibration and fault finding of current to pneumatic converter for flow control system.

THEORY=

A current to pressure converter also known as current to pressure transducer converts 4 to 20 mA

analog signal into proportional 0.2 to 1 Kg/cm^2 ( 3 to 15 psig) pneumatic signal. It is necessary
to translate electrical output from control system into corresponding pressure signal to operate
pneumatic actuators, pneumatic valves, dampers etc.
It is a link between – electric controller ( which has a standard 4-20 mA current output ) – and
pneumatic actuators which operate on air pressure
Usually direct action and reverse action are the two types that are available. Selection of the
action depends on the type of final control element I.e. control valve and actuator available in the
process. The device can be wall mounted or pipe mounted or on the valve actuator depending
upon the vibrations existing in the plant.

Prerequisite:

• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system

• Working of flapper Nozzle sensor
Working Principle:

The input to the I/P converter is control signal from electronic controllers varying in the range of
4 mA to 20 mA. This input is connected to the voice coil assembly which consists of a
permanent magnet and an electromagnetic coil. The name voice call is because of its
resemblance with the audio amplifier circuit. A soft iron piece is attached to the flapper which is
attracted towards coil due to magnetisation of the coil. The extent of pull towards coil depends
on the magnitude of the current passing through the coil which is a control signal or output of the
controller.
As per the variations in the current through the coil, the magnetic strip attached to the coil is
attracted or repelled. Due to this, the flapper in the flapper nozzle sensor is repelled or attracted
towards the nozzle. As there is pivot at the centre, when the strip is attracted at the coil end, it
moves away from the nozzle. Also when the strip is repelled at the coil end, it moves closer to
the nozzle.
When flapper moves away from the nozzle, the output pressure decreases and the output pressure
increases if flapper comes closer to the nozzle.
The transducer is to be calibrated such as, when the input is 4 mA, the output pressure is 0.2
Kg/cm^2 and when input is 20 mA, the output pressure is 1Kg/cm^2.
Calibration Procedure:

1. Open protective covers to expose zero and span adjustment screws.

2. Connect 1.4 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 20 psig supply pressure and connect input signal i.e. 4-20 mA.
3. Set the input signal to 4 mA and check the output pressure on gauge as 3 psig.
If necessary adjust zero screw until reaching 0.2 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 3 psig. Turn zero screw counter
clockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to decrease pressure.

4. Set the input current signal to 20 mA and check the output pressure on gauge as 1
Kg/cm^2 i.e. 15 psig.

If necessary adjust the span screw until reaching 15 psig pressures. Turn span screw counter
clockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to decrease pressure.

5. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (4 mA ~ 3 psig) has not changed after
adjusting the span. If necessary repeat steps 4 through 5 to fine-tune the unit.

Zero adjustment: As per the working standard of the I/P converter if the 4 mA current is
applied to the coli the output of the converter should be 0.2 Kg.cm^2. This output depends on the
distance between flapper and nozzle. Due to change in distance between flapper and nozzle may
change and hence using the zero screw the distance between flapper and nozzle is adjusted so as
to obtain 0.2 Kg/cn^2.
Span Adjustment: The output of the I/P converter should be 1 kg/cm^2 when 20 mA current is
applied. When we apply 20 mA current the flapper tilts and the distance between flapper and
nozzle is reduces in turn increasing the back pressure. In case the output is equal to 1 kg/cm^2,
even if we apply 20 mA, then the nozzle is displaced towards the tip reducing the distance
between flapper and nozzle in turn increasing the output pressure. This is true for direct acting
I/P converter while opposite response will be observed if it is reverse acting. While adjusting the
span the position of nozzle is changed hence when the control signal is made 4 mA, the output
will not be 0.2 Kg.cm^2 hence adjustment of zero becomes mandatory. To complete the
calibrations minimum three iterations are advised.

PRETEST=

What will be the output of any Flapper and Nozzle sensor?

a: Change in pressure b: Change in flow of air c: Inductance d: Change in
displacement

When the reference junction is the same temperature as the measurement junction in a
thermocouple circuit, the output voltage (measured by the sensing instrument) is:
a: Reverse polarity b: Zero c: Noisy d: unreliable
The instruments used for the measurement of pressure is/are
a: Bellows b: Diaphragms c: Fiber optic pressure sensors d: All of these

Which of the following is not a type of pressure sensing element?

a: Bellows b: Bourdon tube c: Orifice plate d: Diaphragm

If a force of 3400 pounds is applied to a circular piston 2 inches in diameter, calculate the
fluid pressure working against the piston.
a: 344.5 PSI b: 270.6 PSI c: 1700 PSI d: 1082.3 PSI
Submit Quiz
5 out of 5

PROCEDURE=

Instructions to run the simulator

Simulator contains 6 steps

1. Introduction \
2. Configuration \
3. Connection \
4. Characterization \
5. Calibration \
6. Fault Detection

Procedure to run the simulator's 6 steps:

1. Introduction

• Select the application.

• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration
 • Select I/p converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.
• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected I/p converter type, Select the require components from symbol
library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization

• Take multiple readings to check output of I/p converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration

• Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage Accuracy.
• Calibrate the I/p converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the I/p converter's few reading.

SIMULATION=
 Flow Controller Questions

Question No : 1

What is purpose of characterization?

Establish relation between input and transmitter output

Identify in which region the accuracy is maximum

Identify in which region linearity is maximum

All the points mentioned

Question No : 2

What is purpose of calibration?

Set the range of the transmitter

Set the limits of accuracy

 Set the standard output for the required limits of process parameter

All the points mentioned

Question No : 3

What is purpose of Linearity?

Set majority of the points of the transmitter output in the operating region

Set majority of the points of the transmitter output on linear graph

Set all the points of the transmitter output on linear graph

None among listed

Question No : 4

What is the process variable and manipulated variable in this control loop?

Pump discharge flow and Outlet flow

Tank pressure and Inlet flow

Outlet Pressure and Inlet Flow

None of the listed

Question No : 5

What change is required in the settings of the pressure transmitter, if the CV 200 is to be
used as manipulated variable?

Zero and span settings need to be changed

Only zero setting needs to be changed

Nothing is required to be changed

Only span setting needs to be changed

Question No : 6

In case of a FY 100 what type of control valve will be suitable for appropriate operation?

Motorised control valve

Pneumatically operated control valve

Hydraulically operated control valve

None of the listed

Submit Test Next Level

READING BEFORE CALIBRATION=

NO INPUT IN mA OUTPUT IN KG/CM^2

1 4 0.404
2 5 0.454
3 6 0.503
4 7 0.553
5 8 0.603
6 9 0.653
7 10 0.712
8 11 0.762
9 12 0.812
10 13 0.859
11 14 0.909
12 15 0.570
13 16 0.618
14 17 0.678
15 18 0.723
16 19 0.782
17 20 0.842
READINGS AFTER CALIBRATION=

NO INPUT IN mA OUTPUT IN KG/CM^2

1 4 0.2
2 5 0.254
3 6 0.303
4 7 0.353
5 8 0.403
6 9 0.453
7 10 0.502
8 11 0.552
9 12 0.602
10 13 0.649
11 14 0.699
12 15 0.75
13 16 0.798
14 17 0.848
15 18 0.903
16 19 0.952
17 20 1
POST TEST=

A differential pressure transmitter is calibrated 0 to 80 inches of water and transmits a 4 to

20 mA dc signal. This transmitter is placed across an orifice plate which is sized to create
80 inches of water differential 6 gallons per minute. What is the flow rate when the signal is
13 mA dc?
a: 3.9 gpm b: 4.5 gpm c: 3.4 gpm d: 4.9 gpm

For the equipment described in the preceding question, what will the signal be if the flow
rate is 4 gpm?
a: 11.2 mA dc b: 13.3 mA dc c: 8.9 mA dc d: 6.7 mA dc

Assume the line used in Questions 1 and 2, is a 1/2-inch schedule 40 pipe (IV = 0.622
inches). find the orifice bore used to satisfy the conditions given if the measured fluid is
water at 60 Deg F
a: 0.190 inches b: 0.556 inches c: 0.414 inches d: 0.352 inches

The best choice of orifice taps in the preceding problem would be:
a: Flange taps b: Vena-contracta taps c: Corner taps d: Pipe taps

A 2-inch schedule 40 line (lD = 2.067) is used to carry gasoline (Specific Gravity = 0.75).
The flow rate is measured with an orifice plate (d = 1.034) and pipe taps are used. At full
flow rate, a differential pressure of 50 inches of water is produced. What is the
approximate full flow rate in gpm?
a: 36 gpm b: 250 gpm c: 53 gpm d: 30 gpm

Submit Quiz
5 out of 5

REFERENCES=

• Bela G Liptak, "Instrument Engineers Handbook: Process Control", Chilton, Third ed.,
1995
• F. G. Shinskey, "Feedback controllers: Tuning, Applications &Design", McGraw-Hill,
4th ed.

CONCLUSION=

After performing this practical, I am able to do Calibration and fault finding of

current to pneumatic converter for flow control system.
 L.D. College Of Engineering
Ahmedabad – 380015

Process instrument
( 3151709)

practical:- 04

( calibration and fault finding of i/p converter for

temperature control system )

Branch I.C. Engineering

Semester V
Batch B4
Faculty CVS
Aim :
Configure, and calibrate the I/P converter for temperature control
system
Theory :
A current to pressure converter also known as current to pressure
transducer converts 4 to 20 mA analog signal into proportional 0.2 to 1
Kg/cm^2 ( 3 to 15 psig) pneumatic signal. It is necessary to translate electrical
output from control system into corresponding pressure signal to operate
pneumatic actuators, pneumatic valves, dampers etc.

It is a link between – electric controller ( which has a standard 4-20 mA

current output ) – and pneumatic actuators which operate on air pressure

Usually direct action and reverse action are the two types that are available.
Selection of the
action depends on the type of final control element I.e. control valve and
actuator available in the process. The device can be wall mounted or pipe
mounted or on the valve actuator depending upon the vibrations existing in
the plant.

Prerequisite:

• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system

• Working of flapper Nozzle sensor
Working Principle:
The input to the I/P converter is control signal from electronic controllers
varying in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA. This input is connected to the voice
coil assembly which consists of a permanent magnet and an electromagnetic
coil. The name voice call is because of its resemblance with the audio
amplifier circuit. A soft iron piece is attached to the flapper which is attracted
towards coil due to magnetisation of the coil. The extent of pull towards coil
depends on the magnitude of the current passing through the coil which is a
control signal or output of the controller.

As per the variations in the current through the coil, the magnetic strip
attached to the coil is attracted or repelled. Due to this, the flapper in the
flapper nozzle sensor is repelled or attracted towards the nozzle. As there is
pivot at the centre, when the strip is attracted at the coil end, it moves away
from the nozzle. Also when the strip is repelled at the coil end, it moves closer
to the nozzle.

When flapper moves away from the nozzle, the output pressure decreases
and the output pressure increases if flapper comes closer to the nozzle.

The transducer is to be calibrated such as, when the input is 4 mA, the output
pressure is 0.2 Kg/cm^2 and when input is 20 mA, the output pressure is
1Kg/cm^2.
Calibration Procedure:
1. Open protective covers to expose zero and span adjustment screws.

2. Connect 1.4 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 20 psig supply pressure and connect input
signal i.e. 4-20 mA.

3. Set the input signal to 4 mA and check the output pressure on gauge as
3 psig.

If necessary adjust zero screw until reaching 0.2 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 3 psig. Turn zero
screw counter clockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to decrease
pressure.

4. Set the input current signal to 20 mA and check the output pressure on
gauge as 1 Kg/cm^2 i.e. 15 psig.

If necessary adjust the span screw until reaching 15 psig pressures. Turn span
screw counter clockwise to increase pressure, clockwise to decrease
pressure.

5. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (4 mA ~ 3 psig) has
not changed after adjusting the span. If necessary repeat steps 4
through 5 to fine-tune the unit.

Zero adjustment: As per the working standard of the I/P converter if the 4 mA
current is applied to the coli the output of the converter should be 0.2
Kg.cm^2. This output depends on the distance between flapper and nozzle.
Due to change in distance between flapper and nozzle may change and hence
using the zero screw the distance between flapper and nozzle is adjusted so
as to obtain 0.2 Kg/cn^2.

Span Adjustment: The output of the I/P converter should be 1 kg/cm^2 when
20 mA current is applied. When we apply 20 mA current the flapper tilts and
the distance between flapper and nozzle is reduces in turn increasing the back
pressure. In case the output is equal to 1 kg/cm^2, even if we apply 20 mA,
then the nozzle is displaced towards the tip reducing the distance between
flapper and nozzle in turn increasing the output pressure. This is true for
direct acting I/P converter while opposite response will be observed if it is
reverse acting. While adjusting the span the position of nozzle is changed
hence when the control signal is made 4 mA, the output will not be 0.2
Kg.cm^2 hence adjustment of zero becomes mandatory. To complete the
calibrations minimum three iterations are advised.

Pretest :

Procedure :
Simulator contains 6 steps

1. Introduction \
2. Configuration \
3. Connection \
4. Characterization \
5. Calibration \
6. Fault Detection

Procedure to run the simulator's 6 steps:

1. Introduction

• Select the application.

• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration

• Select I/p converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.

• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected I/p converter type, Select the require

components from symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization

• Take multiple readings to check output of I/p converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration
 • Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage
Accuracy.
• Calibrate the I/p converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the I/p converter's few reading.

Simulation :
Circuit diagram :
TY 100 Characterisation value
Corrected output response
TY 100 Characterisation value
Circuit Diagram :
TY 100 Characterisation value
Corrected output response

TY 100 Characterisation value

 Post -test

Conclusion :
Calibration and fault finding of current to
pneumetic converter for temperature control system
is successfully completed.
 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
EXPERIMENT – 5

NAME – Deepankar Patnaik

ENROLLMENT – 190280117057
BATCH – B5

AIM –
Calibration and fault finding of pneumatic to current converter for level control
system.

THEORY –
Prerequisite:
• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system
• Working of Piezo-resistive sensor
• Working of LVDT
• Working of voltage to current converter

Necessity of P to E converter:
In certain areas of process plants, use of electrical transmitters are not
recommended. The basic nature of process as unsafe for any spark or flash due to
which the plant may be exposed to fire. Many other ways of mitigating this hazard
are available like use of pneumatic transmitters, ex-proof housings, Zener barriers
etc. In most of the modern plants the control system is electronic due to its
inherent strengths the sensing must be done using pneumatic principle. The P to
E converter is used to interface these transmitters to electronic control systems.
Hence it is essential to use these converters in process plants.
Theory:

The input signal which is air pressure in the range 0.2 to 1.0 kg/cm2 which is
output of the pneumatic transmitter is applied to a solid-state piezo-resistive
transducer/LVDT which converts the air pressure into corresponding
resistance/voltage. This transducer is connected in Wheatstone's bridge circuit in
case of a strain gauge. When there is no pressure, the bridge is balanced.
According to the variations in the input control signal, small output voltage is
available as the bridge is unbalanced. The voltage obtained is amplified and
further converted in mA current. When the input signal is 0.2 kg/cm2 the output
is adjusted to 4 mA with zero adjustment and for 1.0 kg/cm2 the output is adjusted
to 20 mA with span adjustment.

In case of LVDT the core is moved upwards after applying the pneumatic signal
which will in turn will change the output voltage of the LVDT. This voltage is
converted to current signal as the requirement of interfacing signal is current
Calibration of P/I converter
Generally, P/I converter is calibrated for standard industrial signals as 0.2-1.0
kg/cm^2 (3-15 psig) input corresponds to 4-20 mA DC output.

To adjust the zero and span settings

Generally, two adjustments for zero and span are provided on front panel of unit.
1. Connect control input 0.2-1.0 kg/cm^2 i.e., 3-15 psig.
2. Set the input signal to 0.2 kg/cm^2 (3 psig) and check the output current as
4 mA.
3. If the current is showing more or less than 4 mA then adjust zero. Turn
zero adjustment screw slowly by small turn to obtain 4 mA current.
4. Set the input pressure signal to 1.0 kg/cm^2 (15 psig) and check the output
current 20 mA.
5. Turn the span adjustment potentiometer slowly by small turn to obtain 20
mA current.
6. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (3 psig ~ 4mA) has not
changed after adjusting the span. If necessary, repeat steps 3 through 5 to
fine-tune the unit.

PRE – TEST
PROCEDURE –

1. Introduction

• Select the application.

• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration

• Select P/I converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.

• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected P/I converter type, Select the required components

from symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization

• Take multiple readings to check output of P/I converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration

• Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage

Accuracy.
• Calibrate the P/I converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
 • Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the P/I converter's few readings.

SIMULATION –
• Direct Acting –

Configuration

Connection Diagram
Reading Input (in Output (in mA)
No. kg/cm²)
1 0.2 6.08
2 0.3 8.07
3 0.4 10.06
4 0.5 12.24
5 0.6 14.23
6 0.7 16.18
7 0.8 14.28
8 0.9 16.37
9 1 18.43

Observation Table
 Graph

Calibration
 Corrected Output Response

• Reverse Acting

Configuration
 Connection Diagram

Reading No. Input (in kg/cm²) Output (in mA)

1 0.2 17.92
2 0.3 15.93
3 0.4 13.94
4 0.5 11.76
5 0.6 9.77
6 0.7 7.82
7 0.8 9.72
8 0.9 7.63
9 1 5.57

Observations
 Graph

Corrected Output Response

 Fault Detection

POST TEST –
CONCLUSION –
Calibration and fault finding of pneumatic to current converter for level control
system is performed successfully.
 L.D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad – 380015

Process Instrumentation
(3151709)

Experiment: 6
( P/I converter for pressure control system)

Name: Vasoya pranav k.

En. No: 190280117075
Branch: I.C. Engineering
Semester: V
Batch: B6
Faculty: CVS
Aim: Calibration and fault finding pneumatic to
current converter for pressure control system.

Theory:

The input signal which is air pressure in the range 0.2 to

1.0 kg/cm2 which is output of the pneumatic transmitter is applied to a
solid-state piezo-resistive transducer/LVDT which converts the air
pressure into corresponding resistance/voltage. This transducer is
connected in Wheatstone's bridge circuit in case of a strain gauge. When
there is no pressure, the bridge is balanced. According to the variations in
the input control signal, small output voltage is available as the bridge is
unbalanced. The voltage obtained is amplified and further converted in
mA current. When the input signal is 0.2 kg/cm2 the output is adjusted to 4
mA with zero adjustment and for 1.0 kg/cm2 the output is adjusted to 20
mA with span adjustment.

In case of LVDT the core is moved upwards after applying

the pneumatic signal which will in turn will change the output voltage
of the LVDT. This voltage is converted to current signal as the
requirement of interfacing signal is current.

• Calibration of P/I converter

Generally P/I converter is calibrated for standard industrial signals

as 0.2-1.0 kg/cm^2 (3-15 psig) input corresponds to 4-20 mA DC
output.

• To adjust the zero and span settings

Generally Two adjustments for zero and span are provided on front
panel of unit.

1. Connect control input 0.2-1.0 kg/cm^2 i.e. 3-15 psig.

2. Set the input signal to 0.2 kg/cm^2 (3 psig) and check the output
current as 4 mA.
3. If the current is showing more or less than 4 mA then adjust zero.
Turn zero adjustment screw slowly by small turn to obtain 4 mA
current.
4. Set the input pressure signal to 1.0 kg/cm^2 (15 psig) and check
the output current 20 mA.
5. Turn the span adjustment potentiometer slowly by small turn to
obtain 20 mA current.
6. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (3 psig ~ 4mA)
has not changed after adjusting the span. If necessary repeat steps
3 through 5 to fine-tune the unit.
 • Prerequisite:
• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system
• Working of Piezo-resistive sensor
• Working of LVDT
• Working of voltage to current converter

• Necessity of the P to E converter

In certain areas of process plants use of electrical transmitters are not
recommended. The basic nature of process as unsafe for any spark or
flash due to which the plant may be exposed to fire. Many other ways
of mitigating this hazard are available like use of pneumatic
transmitters, ex-proof housings, zener barriers etc. In most of the
modern plants the control system is electronic due to its inherent
strengths the sensing must be done using pneumatic principle. The P
to E converter is used to interface these transmitters to electronic
control systems. Hence it is essential to use these converters in process
plants.

Pretest:
Procedure:
➢ Simulator contains 6 steps
1. Introduction \
2. Configuration \
3. Connection \
4. Characterization \
5. Calibration \
6. Fault Detection

➢ Procedure to run simulator’s 6 steps

1. Introduction
• Select the application.
• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration

• Select P/I converter type and do necessary calculation to

configure it.
• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected P/I converter type, Select the require

components from symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization

• Take multiple readings to check output of P/I converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration

• Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage

Accuracy.
• Calibrate the P/I converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the P/I converter's few reading.

Simulation:
➢ Direct Acting

❖ Configuration

❖ Connection Diagram
❖ Graph
 ❖ Fault Detection

➢ Reverse Acting
❖ Configuration
❖ Connection Diagram
❖ Graph
❖ Corrected output Response
 ❖ Fault Detection

Post-test:
Conclusion: Calibration and fault finding of pneumatic to current converter
for pressure control system is successfully completed.
GOHEL JAYSHIL 190280117018

P/E convertor
Expeiment-7
Aim:
Calibration and fault finding of pneumatic to current converter for flow control system.

Theory:
Prerequisite:
• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system
• Working of Piezo-resistive sensor
• Working of LVDT
• Working of voltage to current converter

Necessity of P to E converter:
In certain areas of process plants use of electrical transmitters are not recommended. The
basic nature of process as unsafe for any spark or flash due to which the plant may be
exposed to fire. Many other ways of mitigating this hazard are available like use of
pneumatic transmitters, ex-proof housings, Zener barriers etc. In most of the modern plants
the control system is electronic due to its inherent strengths the sensing must be done using
pneumatic principle. The P to E converter is used to interface these transmitters to
electronic control systems. Hence it is essential to use these converters in process plants.

The input signal which is air pressure in the range 0.2 to 1.0 kg/cm2 which is output of the
pneumatic transmitter is applied to a solid-state piezo-resistive transducer/LVDT which
converts the air pressure into corresponding resistance/voltage. This transducer is
connected in Wheatstone's bridge circuit in case of a strain gauge. When there is no
pressure, the bridge is balanced. According to the variations in the input control signal, small
output voltage is available as the bridge is unbalanced. The voltage obtained is amplified
and further converted in mA current. When the input signal is 0.2 kg/cm2 the output is
adjusted to 4 mA with zero adjustment and for 1.0 kg/cm2 the output is adjusted to 20 mA
with span adjustment. For further details of working of strain gauge refer "Sensors
Modelling Lab" of COEP.
In case of LVDT the core is moved upwards after applying the pneumatic signal which will in
turn will change the output voltage of the LVDT. This voltage is converted to current signal
as the requirement of interfacing signal is current. For further details of working of LVDT
please refer to "Sensors Modelling Lab" of COEP.

Calibration of P/I converter

Generally, P/I converter is calibrated for standard industrial signals as 0.2-1.0 kg/cm^2 (3-15
PSIG) input corresponds to 4-20 mA DC output.

To adjust the zero and span settings

Generally, two adjustments for zero and span are provided on front panel of unit.
1. Connect control input 0.2-1.0 kg/cm^2 i.e., 3-15 PSIG.
2. Set the input signal to 0.2 kg/cm^2 (3 PSIG) and check the output current as 4 mA.
3. If the current is showing more or less than 4 mA then adjust zero. Turn zero adjustment
screw slowly by small turn to obtain 4 mA current.
4. Set the input pressure signal to 1.0 kg/cm^2 (15 PSIG) and check the output current 20
mA.
5. Turn the span adjustment potentiometer slowly by small turn to obtain 20 mA current.
6. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (3 PSIG ~ 4mA) has not changed after
adjusting the span. If necessary, repeat steps 3 through 5 to fine-tune the unit.
Pre-test:

Procedure:
Simulator contains 6 steps
1. Introduction
2. Configuration
3. Connection
4. Characterization
5. Calibration
6. Fault Detection
Procedure to run the simulator's 6 steps:
1. Introduction
• Select the application.
• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
 • Click Next level.
2. Configuration
• Select P/I converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.
• After Successful configuration click Next Level.
3. Connection
• According to selected P/I converter type, Select the require components from
symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.
4. Characterization
• Take multiple readings to check output of P/I converter.
• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level
5. Calibration
• Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage Accuracy.
• Calibrate the P/I converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level
6. Fault Detection
• Detect the 3 faults for the P/I converter's few readings.

Simulation:
Flow control theory:
• The example is of a typical “distribution system”, wherein as per user demand the flow
will be supplied to user.
• Flow is measured using an orifice plate (FE 100).
• As the relation between the differential pressure and flow is square root, a square root
extractor needs to be configured in the transmitter.
• Based on this signal and the control strategy prescribed by the control expert the
output control valve (FCV 100).
• The output of the sensor is converted into instrument standard viz. 4~20 mA/HART/FF
using a flow transmitter (FT 100).
• The output of the transmitter will be based on the selection of the configuration of the
transmitter i.e., it can be 4~20 mA, HART or FF signal.
• The output of the transmitter is connected to a PID controller (FIC 100).
• As per the output of the controller the I/P converter (FY 100) will send corresponding
pneumatic signal to the control valve (FCV 100).
• The output of flow Transmitter (FT 100) which is a pneumatic transmitter needs to be
converted to electrical signal hence a P/E converter FY 101 is required and added in
this diagram.
• It is pertinent to note that the accuracy of the controller will be dependant of the
accuracy of the sensing and transmitting signal.
• The configuration and calibration of the transmitter becomes essential to achieve the
best results.
• Hence in this experiment you are required to select/configure/calibrate level
transmitter.
Circuit of FY Configuration:

FY characteristics before adjustment:

Reading No. Input (in kg/cm²) Output (in mA)
1 0.2 16.32
2 0.3 14.33
3 0.4 12.34
4 0.5 10.16
5 0.6 8.17
6 0.7 6.22
7 0.8 11.24
8 0.9 9.15
9 1 6.77
After adjustment:
Reading No.Input (in kg/cm²)
Output (in mA)
1 0.2 20
2 0.3 18.03
3 0.4 16.04
4 0.5 13.96
5 0.6 11.97
6 0.7 10.02
7 0.8 8.04
8 0.9 5.99
9 1 4
Post-test:

Conclusion:
In this experiment we configured and calibrated the P/E converter for level control system
successfully.
 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
EXPERIMENT – 8

NAME – Deepankar Patnaik

ENROLLMENT – 190280117057
BATCH – B5

AIM –
Calibration and fault finding of pneumatic to current converter for temperature
control system.

THEORY –

Prerequisite:

• Basic block diagram of Feedback control system

• Working of Piezo-resistive sensor

• Working of LVDT
• Working of voltage to current converter

Necessity of P to E converter:

In certain areas of process plants use of electrical transmitters are not

recommended. The basic nature of process as unsafe for any spark or flash due to
which the plant may be exposed to fire. Many other ways of mitigating this hazard
are available like use of pneumatic transmitters, ex-proof housings, Zener barriers
etc. In most of the modern plants the control system is electronic due to its
inherent strengths the sensing must be done using pneumatic principle. The P to
E converter is used to interface these transmitters to electronic control systems.
Hence it is essential to use these converters in process plants.
Theory:

The input signal which is air pressure in the range 0.2 to 1.0 kg/cm2 which is
output of the pneumatic transmitter is applied to a solid-state piezo-resistive
transducer/LVDT which converts the air pressure into corresponding
resistance/voltage. This transducer is connected in Wheatstone's bridge circuit in
case of a strain gauge. When there is no pressure, the bridge is balanced.
According to the variations in the input control signal, small output voltage is
available as the bridge is unbalanced. The voltage obtained is amplified and
further converted in mA current. When the input signal is 0.2 kg/cm2 the output
is adjusted to 4 mA with zero adjustment and for 1.0 kg/cm2 the output is adjusted
to 20 mA with span adjustment.
In case of LVDT the core is moved upwards after applying the pneumatic signal
which will in turn will change the output voltage of the LVDT. This voltage is
converted to current signal as the requirement of interfacing signal is current.

Calibration of P/I converter

Generally, P/I converter is calibrated for standard industrial signals as 0.2-1.0

kg/cm^2 (3-15 psig) input corresponds to 4-20 mA DC output.

To adjust the zero and span settings

Generally, two adjustments for zero and span are provided on front panel of unit.
1. Connect control input 0.2-1.0 kg/cm^2 i.e., 3-15 psig.

2. Set the input signal to 0.2 kg/cm^2 (3 psig) and check the output current as
4 mA.
3. If the current is showing more or less than 4 mA then adjust zero. Turn
zero adjustment screw slowly by small turn to obtain 4 mA current.

4. Set the input pressure signal to 1.0 kg/cm^2 (15 psig) and check the output
current 20 mA.

5. Turn the span adjustment potentiometer slowly by small turn to obtain 20

mA current.
6. Repeat step 3 to check that the desired low value (3 psig ~ 4mA) has not
changed after adjusting the span. If necessary, repeat steps 3 through 5 to
fine-tune the unit.

PRE – TEST –
PROCEDURE –

1. Introduction

• Select the application.

• Read the theory and start the test.
• Attempt all the questions from the test and submit the test.
• Click Next level.

2. Configuration

• Select P/I converter type and do necessary calculation to configure it.

• After Successful configuration click Next Level.

3. Connection

• According to selected P/I converter type, Select the require components

from symbol library to do the connections.
• Click check connection button.
• After successful connection click Next Level button.

4. Characterization

• Take multiple readings to check output of P/I converter.

• Plot the graph for the same readings.
• Click Next Level

5. Calibration

• Calculate zero error, span error, linearity and Average Percentage

Accuracy.
• Calibrate the P/I converter.
• Remove zero error
• Remove span error.
• Try to get the linearity.
• Click Next Level

6. Fault Detection

• Detect the 3 faults for the P/I converter's few readings.

SIMULATIONS –
• Direct Acting

Configuration

Connection Diagram
 Process Diagram

Reading Input (in Output (in mA)

No. kg/cm²)
1 0.2 7.28
2 0.3 9.27
3 0.4 11.26
4 0.5 13.44
5 0.6 15.43
6 0.7 17.38
7 0.8 13
8 0.9 15.09
9 1 17.15
Observations

Graph
 Calibration

Corrected Output Response

 Fault Detection

• Reverse Action

Configuration
 Connection Diagram

Reading No. Input (in kg/cm²) Output (in

mA)
1 0.2 17.16
2 0.3 15.17
3 0.4 13.18
4 0.5 11
5 0.6 9.01
6 0.7 7.06
7 0.8 10.56
8 0.9 8.47
9 1 6.41

Observations
 Graph

Calibration
 Corrected Output Response

Fault Detection

POST – TEST –
CONCLUSION –
Calibration and fault finding of pneumatic to current converter for temperature
control system is successfully completed.