MRI Basic Course

Physicist: Khaled Khames

2018

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MRI Basic Course

Physicist: Khaled Khames

2018

Restricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2017

 Version
1.0

MRI Basic Course

Physicist: Khaled Khames
2018

Restricted © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2017

Table of contents
MRI Basic Course

• Introduction in MRI physics

• MRI Parameters
• Pulse Sequences

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MRI History

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MRI Physics

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Course Objectives

1. Describe the importance of an

external magnetic field in MRI
2. Explain why the human body is
susceptible to magnetic fields
3. Define nuclear spin and spin
precession
4. Discuss the physics principles
that govern magnetization
5. Explain how MR signals are
generated

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 Lower Energy
Nonionizing radiation
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 NMRI
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images

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 Hydrogen Atom

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A B C

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 Magnetic
Physical properties of proton

1. Spin
2. Magnetic angular moment
3. Precession

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 Proton Spin

proton have positive charge and possess a spin

Due this, they have magnetic field and can bee seen as
little bar magnet

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 Poroton Angular momentum

Angular momentum : it’s an energy which create from proton spin

( Value & Direction )

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 Net Magnetization Vector

Net Magnetization (M) is split into two, perpendicular components:Longitudinal

Magnetization (Mz) along the z-axis
axis of the magnetic field
Transverse Magnetization (Mxy) along the xy-axis
axis of the magnetic field
The net magnetization is the source of the MR signal.

Longitudinal (Z) Transverse (XY)

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 Zero Magnetization

Without any external magnetic field,

the nuclear spins of protons are
randomly oriented in
space.Protons exist naturally in a
random, energetic balance
Precessions are out-of-phase and
incoherent
Directions of the magnetic moments
=0
are randomly distributed
When the value of aligned spins is equal
to zero, there is no magnetization.

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 Longitudinal Magnetization

Exposing the human body to strong,

external magnetic field (B0) causes protons
to align in the direction of B0.

The protons that align in the +z direction

cancel out with protons that align in the -z
direction.Lower energy spins are called spin-
ups
Higher energy spins are called spin-downs
Slightly more protons align in the +z
direction, which creates a surplus of spin-
ups. The result is a net magnetization in the
z direction (Mz).

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 Transverse Magnetization

All spins precess at the same

frequency around the direction of
the magnetic field, but they exhibit a
random phase orientation.
•Constant magnetization (M) results
from the excess spins parallel to the
+z direction
•Perpendicular to the z direction
•Spins cancel out because of the
random orientation
The resulting magnetization in the
xy-direction, the transverse
magnetization, is zero.

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Precession

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 Larmor frequency

Larmor Frequency of the spins.

Larmor Frequency tells us how
frequently the protons precess around the
external magnetic field:Depends on the
type of nucleus and strength of the external
magnetic field applied
Measured in megahertz (MHz)
~63MHz at (1.5 T)
The Larmor frequency increases
proportionally with application of
an external magnetic field B0 and higher
precession frequency of spins.

The MR system must be tuned to the

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Larmor frequency

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Larmor frequency

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Electromagnetic Radiation

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Resonance

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 Resonance
Apply energy to create transverse
magnetization in the xy-direction of
the magnetic field
The magnetization can be tilted
by applying a short electromagnetic
pulse, the RF pulse.
These RF pulses disturb the
equilibrium of spins and excite
protons by applying alternating
magnetic fields in the
radiofrequency range.
The frequency of the RF pulse and
Larmor frequency of spins have
to resonate with each another to
generate an MR signal.

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 RF Pulse

The RF pulse consists of the

following RF coils:
•RF transmitting - antenna for
sending RF pulses
•RF receiving - antenna for receiving
the MR signal
There are 2 types of standard RF
pulses. The angle of the pulse is
called the flip angle.
•90o pulse - flips magnetization in
the transverse direction (xy-plane)
•180o pulse - flips the magnetization
in the longitudinal direction (z-plane)

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 RF Excitation

•90o pulse - flips magnetization

in the transverse direction (xy-
plane)
•180o pulse - flips the
magnetization in the
longitudinal direction (z-plane

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 MR Signal

The MR measurement consists of

two parts:
•Excitation - energy "in"
•Relaxation - energy "out"
How do we capture the MR
signal? Only transverse
magnetization (Mxy) is received by
coil antennas
90° RF pulse turns the longitudinal
magnetization (Mz) into transverse
magnetization (Mxy)
Stronger transverse
magnetization creates a stronger MR
signal
Free Induction Decay (FID) describes
how transverse magnetization
decays quickly over time
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 FID

Free Induction Decay (FID)

describes how transverse magnetization
decays quickly over time

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 Echo , Decay , Relaxation & contrast images

•Describe longitudinal and

transverse relaxation
•Identify the difference between
T1 and T2 relaxation times
•Explain how different types of
contrasts are obtained
•Recognize the components of a spin
echo sequence

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Relaxation

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T2 Relaxation ( Spin-Spin)
Spin

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T2 Relaxation

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T1 Relaxation ( Spin-Lattice)
Spin

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T1 Relaxation

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 TR & TE
Repetition Time ( TR) : the time between two 90 excitation pulse
Echo Time ( TE) : the time between 90 excitation pulse and echo signal

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 T2 Contrast

T2 contrast is based on the

speed of transverse relaxation
With longer echo times, the
curves diverge and the contrast
is produced by the T2 relaxation
Produced by selecting a long TR
and long TE

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 T1 Contrast

Depends on the speed of

longitudinal relaxation
The shorter the T1 time constant,
the higher the signal and the
brighter the image or contrast.
Produced by a relatively short TR (i.e.
500 ms) and a short TE (i.e. 20 ms)

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 Proton Density image

The maximum value that the

longitudinal magnetization recovers
in
different tissues depend on proton
density
Depends on the differences in the
number of hydrogen protons per
voxel
Produced by selecting a long TR and
short TE

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 FID

Free Induction Decay (FID) has a

shorter effective time constant: T2*
The magnetic field inhomogeneities
force the spins to go out of phase
more quickly.
Effects of these magnetic field
inhomogeneities include
:Static T2* - static differences in the
main magnetic field
Tissue Specific T2* - susceptibility
magnetic field differences
Need to eliminate static field
dephasing effects and susceptibility
losses using Spin Echo

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Sequences

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T2 Relaxation

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Rephasing

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Spin Echo(SE)

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Multiple Spin Echo

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Spatial Encoding

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 Spatial Encoding

•Slice Selection

•Phase Encoding

•Frequency Encoding

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 Gradient Magnetic field

63 Hz 63 Hz 63 Hz 63 Hz 63 Hz

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 Gradient Magnetic field

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65 Hz 63
64 Hz 63 Hz 63
62 Hz 63
61Hz
Hz

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Slice Selection

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Slice Selectiona and Orintation

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Phase Encoding

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Phase Encoding

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Frequency encoding

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Frequency encoding

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Fourier transformation

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K-Space
Space

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 K-Space
Space

Phase Encoding
Frequency Encoding

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K-Space
Space

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K-Space
Space

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MRI Parameters

•Signal to Noise Ratio

•Field Of View ( FOV)
•Matrix
•Slice Thickness
•TR & TE
•Averages

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 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

Relationship between the intensity

of signal and noise

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Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

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Field OF View ( FOV)
Field of View (FOV) will determine the amount
of coverage that we have in our slice direction
.

Voxel

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Field OF View ( FOV)

FOV 320 FOV 260

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Matrix

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 Matrix

Matrix Matrix
128*128 256*256

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 Matrix

300
100 Resolution
1.2mm
256
100

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 Slice Thickness
Slice Thickness is a parameter that can be selected. increasing the slice thickness,
many more different types of tissues will be collected in our 2D slice.

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 TR & TE
Repetition Time ( TR) : the time between two 90 excitation pulse
Echo Time ( TE) : the time between 90 excitation pulse and echo signal

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 Averages

Number of repeat Measurements to improve

signal to noise
• increase number of Averages will increase scan time

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 Pulse Sequences

•Spin Echo ( SE )
•Turbo Spin Echo ( TSE)
•Gradient Echo
•Echo Planer image ( EPI)

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Pulse Sequences

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Spin Echo (SE)

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 Spin Echo
T1 WI T2 WI
TR 500ms TE 15ms TR 2850ms TE 95ms

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Turbo Spin Echo ( TSE )

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Turbo Spin Echo ( TSE )

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HAST E ( Half Fourier Acquisition Single
ingle Shot Turbo Spine Echo )

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HAST E ( Half Fourier Acquisition Single
ingle Shot Turbo Spine Echo )

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Gradient Echo

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Gradient Echo

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Axial C.spine
Gradient echo

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 Inversion Recovery ( IR)

Time inversion >>> it’s our star parameter TI msec

Change TI >> change image type

STIR

Flair

True IR.

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Inversion Recovery ( IR)

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Inversion Recovery ( IR)

XY

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Inversion Recovery ( IR)

Z
180° Pulse

XY

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Inversion Recovery ( IR)

Z
180° Pulse

XY

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Inversion Recovery ( IR)

XY

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Inversion Recovery ( IR)

Z
TI msec
90° Pulse

F
XY

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 Inversion Recovery ( IR)

Z
TI msec
90° Pulse

XY

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 STIR (Fat Suppressed)
Short Tau Inversion Recover TI 160ms
Short Time Inversion Recover

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STIR (Fat Suppressed)

Lipoma

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Phase sensitive IR Flair (CSF Suppressed)
TI 350ms TI 2500ms

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Chemical Shift

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In phase Out phase

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Adrenal Adenoma

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Dixon

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DIXON

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DIXON

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 FATsat

chemical Shift Selective

suppression uses the chemical shift
between water and fat to perform
fat suppressed imaging. In this
technique a proton resonance
frequency selective fat saturation
pulse is used to suppress the signal
from macroscopi

220 Hz

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Diffusion

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Diffusion Gradients

Signal

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Diffusion Gradients

Signal

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High diffusion Low diffusion

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Diffusion Gradients

Signal

X
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High diffusion Low diffusion

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Z

Y X

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 Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC)

Acquisition must be repeated with gradients oriented in each of

the 3 directions in space. With 2 acquisitions with different b-
b
factors (typically b = 0 and 1000 s/mm2)
calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to remove the T2
b0 b1000 ADC

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 Thank
Khaled Khames You!
MR Applications specialist
Egypt/Egypt

M : 02- 01282009025
E : [email protected]

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