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Lecture 7

The document discusses performance parameters for rectifiers, including half-wave rectifiers. It defines key parameters such as form factor, ripple factor, transformer utilization factor, displacement angle, harmonic factor, power factor, and crest factor. The form factor and ripple factor measure the shape and ripple content of the output voltage. A lower ripple factor and higher form factor are better. Harmonics in signals cause losses and distortion. Square waves contain infinite odd harmonics while sine waves have no harmonics. Harmonic filters help reduce losses and protect appliances by transforming square waves from UPS devices into closer approximations of sine waves.

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29 views

Lecture 7

The document discusses performance parameters for rectifiers, including half-wave rectifiers. It defines key parameters such as form factor, ripple factor, transformer utilization factor, displacement angle, harmonic factor, power factor, and crest factor. The form factor and ripple factor measure the shape and ripple content of the output voltage. A lower ripple factor and higher form factor are better. Harmonics in signals cause losses and distortion. Square waves contain infinite odd harmonics while sine waves have no harmonics. Harmonic filters help reduce losses and protect appliances by transforming square waves from UPS devices into closer approximations of sine waves.

Uploaded by

muneeralhr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Electronics

Lecture # 7

 Contents of Today`s Lecture:

o Rectifiers
 Performance Parameters
o Half Wave Rectifier
 Performance Parameters

Rectifiers – Performance Parameters


Half Wave Rectifier Circuit diagram and Waveforms:

 Form Factor:
It is the measure of the shape of the output voltage

FF= Vrms/Vdc

The greater the form factor, better it is.

 Ripple Factor:
The ripple Factor is the measure of ripple content in the output.

The lower the Ripple factor, the better it is.

Relation between Form Factor and Ripple Factor:

If Form factor will be high, RF will be low and if Form factor will be low, RF will be high.
The two are related with the equation:
Also, lesser the ripple, higher will be the efficiency
i-e

Eff = (1/FF)2

 Transformer utilization Factor :


“Transformer utilization factor (TUF) of a rectifier circuit is defined as the ratio of the DC power
available at the load resistor and the AC rating of the secondary coil of the transformer”.

It shows that how much AC input has been converted to DC output.

In simple words, how much you are utilizing the input (AC) into output (DC).

Ideally, TUF should be 1.

 Displacement Angle (Φ):


It is the angle or phase difference between the fundamental components of input current and voltage.
Displacement angle in case of DC is zero.
The displacement factor is defined as:
DF= cosΦ

 Harmonic Factor :

The Harmonic Factor or Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is an indicator of the distortion of a
signal. It is the ratio of the RMS value of all the harmonic components of the signal y, to the
fundamental signal Y1. (Ideally, harmonic factor should be zero)

The harmonic factor of the input current is defined as:


where Is1 is the fundamental component of input current Is. Both Is and Is1 are expressed in rms.

 Power Factor:

The input power factor is defined as:

Ideally, PF =1

 Crest Factor:

It is the measure of peak input current (Is) as compared with its RMS value Is.
It is often of interest to specify the peak current ratings of devices and components.
Crest factor of input current is defined as:
Harmonics:
Harmonics cause losses in the system, thus rising the cost of power. The Harmonic factor of sine
wave is 0.
When, different sine signals with different frequencies or phase difference overlap, it gives rise
to the formation of a square wave.
For the Harmonic Analysis of a square wave, we decompose the square signal into infinte signals
of frequencies multiples of 3 plus the signal of fundamental frequency which is 50 Hz.
i-e Mathematically;
square wave= 50Hz + 150Hz+ 250Hz + ….∞
or
square wave = Fundamental signal (sine wave) + 3rd harmonic+5th harmonic+7th
harmonic + …… ∞

From the above expression, we can say that square wave is worst distorted because it
contains infinite number of odd harmonic components. Also, note that in square wave,
even harmonics are zero.

Decomposition of a square wave into harmonic components:


WAPDA provides us roughly 240 AC while the UPS at our home produces square wave which is
fed to the appliances in case of power unavailability from WAPDA.
Unfortunately, this is a reason of wear and tear of our home appliances and is also responsible for
power losses.
Good quality UPS have inbuilt harmonic filters which filter out the harmonics in square wave
and transform it into approximately sine wave, In this way, losses are reduced and our appliances
remain safe.
UPS with Harmonic Filter:

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