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Adobe Scan 12 Feb 2021

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Ankit Saini
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< —2 Calculus of Complex Functions introduction. 2, Limit and continuity off ().8. Derivative off @)— Cauchy-Riemann equating — Haan ron & Hermon fusions Orthogonal system. 6. Application to fow pees Z, Geometrical representation of f(z). 8. Some standard transformations. 9. Conformal ' 10, Special conformal transformations. 11. Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. 12. oo ‘complex functions, 18. Cauchy's theorem. 14, Cauchy's integral formula. 15. Morera’s theorem, Cauchy's inequality, Liouville's theorem, Poisson's integral formulae. 16. Series of terms—Taylor’s series—Laurent’s series. 17. Zeros and Singularities of an analyte function, 18. Residues—Residue theorem. 19. Calculation of residues. 20. Evaluation of eal definite integrals, 21. Objective Type of Questions. 20-1. INTRODUCTION In the previous‘ chapter, we have dealt with some elementary complex functions—the onential, logarithmic, circular and hyperbolic functions, evaluated at specific complex values, functions are useful in the study of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and electric felis, ‘efore, seems desirable to study the calculus of such functions. }) LIMIT OF A COMPLEX FUNCTION ‘function w =f (2) is said to tend to limit | as z approaches a point zo, if for every real ¢, we d a. positive real 5 such that . If@-1 | 0 and also vice- | xandy tend to zero simultaneously along the path y = mx. Then Lt f@= ut #a+)-y'0-) z70 poe Cate 290 vr i g FUNCTIONS of ME 3 sv P+) mq _ 5 743 = Lr O+)-mia-i fspana 290 (l+m%2 = Ut Bitinm’a—o 4 ‘ : =0. Lt f@)=fO, in whatever mannerz 9, . _ lL+m? Hoe a0 3_,3 48 ' *F@) is continuous at the origin. 3 tay, wty an POV ayy By gh MOD) + ie, ), u(0, 0) =0, and v(0, 0) =0 sso (au Lt 4GO=uO ( F@=0 a 0,0 «90 * —, xu au) = te MON WOO) ay mye Yoo x70 y you J au LE YUE M=00) ye Bt Joo x90 * S508 3) Lt UO2N=W00) _ yy and Yoo 70 y ysoy Ou _ ng Ou __ ov Hence at (0, 0), 5, = ay and 5 =— 3 Thus the C-R equations are satisfied at the origin. But Po= Lt f@=fO. yy Oy Ba +iersy 29000 230 7% 240 (+? Ve +iy) 845 3, fz» 0 along the path y = mx, then f’(0) =2=™ +i 0 +m) (14m) + im) vhich assumes different values as m varies. So f(z) is not unique at (0, 0) ie. f’(0) does not exist. ‘Thus @)is not analytic at the origin even though it is continuous and satisfies the C-R equations at. thereat Example 20-5. Show that the polar form of Cauchy-Riemann equations are du 10 @& 134 (y-pYy, 2006; Rurukshetra, 2005 ; Osmania, 1999) (Kurukshetra, 2005 ; Assam, 1999) Sol. If (, 8) be the co-ordinates of a point whose cartesian co-ordinates are (x,y), then atiy=rel®, her uriv=f@)=fce%) here w and v are now expressed in terms of r and 0. Tentiating it partially w.r.t. r and 6, we have Be 4B preity, 0 or ad au | dv i io _ (au, , vat tr oe ina BHF) “ating real and imaginary parts, we get . ou _ lav oi) arr a8 : lau sw(ii) or rao 744 HIGHER ENGINEERING May Differentiating (i) partially w.r.t. r, we get i, Fu __ Lav 1 &v ar2—s 2.00 6dr Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. 8, we have Pu, oe 202 ” arae Thus using (i), (ii) and (iv) au law leu ta 1 a lov), 1 Pv z ~ ar? *r ar * 72 ag? 72 207 7 300r* (P53) 72|7" arae |=? [Bal “li HIGHER ENGINEERING MATH 748 —— i Example 209. Find analytic function f@)=u(7,0)+wv(r, 6) such ‘at v (r, 0) =r? cos 20-1 cos 0 +2. ; Sol. Using C.R. equations in polar coordinates (Ex. 20:3), du _ a ; i'd Oe _ D __ 97? sin 20 +r sin "or 20 7 Lau mw. 20 - cos @ te + gives, =~ ar sin 20+ sind Integrating w.r.t.,r u=-r* sin 20+r sin 0+ (0) where (6) is an arbitrary funeting au 2 . . 39 7 cos 20 +r cos 6 + ¢” (8) O along the curve y = ax, . ; ; by % Show that (a) 4) s2y-+ yds sverpehere emtiapas bt isnot analy, (Oemey 2: iis i yhere in the complex plane. ig (0) f @) =z + 22 is not analytic anyw! ee ne Cin i . ng) |2a| ot “mm 8. If flz)=u + iv, show that | f’@) |?=| 5) av Bony ay ° = [ay @riy)+@tyh, 240 Qsror tna tey-{ 3 er is not analytic at 2 = 0, although C-R equations are satisfied at the origin Unry (@)Petermine which of the following functions are analytic : °U, 2 @) 2ay + ita? - y%) Wi) @ ie? +y4) (iii) cosh 2 ; : Peri) 1240 (@)Bxamine the nature of the function flz)= 4+ Z 20 oka ay (#potermine such thatthe function fle)=2 log, (+92) + itan™} (px/y) be an analytic andi NTU, 200 8. Show that each of the following functions is not analytic at any point: @z (I.N.T.U,, 2003) Gi) [277 (Osmania, 1 9. Show that u + iv = (x ~iy)/(x~ iy +a) where a #0, is not an analytic function of 2 =x+iy whey u~iv is such a function. 10. Determine the analytic function whose real part is (i) x — Bay? + 32 — 3y? 41, Rohtak, 2005) (ii) cos x cosh y, (Rohtak, 2004) Gii) log Via? +y?), (Hissar, 2007 ; J.N.T., 20) (0) y/? +97), ()y +e* cosy. (W.7.U, 2008 (vi) e* (x cos 2y -y sin 2y) Bombay, 2005 ; Kottayam, 2005 ; Burdwan, 1) (vii) x sin x cosh y —y cos x sinh y. (V.T.U,, 2006) (wit) &* (2 —y?) cos y — 2xy sin y). (Rohtak, 208 11. Find the regular function whose imaginary part is @ @-y/e +. (i)-sin x sinhy, ii) e sin y. (iv) &-* (x siny ~y cosy). () e-* (x cosy +y sin y), (vi) —28inzsiny (Bombay, 2008 os 2x + cosh 2y 12. d the analytic function z =u + iv, if © uv (e- ya + day +y% (WU, 2007 ; WELL, 208 Gi) 2u+u=e* (cosy —sin y) (Macias, 2005) (ii) u + =——28in 2e ru, 200) 2 6 9 — 2005 Ox 1. An clectrostatic field in the 2y-plane is given by the potential funetion +e ays, find thes cn. (Osmania, 14: TFthe potential fonction i log e*+y2,fnd the flux function and the complex potential fu 15. Prove that u =2?-~y? andy =. ‘econ pi Be harmonic functions of (x, y) but are not harmonic o 7 ’ quer. dg 20-12. COMPLEX INTEGRATION We have already discussed the concept of the line integral as applied to vector fields in § 8-11. Now we shall consider the line integral of a complex function. Consider a continuous function f(z) of the complex variable z =x + ty defined at all points of a curve C having end points A and B. Divide C into n parts at the points A= Poo); Py(z), eeeeee, 2 P,Z;), eevece, a Pin) =B. Let 82; =z;-—z;_1 and ¢; be any point on the arc P;_ , P;. The limit of the n sum )) f (6) dz; as n->--in such a way that the length of the chord 82; i=l approaches zero, is called the line integral of f (z) taken along the path C, i.e. J, f @) dz. Writing f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) and noting that dz =dx +i dy. Fig. 20-13 ? ig. 20:13. J.r@ dz= 3 (udx — vdy) +i Jo (vdx + udy) which shows that the evaluation of the line inte; , ’ al of i d to the evaluation of two line integrals of real funetions 2 complentdmetion.tanrbe resiane Obs. The value of the integral is independent of the path of integration when the integrand is analytic. yo ysok ‘COMPLEX FUNCTIONS 763 now ample 20-16. Prove that gx de On. . @ [ea eee 1) J, @-a)"dz=0 In, any integer + — 1] Cis the circle bi -a oe ves (U.P.T.U,, 2003) ametric equation of C is z — q = ppid 4 , ot - itiye (anticclockwine) sense, Cig ae 8 varies from 0 to 2n asz describes cone on 4 5 Ytz-plane dz__ ee 8 olesta= i Ue de =ire!® ao) 2if” ao=28. Ae) " dz le re. irel® ag ia) e-9 =Jo : Ol Qn Fig. 20-14, F orf (n+ ei yy _ rth | 2" ai), @ oa [etr+ ae » Providedn #-1 pe 2 nad [e2" + Dri _ 9 [rr e+ Dri _ yy Qi Example 20-17. Evaluate |, then vertically to 2 +i. (U.P.T.U, 2002 ; V.T.U., 2001) Sol. (i) Along the line OA, x = 2y, z = (2 + ily, Z = (2 — iy and dz = (2 +i) dy (Fig. 20-15) 24h 1 al=J, (BPae=J, (2-i)y? (2 +i) dy (2) dz, along (i) the line y = x12, (ii) the real axis to 2 and =5(2-i) |" 5 | 23 el. 3? ) (i) I=), (2Pdz + = (2% dz. Now along OB, z =x,Z=x, dz =dx ; md along. BA, 2 = 2 + iy,Z=2 iy, dz =idy. ' raf) ars J (2-iy)? -idy a Fig. 2015, + J, [dy + (4-9 dy i) qos j =844-24(41-Di=} (14+ li). Example 20.18. Evaluate J. (2 +3242)dz Whey . rage 's the are of the cycloid x =a (0 +sin 0), ta, aye 8) between the points (0,0) and i (Rohtak, 2004) + 82 + 2 is analytic in the z-plane Ynomial. As such, the line integral of _ Sol, fo) — 2 ee a fe) Szr4 | et een O and A is independent of the path Wig x 20. 2 bag Le! We therefore, take the path from O to 0@=0) _L(na,0) | "A so that : Fig. 20-16. HIGHER ENGINEERING ty, mn THEM, Jo ferae =f fe de+ J fe) de (iy }. along OL, y =0,x=O ato y_ Jn) ae= lo (x? 48x +2) dx t ne ONY FS Ta at OL BE on] = ™ con?a? + Ona + 12) -/2#432, wi) and Jroa=[° Una + iy)? +8 (na + iy) + 2] iy LA [.: along LA, x = na, z = na + iy, dz =idy & y varies from 0 (at) to 20 4 20 . ayy? 3 2 1 | Gail 5 aati, »| =F ns a + 425 4 dig ji i o ii +» Substituting from (ii) and (iii) in @, we get 3 3a” 2 ae J reac == (2n2a? + 9na + 12) +a (a+ 21) + “F(t 21)" + dia c eG 1lti 1. Evaluate Jy —_(x” + iy)dz along the paths y = x and y = 2”. +i 2, Evaluate i j @e+ iy +1) dz, along the two paths : @x=t+1y=2P-1 (Calicut, 1999) (ii) the straight line joining 1—i and 2+i. +3i 3, Evaluate i ; @? +2) de along the line joining the points (1, - 1) and 2,3). (V.T.U,, 2004) -24i 4. Show that for every path between the limits, [ gq @+2)Pde=-i/3, (Delhi, 2002) 5. Show that $ (2 + 1) dz =0, where Cis the boundary of the square whose vertices are at the points c 2=0,2=1,2=1+iandz=i, Rohtak, 2009 6. Evaluate Je | 2 | de, where C is the contour (@) straight line from z=~i toz Gi) left half of the unit circle | z | =1 fromz=—itoz =i, ii) circle given by | z+1 | =1 described in the clockwise sense, +i 7. Find the value of J, @-y+ix%)dz (a) along the straight line from z=0toz=14i a el (2) along real axis from z=0 to z=1 and then along a line parallel to the imaginary axis from) toz=1+i. (UP.TU, eo COMPLEX FUNCTIONS 765 cus ai J dz/2=—ni or Ri, according as Cis the semi-circular arc | z | = 1 above or below the real prove (Rohtak, 2005) (g—24) de, where C is the upper half of the circle | z | = 1. ss J (Gauhati, 1999) i: praluate JC isthe value of this integral if Cis the ower half of the above circle? hal 1g, ¢AUCHY'S THEOREM 3 yf is an analytic function and f’(z) is continuous at each Point within and on a closed =0. curve Cr then | f@ writing f@) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) and noting that dz = dx + idy of @de= jo (ude vay) if, (vdx + udy) wD) aiding: au since f(g) is continuous, therefore, SY, - ' ow , & aie alo ‘continuous in the region D aylosed by C. Hence the Green’s theorem (p, 369) can be applied to (1), giving av du . du ov [ertne= lo] 32+ 35] tea, [4-2 dx dy (2) Now f (2) being analytic, u and v necessarily satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations and thus the integrands of the two double integrals in (2) vanish identically. Hence fe f @dze=0. Obs. 1. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are precisely the conditions for the two real integrals in (1) to beindependent of the path. Hence the line integral of a function f (2), which is analytic in the region D, is independent of the path joining any two points of D. Obs. 2, Extension of Cauchy’s theorem. If f (z) is analytic in the region D between two simple closed aes Cand C, then [fede = jc, Fee. ‘To prove this, we need to introduce the cross-cut AB. Then J f (2)dz = 0 where the path is as indicated byarrows in Fig, 20-17, ie, along AB—along C, in clockwise sense & along BA—along C in anti-clockwise ‘Sense Fig. 2017. Fig. 2018. ™“ HIGHER ENGINEERIN, ae fa ie. has rood +o, ftode+ fog Fees oreiemo, 766 But, since the integrals along AB and along BA cancel, it follows that Jorera+o, reves =0. Reversing the direction of the integral around C, and transposing, we get Jo f (@)dz= Jo, f @)dz each integration being taken in the anti-clockwise ea If Cy, Co, Cyy.... be any number of closed curves within C (Fig. 20-18), then Jo rene=[o, rene + Jo, reads fo, f@)dz+... 20-14, CAUCHY’S INTEGRAL FORMULA If f (@) is analytic within and on a closed curve and if a is any Point within C, then =f f@de Fla)= aide z-a Consider the function f(z)/(e ~a) which is analytic at all Points within C except at z=, With the point a as centre and radius r, draw a small circle Cy lying entirely within C. Now f (2)/(@-a) being analytic in the region enclosed by C and C,, we have by Cauchy's theorem, f@ ,_ £@) For any point on Cj, J, £@rde=[, £2 a6 z-a=re!® and de=ire do 8, J f@rtre®) ig = 7 -ire™ de Cy pel® In the limiting form, as the circle C. approach to si Te f@+re®)de, al) 1 shrinks to the point a, i.e. as r — 0, the integral (1) vill 2x i Ie, Faydo=ifta) |, do = 2nifta Thus Io £2 ae = 2nipa) | ve _1f fe Al ie. fe=3 Jo £8 iz Which is the desired Cauchy's integral formula, 20,30 Cor. Differentiating both sides of 2) wrt. «, mse “fe 0) Fe)s riled [2 ]ee-2 J, @-aF Similarly, f” (a) Le 4, “ andin general, f(a) = Fae Guows from the results (2) to (6) that ifa function f2) is known to be analytic on thes ‘ closed curve C then the values ofthe function and all ig fen any point of C. acide We have established a remarkable fact that an analytic fueti on oo ot any on of ord analytic function ses derivatives of and these are themselves all analytic. rr imple tly: _ coNPUEX FUNCTIONS 167 OF Z je 2019. Evaluate [2 = = L ae, where C is the circle 215 (S.V.7.U,, 2007) pore f@= a2?-z+landa=1. at @ js analytic within and on circle.C : | z | = 1 anda=1 lies on C. cof @) d . envy integral form 5 2 | f2=1@- rie. f, Fatt ye oni. i alt! this case, = 1 lies outside the circle C: | z | = 1/2. So (¢?-z + 1)/(e - 1) is analytic w ae within C. ory By By Cauchy's theorem i 1 20-20. Evaluate, using oes ’s integral formula : =e dz=0, amp! { _ ode where Cis the circle | 2. | =3. (Madras, 2003) le @-De-2) al eT (08% 4, around a rectangle with vertices 2 +i, -2 +i. (Osmania, 1999) c Sol. () f(@) =e” is analytic within the circle C: | z | = 3 and the two singular points a = 1 wnda=2 lie inside C. dz ex é _f .2f1. 1 _f 1% I, atecpe lee (ts ale oz-2 Jozi % = Qnie* - 2nie” = Ini (¢4 - e) [By Cauchy’s integral formula] (i) f@=cos mz is analytic in the region bounded by the given rectangle and the two singular points a=1 and a =~ 1 lie inside this rectangle, (Fig. 20-19) . | Cosme 1 1 1 Les iad els 1 “zimmer a1 cosne [cose 24e 2-1 % Jo z41 Fig. 2019 =4 (2ni cos x (1)}-> * 2ni cos n (- 1)) = [By Cauchy’s integral formula] ample 2021, mined w) sin? | Ce ayea 42 where Cis the circle | z | =I. Rohtak, 2005) ma fi Lee Cee where Cis the cirele | z | =2. (Rohtak, 2004 ; Calicut, 1999 ; P.T.U., 1999) (ity J é OR gop es where Cis |e| = (I.N.T.U,, 2000) wa HIGHER ENGINE! 768 BING Math . : Ay Sol. (é) f@) =sin?2 is analytic inside the circle C: | z | =1 and the point one, ts approx.) lies within C. 05 7 fe, :. By Cauchy’s integral formula f(a) = z te =m dz, and sin? z ; 2 Sin” 2 gz = ni| S (sin? z) welget I, (-2/6) Is I. = Mi(2 cos 22), = x/6 = 2mi cos n/3 = ni, (ii) f @ =e is analytic within the circle q; | z | =2. Also z =~ 1 lies inside c, j wn (@) dz By Cauchy’s integral formula : f(a) = Dei mile fon 22 : 3 (922) e _ 2ni |d° west Je e+ne 6 | ae 3 & & ™ 7 : iii) —a3 = Ts not analytic at z=+ ni. +n? @+ni)? @ - ni)? . However both z = + mi lie within the circle |z| = 4. Now ——___.- <_ a + ce 2D 5 @+my@-my 2+M wim? 2-% @-niy where A=7/2n'i, C=-7/2n5i, B=D=-1/4g & 7 é & :J 2, no z= 5 5 dz = ; if e dz+ a é -a| Ce 7) anti |vcz +m cz =n 4n” |"c @ +i)? @-nP | = ai [2ni f (- ni) - 2ni f (ni)] - = [2ni f (- ni) + 2ni f (ni)] where f (2)=¢, ni_ ory it mi, oni 14 (eM - 6) if eM yer™ =e oy OR Lee vety=-8 i cs 3 [$199] 147 =-—Hsinn-4eosn=+, we nt T Example 20-22. If F (0) = ie weness dz, where C is the ellipse (x/2)? + (9/3)? = 1, findthe value of (a) F(3-5) ; () F(i), F'(- 1) and F’-i). (J.N.T.U,, 2005) Sol. (a) F (3-5) = Jo 4 eH a Since (= 3-5 is the only singular point of (42? +2 +5)/(z - 35) and it lies outside the ello C, therefore, (42” +2 +5)/(z - 3-5) is analytic everywhere within C. Hence by Cauchy’s theorem, 42? 4245 co pnaR MH =, ie. F(85)=0. efor (6) Since f (2) = 42” +z +5 is analytic within C and (=i, - 1 and - iall lie within , ther by Cauchy’s integral formula =z J, £2 cucus OF course a : 769 i. SEP ae = anita? +08) F (0) =2ni(40? + 6+ 5) . F'(© = 2ni(8C + 1) and F"(Q = 16x am F (i) = 2ni(- 4. +i +5) =2nG- 1) F’C1)=2ni[8C 1) + 1) =- 140i and F” (—i) = 16ni. ypigX FUNCTIONS OF a dz- Ic e-ay" intel tegral formula to calculate : cau a gis tet? de, where Cis {z| =}. @Jo 2+ ' 1 i, ztl gy, where Cis |z|=5- J), Prz ee where C is | z | =1. a 2-241 : where C is |z| = arte ©) § i lz] o8 neo ce- 1) @-2? 4 Evaluate, using Cauchy’s integral eel dz, where C is |z-2| =5: @ tecegess bee na, where Cis |z-1|= wif st where Cis | 2-1 =5. "Brute f 2) and f (8) where f(a) = $¢ = 9, ya-a "ratuate §, Bizel 2onts dz, where C is the ellipse 4x” + 9y? = 1. Pate —_—,, dz where C is |z| = ii) 6°. - 0). 771 _#, n= 2, 3, 4......, Where C is a closed curvy Her sas © containing the point 2 <4 » AMLE.T.E., 2002) (Rohtak, 2003) (Hissar, 2007 ; Madras, 2000) (Osmania, 2000 S) (J.N.T.U., 2003) 2 az and Cis the circle [2 | =25. Qty ag 22 +7 W=$ BIg, anare Cr the cnt? +t kt a cima (Rohtak, 2001), (Rohtak, 2006): — :. ie; 5 STEEN CE. (2) Taylor’s series’. If f (z) is analytic inside a circle C with centre at a, then for z inside 2, ; y “@ 2 E@).,_." F@=f@+f@e-a+F @-a) oP sesese + n! (-a)" +... a Proof. Let z be any point inside C. Draw a circle C, with centre at a enclosing z (Fig. 20-20). Let ¢ be a point on C,. We have lisse locate (ena t-z t-a-(-a) t-a t-a 2 n ~t[reteefics +t fEF] 4c. | s-(ti) t-a t-a |t-a t-a As |z-a|<|t-a|,ie. |@-a)/¢~a)| <1, this series converges uniformly. So, multiplying both sides of (ii) by f (t), we can integrate over C,. fOg_{ £0 = fO Fig. 2020. Io, Po ae=[o, fave Io, Fa aa +¢-ay"-|, FO a, i Cy (t-ay"*! Since f (¢) is analytic on and inside Cy, therefore, applying the formulae (2) to (5) of p. 6 (ai), we get (i) which is known as Taylor’s series, Obs. Another remarkable fact is th: series of the form (i). (3) Laurent’s series‘. concentric circles C and Cy or at complex analytic functions can always be represented by po" . : fo If f @) is analytic in the ring-shaped region R bounded 2 of radii r and rj (7 > r1) and with centre at a, then for all 2in ft F@) =a9 +a4@—a) + az -a)? +...... 4a_y(@-a)"}+a_9@~a) to where a, = i [ fo dt Qni (¢-ay"* ee TV being any curve in R, encircling C\ (as in Fig. 20-21). us OF (COMPLEX FUNCTIONS cul of. Introduce cross-out AB, then f(z) ig Pro A and C described anti-clockwise (see eo 0 int in D, we have te : £0. Lo. ("3 mle Das fo, Le vale} oilldte-L 4 “ ere bath C and C, are described anti-clockwise in (i) and integrals AB and BA cancel (Fig. 20-21). par the first integral in (), expanding 1/¢—2) as in § 20:16 2, 773 ion D bounded by AB, C, described analytic in the regi Fig. 20-17), Then if weget co fo @) alee Pasa pest ani IC GL apart a j Fig. 2021. 1 G stofe-of whew a=3 fp LO ti For the second integral in (j), let ¢ lie on C,. Then we write 1 1 =z (t-a)-@- 2 n-1 wot [sstaeeftce oi {ie ah! As |t-a| < |z-a],ie., |(¢—-a)/(@—a)| <1, this series converges uniformly. So multiplying both sides byf(@) and integrating over Cy we get oo . til, fh a=¥, y Ble, taf“! fepdt= ¥a.g(e-ar" li is @) et on £Q i wa dile, lO Substituting from (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get f@= > a,@-a)"+> a, @-a"". waliv) n=0 n=l ef Now f(t/(t-a)"*? being analytic in the region between C and I, we can take the integral giving a, wer T. Similarly we can take the integral giving a_, over I. Henee (iv) can be written as e ' i f@=> 4,¢-a)" whereo,= 5 J, ai dt “tith is known as Laurent’s series. pet pale 4 0 nO # Obs. 1. As fle) is not given to be analytic inside T; On = 395 Pry gy 16 fa co However, if la) is analytic inside I, then a, =03 n= Jay Tay nt ‘nd Laurent’ series reduces to Taylor's series. by binomial ere nto ding byt 2 To obtain Taylor's or Laurent’s series, simply expan Bis Sntegration whichis quite comps us of convergence is unique. There Obs, its annul Nay be ae Laurent series of a given analytic ie faye ‘same centre. ‘rent Laurent series of f (z) in two annt o™~ 774 HIGHER ENGINEERING May Example 20-23. Show that. the series z (1-2) +2 (1-2)+2 (1-24. — Ly lz| <2. wang Determine whether it converges absolutely or not. 1949, Sol. Let the sum of the first n terms of the series be s,, so that spezzteat— 2b 425-244... +2" a2ttlaz ntl For | z | <1,2"*!30 as n=. < Lt (,)=z, ie. the given series converges for | z | <1. nt6© I s@) |= | 2(1-2) | +] 22-2) [+--+ 1270-2) | sli-altle le Pete +121") For |z| <1, it ln@ tele 17 Ty tn Hence the given series converges absolutely. Example 20-24. Find Taylor’s expansion of Ofe=- z app thant the point 22 i Gi) fe) 2 4 2 bout the point 2 =i. PU, a Sol. (é) To expand fiz) about z=-i i.e. in powers of z + i, putz +i=t. Then =—1___qy_jy2 spree} 2,3? f= pind iy? M+t7a-a “ifs i (Expanding by Binomial theoren| =4}y (+H eri” = 1+Deu" ani sel _ 2 +1 : 1 @ ~~ fe= ta" 2 a4 et ai 2)42@-i42 ctr fl [By partial fractions To expand 1/z and 1/(¢ + 1) about z =i, put z-i=t, so that Aiaheshfeygt-) sid pei a ges sean TF [Expanding by Binomial th aly t 8 #4 eae “ = = Si Se @-i" a =-i+@-)4+ D1)" mat n=2 14a ne -omial theore! and BT TTT +7h) (Expanding by Binomial ther @ 8 4 e -—_—_ Slaw Beare "| si ety can eat “32 gD aeara and ON Owe iii) pti Ae i ; geisd-h)+(201- a eo ear( a, ro . w® naa jntit aay @-i i)e-oesey{2y_a keddeedeleeatalee nd f 2) = 1 - 1(@ -2)) in the region : 02028. Exp 7 mc, T.U,, 2006 ; Kerala, 2005) ye eres (W.B.T.U., 2005 ; V.T.U., 2004) pO eelee @octz-Ei2, we write (i) as fq-—1_ -_+ ep a) aM 42071 4 de 2 4 82 F +.) - ar aeet ee” 24254..) ay, wt Tg 884 + sd het we write (i) as f@= ad Heep ™~ =-¢@-17!-f1-@-br? =-@-rt-(1+@-)+@-1? +E-DF +... "6 ; HIGHER ENGINEERING Mal TH lAticg : > i 7z-2 .26. Find the Laurents’ expansion of f(@)=————__ Example 20 in e tp f fe) @+1)z(z- ~2) in the "bin 1l + a(t uy st a+ sess = \e5(1gtgt gta] 2,1 uw iw =F tat at sae arpa 934 1 af. z+1,@+t? +n |) Hence = + +...0-5] 1437+ + $i PO" T+ Gan? e+)? 2| 3 3? 3 | which is valid in the region 11 (i) £282, about 2=0 Rot , z 6. Find the Laurent's series expansion of P () == about 2=0 in the region 2 3 (Osmania, 2008; dr" 274+52+6 Lig eal tes 2-@-1 CO) Hey ee Othe region 3< | 242 | <6. 2. : sole!” 7. Find the Laurent’s expansion of z/[(z? - 1) (2? + 4)] for (a) | z | <1;()1<|#1-1-2 2742245 z-3 -4-2i = lt ga 2+1— zo-1- Hence by residue theorem, Jo f @)dz = 2ni Res f (— 1 - 2i) = 2nid-i) =n(2 +i). Example 20.33. Evaluate $¢ ae where Cis the unit circle |z| = 1. (Rohtak, 2006) Sol. f(z) = e*/cos nz has simple poles at z = + 1/2, + 3/2, + 5/2, .... Out of these only the poles at z = 1/2 and z =- 1/2 lie inside the given cit 1 z-> |e ( 2] [om 0 rele |z| =1. ol 1 Res f(1/2)= Lt -> = Lt ie z Al: 2} | sal) @ex2 MPLEX FUNCTIONS soe z+ 1 |e Resft-1/2)= Lt 2 783 al COB Tz z7-V J , &s(241)y [ §orm = Lt —2 e7 V2 z>-172 —Tsinnz > $a de = Oi Res f| 1 rence Co 2 ttea{ -5)} v2 4, - e 12 -ani{ 2 eo \--« a a 2 )=-sesinn 2 Evaluate Se tan z dz where C is the gsample 20-34. Jes of f (2) = sin 2/cos z are gi sol. The PO" given by cos z =O ie, z= ofthese poles, 2 = n/2, and — %/2 only are within the en cae £80/2, 5 1/2, ... Res f (n/2)= Lt sinz _ it a2) circle | z | =2. zoma © (cos2) z>w2 \-sinz ed Iby § 20-19 (2)] similarly Res f(-"/2)= Lt a z>-n/2 £ cos 2) Hence by residue theorem, Io f ©) dz = 2ni {Res f (n/2) + Res f (—0/2)} = 2ni (— 1-1) =— dni. ‘ 2 2 Example 20-35. Evaluate So oe ena dz, where Cis the circle | z | =3. @ — Ie - (V..U., 2006 ; Anna, 2003 S ; U.P.T.U., 2002) Sol. sin nz? + cos nz” f@)= 2 @-%e-2) isanalytic within the circle | z | =3 excepting the poles z = 1 and z= 2. Since z = 1 is a pole of order 2. d it 2 + cos nz” Reef) = 74] $¢ te-w*re] [gles LL . 2 2 |= one cos nz? — 2nz sin 72” = sine sem] = «1 @-2 2 Als, gin nz” + cs 2 ne Res f= Lt te-2f@l = Ut, ey R z32 by residue theorem, \ n(n + Li = CDE 2m) -C1)=2041 | rian += 4 Jo f @)dz = 2ni [ Res f (1) + Res f@)) a 784 A . HIGHER ENGINEERING, May — a, 1. Expand f (2) = 1/[z%(e — i)] as a Laurent’s series about i and hence find the Tesid y : . 3 ati Me thereat 2. Find the residue of (i) ze*/(z — 1)° at its pole. ee, (ii) z*/(¢4 — 1) at those singular points which lie inside |z| = 2. NEY 2g 3. Determine the poles of the following functions and the residue at each pole : : 2 = +1. i i) ae ws (Osmania, 2000 S) eb OND (ity 2244 02M) @+He+y Gry, 2 4. Find the residues of the following functions at each pole. 4 @ (= e*)/z4 (i) ze#/(27 +.) Git) cot z. 5. Evaluate the following integrals : dade S iy { Azadear @ lex Dern Cole] =15 wo) eo nace Bist ar 82274241 Gi} tet! gic; 2 CAE, 2008; died | ee c@-)e@+3) le) = 6 J c@ rye gC Fl= 6. Evaluate | a (22 -1)dz : = - 2241 . © Je sees eh Where Cis [2] =1. woe Gena Where Cis | 2 |=, Git z+4 : oFe Wid) Jo Bie ag & where Cis |z+1-i| 7. Evaluate : @ Jo #4: | 2-2) =}. (Madras, 2005 C @-1e@-2)? 2 327 +2 (i) | 24 — az, €: | 2-2 | =2. @— peta Or 12—? | or Gi) Jy ao ,O:|2-i |=2. Hissar, 2007 ; Anna, 2003 S ; Osmania, 218) 8. Evaluate : i J e ‘i 21/2 @ Jo Gas: Jel =1. Gi) J el de, C: || = - fa. . e* dz Gii) camel: |z-i] =2.(V.7.U,, 2006) iw) Jo Ces ean’ lel= 9. Evaluate the following integrals : (i) te ae, C: [z= 76) Gi) JQ 25 de, C: | 2 | = (1-zy nn zcosz w.tU, 282 ae, C: | 2-1] =1. ii) Jc @-n/28 | | 10. Obtain Laurent’s expansion for the function f (z) = 1/z* sinh z aad evaluate Pr (INTO JZ. where Cis the circle | 2-1 |=2 C 2? sinhz

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