Ws ENRG 403 Renewable Energy, Sec 01 & 02, Term 2211 Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saced Assignment No. 4 (SOLUTION) Due Date: 15-11-2021 Problem 1: The solar heating system described in Example 20.2.1 is to be a liquid system. What fraction of the annual heating load will be supplied by the solar energy for a collector area of 50 m2? The monthly combined loads on the system are indicated in the following table, (See Example 2.19.1 for Hr values.) Re-solve Example 20.3.1 for Egypt, Cairo. Solution: For Cairo, Egypt, ¢ -B1.2 deg E Collector orientation: slope or tilt f = 60°, facing south, ie., the surface azimuth angle y = 0° Step 1: Estimate the monthly average radiation Hy incident on the collector following Example 2.19.1 for Egypt, Caito. Note that the ground reflectance varies from month to month! Step 2: Calculate the two dimensionless groups X and Y based on the collector test data and geometry information using Eqs. 20.2.3 & 20.2.4 Step 3: Calculate the fraction f of the monthly total load supplied by the solar space and water heating system using Eq, 20.3.1 Step 4: Tabulate the results ‘Table: Monthly and Annual Performance of Liquid Heating System in Egypt, Cairo Month Hy, Mim? T,, 3 x ¥ fiGs January 18.30 14 36 «12410543 0.412 14.832 February 24.71 15 304 1312 0.784 0.584 17.764 March 22.35 7 26.7 1.615 0.894 0.639 17.065 April 18.28 21 157 2530 1.204 0.768 12.061 May 15.12 25 92 4.236 1.755 0.924 8.505 June 13.21 27 41 8953 3.330 1.066 4.371 July 14.02 2 29 12.901 5.165 1.202 3.487 August 1737 28 34 11.004 5457 1316 4.474 September 21.81 26 63 5.907 3.578 1.209 7.616 October 25.11 24 13.2 2.992 2.032 1.081 14.274 November 19.09 19 22.8 1.786 0865 0.611 13.922 December 17.23 15 1.359 0.566 0.423 Total Step 5: Calculate the annual fraction F of the load supplied by solar energy using Eq. 20.2.5, Bifily _ 13212 _ P= Tq, 2032 Problem 2: Problem 20.1 of textbook. a, What are the total loads? Load calculation with space heating estimated with Eq. 9.3.6 Lneating = UAnouse X Deg Days (DD) x 24 x 3600 = 145(821)(24)(3600) = 10.285 GI Total Load = Lpegring + Lwater heating = 10.285 + 2.06 = 12.345 GJ where, for Madison Deg Days (DD) = 828 for January, (Appendix D)25 b. What are and ¥? The store size is 1650/22 = 75 liter/m?, so no X correction is required, The load heat exchanger parameter is 2,00, so no Y correction is needed, ‘Thus, using Eqs. 20.2.1 & 20.2.2, we have: X= 1.945, Y= 0.4451 ¢. What is the fraction carried by solar? From Eq. 20.3.1, the fraction f of the monthly total load supplied by the solar is f= 0.2918 d. If'storage volume is halved, what is f? Then the correction to X is obtained from Eq, 20.3.2 as: X/X = 1.1892 And hence, the corrected Xe = (1.1892)(1.945) = 2.313 And the new value of fraction f = 0.2707 €. IfexCai/(UA)s is reduced to 0.5 and the storage tank volume is halved, what is f"? Then the correction to Yis obtained from Eq, 20.3.3 as: YoY = 0.8822 And hence, the corrected Y-= (0.8822)(0.4451) = 0.3927, And the new value of fraction f = 0.2269 Problem 3: Problem 20.3 of textbook a, What collector area is required to meet 0.5 of the January loads? In this part, you need to iteratively find the collector area that will yield a fraction f= 0.5. Start by assuming the collector area and estimate X, Y and then fraction f (Eq. 20.4.1 for air systems). In each successive iteration change the collector area till the fraction converges to f= 0.5. The result is X= 3.6512, Y= 0.7719, and Ae = 96.32 m’ b. What is the annual solar fraction for the collector area of part a? For this part, you need to determine the annual solar fraction similar to Problem 1. Here, I have assumed that the water heating load is constant for all months and the total load is sum of the water heating load and the load based on degree days. Thus, following the same steps except use of Eq. 20.4.1 for estimating the fraction f for air systems, we have ‘Table: Monthly and Annual Performance of Air Heating System in Madison Month Hy,MJfm?_T,,°C_ DD ___L.GI x y ff, GJ January 10.81 “8 821 «3052—«3.651—0.609 0.364 «11.117 February 15.20 S656 2482 3.943 0.952 0.627_15.552 March 16.36 1 537 .20,71 4.933 1.359 0.868 17.983, April 14.90 9 280 11.83 7.684 2.097 1.180 13.958 May 16.45 14 1366.85 -12.955 4.129 1.724 11.809 June 16.01 19 303.19 25.383 8362 2.688 8.567 July 16.41 2 1 218 36845 12.919 7.526 16.441 August 1781 20 25 3.01 27.390 10.166 3.744 11.284 September 16.09 15 1035.71 14.867 4.690 1.807 10.319 October 12.73 11.232 10.17 9.033 -2.153 1.162 11.819 November 8.28 2 479 18.70 5.232 0.737 0.395 —7.391 December 9.79 S699 2631 4.119 0.640 0.367 __9.651 Total 164.01 145.89 The annual fraction F of the load supplied by solar energy using Eq, 20.2.5 is F = 0.8895,315 Problem 4: A single-flash geothermal steam plant receives geofluid from a reservoir having @ temperature of 220°C. The condenser temperature is 45°C. Neglect pressure losses in surface pipelines. Use the Baumann rule for the turbine efficiency. Determine the specific work output (in kJ/kg of geofluid) if the separator operates at 165°C. Solution: ingle flash geothermal steam plant 20.¢ Reservoirtemp 45 Condenser temp T5 =15s=16=17 165 C Separator temp 12 =13 =T4 Solution: ht 943.64 ki/kg Compressed liquid (reservoir) 27 943.64 ki/kg Flashing process, hi =h2 ho 697.35 lu/kg hf @TE ha 2762.80 kikg WV @T4 2 0.1928 Quality (% vapor) in separator he 188.44 Wifkg hf @T6=15=T5s h7 2582.45 ki/kg hv @T7= T6=15=T5s “ 6.7066 ki/kg-K entropy s4 @ T4 (sat vap) 5s 6.7066 ki/kg-K entropy s4=s5s s U.bs8e W/Kg-K entropy sb @ Ib (comp/sat iq) 7 8.1634 kd/kg-K entropy s7 @ T7 (sat vap) hss 2118.96 ki/kg _ Interpolation between h7 & hs A 273.63 Baumann rule A=0.425(h4-h5s) hs 2253.17 ki/kg Corrected hs xs 0.86 Quality (% vapor) in condenser wt 509.63 ki/kg specific work done by turbine =hé-hs (ki/kg) nt 079 turbine efficiency Problem 5: A double-flash geothermal steam power plant also operates from the same reservoir at 300°C. The condenser temperature is 45°C. Secondary steam from the flash vessel is mixed with the primary steam at the plenum between the high- and low-pressure sections of the dual-admission turbine. Neglect pressure losses in surface piping and use the Baumann rule for the turbine efficiencies. Determine the specific work output (in ki/kg of geofluid) if the separator and flash ‘vessel operate at 230°C and 165°C, respectively. Solution:la 108.99 [ns 2583.94 ki/kg, ‘het 0.82 wht 209.07 Ku/kg turbine expansion process ho 2656.137 ki/kg 9 0.948359 9 6.463149 ki/kg-K s10s 6.463149 ki/kg-K sa 0.6386 ki/kg-K 12 8.1634 ki/kg-K hat 188.44 fa/kg haz 2582.45 ki/kg ids 2081.507 ki/kg a 261.22 h10 2190.01 ki/kg nilot 0.76 wipt 466.13 ki/ke wtot 675.20 ki/kg ntet 0.62 [HP turbine expansion process. ais | Given: Double-flash geothermal steam plant m 300.¢ Reservoir temp m0 45 Condenser temp T10=T10s =T11 =T12 3 230 Separator temp 72 16 165.¢ Flasher temp 15 =15s {a) Determine specific work output ‘solution: m 300.¢ Reservoir temp m0 45 Condenser temp T10 =10s =T11 =T12 3 230¢ Separator temp 12=13 =74 16 165.¢ Flasher temp 15 =15s =Te First flashing in separator int 1344.77 ku/kg__ Compressed liquid (reservoir) h2 1348.77 ki/kg Flashing process in separator, hi =h2 a 990.21 W/kg hf @T3 na 2803.01 ki/kg hv @T4 x2 0.19559 Quality (% vapor) in separator |Second flashing in flasher {he 990.21 ki/kg__ Flashing process in flasher, h: 7 697.35 hg @T7 ns 2762.80 ki/kg hv @T3 s 6.2131 ki/kg-K _ entropy s4 @ T4 (sat vap) 3s 6.2131 ki/kg-K entropy sSs=s4 7 1.9926 ki/kg-K _ entropy $7 @ T7 (comp/sat liq) 8 6.7066 ki/kg-K entropy 58 @ T8 (sat vap) hss 2546.56 ki/kg__ Interpolation between h7 & h8 6 0.18179 uality(% vapor) in flasher Baumann rule A=0.425(hé-hSs) Corrected hs HP turbine efficiency specific work done by HP turbine = hd-hs (ki/kg) Quality @ hg =h7+x9"(h8-h7) entropy @ 19: $9 = 57+x3*(s8-s7) entropy s10s =59 entropy 511 @ T11 (comp/sat liq) entropy 512 @ T12 (sat vap) het hv@Ti2 Interpolation between hit & hi2 Baumann rule A=0.425(h9-h10s) Corrected hio HP turbine efficiency specific work done by HP turbine = hé-hS (ki/kg) total specific work by HP + LP turbines = whpt + wipt (ki/kg) Combined turbine efficiency = nhpt * nlpt5/5 Problem 6: A dry-steam geothermal plant also receives saturated steam at a temperature of 220°C. ‘The condenser operates at 45°C and the local dead-state temperature is 20°C. The turbine obeys the Baumann rule; assume 85% for the dry expansion efficiency. Calculate the following: (a) The actual turbine isentropic efficiency. (b) The specific work output of the turbine in kI/kg, Solution: |Given: Dry-steam geothermal steam plant n 220C Saturated steam 3 23 Condenser temp T2=T25=T3 ro 20€ _Desdstate temp nté 08S, diyexpansioneficency [turbine obeys Baumann rue [Determine (a) actual turbine isentropic efficiency ha 2801.05 ki/kg Saturated steam si 6.2842 ki/kg-K _ entropy s1 @T1 (sat vap) s2s 6.2842 ki/kg-K isentropic process s2s = s1 he 2582.45 ki/kg hv @T3. ha 198.44 Wi/kg hf @T3 |s3 0.6386 ki/kg-K entropy $3 @ T3 (comp/sat liq) ise 8.1634 ki/kg-K entropy sg @ T3 (sat vap) has 1984.59 ki/kg__ Interpolation between h3 & hg la 347.00 Baumann rule A=0.425(h1-h2s) ha 2167.28 ki/kg Corrected hz 2 0.76625 Quality @ hz =h3+x2*he ntw 0.7507 Baumann rule wet expansion efficiency nt 0.7763, actual turbine isentropic efficiency