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MATHEMATICS
Quarter 4 – Module 7: Week 1
Triangle Trigonometry

Self-Learning Module
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Module 7. Triangle Trigonometry

Lesson 1. The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, 2

Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent
Performance Task 4.1 13
References and Websites Links Used in this Module 14

Quarter Content Performance Most Essential Duration K to 12

Standards Standards Learning Competency CG
Code
The learner… The learner… The learner…

Q4 demonstrates is able to apply Illustrates the six Week 1 to 2

understanding of the concepts of trigonometric ratios: sine,
the basic trigonometric cosine, tangent, secant,
concepts of ratios to cosecant and cotangent
trigonometry formulate and Finds the trigonometric
solve real-life ratios of special angles.
problems with
precision and Illustrates angles of Week 3 to 5
accuracy. elevation and angles of
depression
Uses trigonometric ratios
to solve real-life problems
involving right triangles.

Illustrates laws of sines Week 6 to 8

and cosines
Solves problems involving
oblique triangles

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 The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
1 Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant,
and Cotangent

LET’S EXPLORE YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

Lesson 1 will help you recall the different concepts about triangles.
This will guide you to define and illustrate the six trigonometric
ratios.

➤ Activity 1: Triangles of Different Sizes

This activity helps you recall the concepts of similar triangles.

1. Complete the table.

Measures in ∆ABC in ∆DEF in ∆GHI

leg opposite the 60° 12 20

angle
leg adjacent to the 60° 3
angle
hypotenuse 15 25

or or

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 2. Analyze the ratios of the sides across these triangles. What do you
notice about?

a. the first ratio, leg opposite 60° angle to the hypotenuse?

b. the second ratio, leg adjacent to 60° angle to the hypotenuse?
c. the third ratio, leg opposite the 60° angle to the leg adjacent to 60°
angle?
3. Using a scientific calculator, determine the value of sin 60°, cos 60°,
and tan 60° then compare them to the values obtained in number 1.
What do you observe?
4. Complete the sentence:

In a right triangle having an acute angle,

a. the sine θ is the ratio between _________and ___________.
b. the cosine θ is the ratio between _adjacent and hypotenuse.
c. the tangent θ is the ratio between __________and ____________.

From Activity 1, you have discovered the different ratios derived

from the sides of a right triangle having an acute angle. The next
activity will help you further develop the concept you have
determined.

LET’S FIRM UP YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

Read and study the following:

The term trigonometry is based on the Greek word trigonon which

means “triangle” and metron which means “measure”. This discipline dates
to over 3000 years, and has instrumental in developing knowledge in
architecture, astronomy, navigation, and surveying.

In a right triangle, we can define six trigonometric ratios. Consider the

right triangle ABC below. In this triangle we let θ represent ∠B. Then the leg
denoted by a is the side adjacent to θ, and the leg denoted by b is the side
opposite to θ.

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 We will use the convention that angles are symbolized by capital letters,
while the side opposite each angle will carry the same letter symbol, in
lowercase such as side a opposite to angle A, side b opposite to angle B
and side c opposite to angle C.

In a ∆ABC, if B is the reference angle, then b is opposite side of

angle B and a is the adjacent side of opposite side of angle B, then c is the
hypotenuse.

Thus,

sin of θ= sin θ= = cosecant of θ= csc θ= =

cosine of θ= cos θ= = secant of θ= sec θ= =

tangent of θ= tan θ= = cotangent of θ= cot θ= =

SOH – CAH – TOA is a mnemonic used for

remembering the equations. csc θ= = =
Notice that the three new ratios at the
right are reciprocals of the ratios on the sec θ= = =
left. Applying algebra shows the
connection between these functions. cot θ= = =
Sine (sin θ) is the ratio between the opposite Cosecant (csc θ) is the ratio between the
side of the given angle and its hypotenuse hypotenuse and opposite side of the given
angle
Cosine (cos θ) is the ratio between the
adjacent side of the given angle and the Secant (sec θ) is the ratio between the
hypotenuse hypotenuse and the adjacent side of the
given angle
Tangent (tan θ) is the ratio between the
opposite and adjacent sides of the given Cotangent (cot θ) is the ratio between the
angle adjacent and opposite side of the given
angle

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➤Activity 2: Know Me Well!

A. Given Right ∆ XYZ, ∠Z as the right angle. Define the six

trigonometric ratios.

7. sin Y =
1. sin X =

2. cos X = 8. cos Y =

9. tan Y =
3. tan X =

4. cot X = 10. cot Y =

11. sec Y =
5. sec X =
6. csc X = 12. csc Y =

B. Supply the correct trigonometric ratio to make each of the

statement true.

___ A = ___ P=

tan A = sin P =

___ A = ___ P =

csc A = cot P =

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 LET’S DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

Showing a formula for the Missing Parts of a Right Triangle

Example 1. Determine the equation or formula to find a missing part of the

triangle.

a. Solve for s in the figure above.

Solution: ∠P is an acute angle, t is the hypotenuse, s is the side adjacent to
∠P. Use CAH, that is

cos θ =
cos P =
cos 530 =

s = 12 cos 53°

b. Solve for p in the figure above.

Solution: ∠P is an acute angle, t is the hypotenuse, and p is the opposite
side of ∠P. Use SOH, that is

sin θ =

sin P =
sin 53°=

p = 12 sin 53°

Example 2: Solve for the missing parts of a right triangle.

A. Solve for a in figure 2.

Solution: ∠B is an acute angle, b is the opposite side,
and a is the side adjacent to ∠B. Use TOA, that is

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tan θ = =

tan B =

tan 67°=
a tan 67°= 10.6

a=

B. Solve for c in figure 2.

Solution: ∠B is an acute angle; b is the opposite side and c is the
hypotenuse of the given acute angle. Use SOH, that is

sin B =

sin B =

sin 670 =
c sin 670 = 10.6

c=

Using the Calculator to Find Trigonometric Ratios

As you saw in previous sections, the values of the trigonometric ratios

for any particular angle are constant, regardless of the length of the sides.
These values can also be found using a calculator. Also, you can use a
calculator to find an angle when you are given a trigonometric ratio.

a. Finding a ratio given the angle

Example: To find the value of sin 38°, ensure that your calculator is
operating in degrees.
Solution:

sin =
Press 38 0.615661475
The calculator should give sin 38° = 0.616, correct to three decimal places.

b. Finding an angle given the ratio

In finding the size of the angle to the nearest minute, given the value of
the trigonometric ratio, just follow the steps in the examples below.

Example: sin θ = 0.725, find θ to the nearest minute

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Solution:

Press 2 nd F sin 0.725 = 46.46884783

To convert this to degrees/minutes/seconds mode,

Press 2ndF D°M’S

The calculator gives you 46° 28’ (nearest minute)

c. Degrees and minutes

So far, all angles have been in whole degrees. However, one degree can be
divided equally into 60 minutes. Further, one minute can be divided
equally into 60 seconds. Angle measurement can also be expressed in
degree/minutes form. We can use a calculator to convert a degree
measure from decimal form to degree, minute, and second form.

Example: Write 54.46° in degree and minutes, giving an answer correct

to the nearest minute.
Solution:

Press 54.46° 2ndF D°M’S

The calculator gives 54°27’36”, or 54°28’. (Nearest minute)

➤ Activity 3: Try Me!

1. Use your calculator to find the value of the following, correct to two
decimal places.

a. cos 85° = 0.09 d. cos 65°

b. sin 7° e. tan 24° = 0.46

c. tan 35° = 0.70

2. Using the degrees/minutes/seconds button on your calculator, write

each of the following in degrees and minutes, give answers to the nearest
minute.

a. 17.8° = 170 48’ d. 108.33°

b. 48.52° e. 35.24° = 350 14’

c. 63.7° = 630 42’

3. Find the size of the angle θ (to the nearest degree) where θ is acute.
a. sin θ = 0.529 θ = 320 d. sin θ = 0.256

b. cos θ = 0.493 e. tan θ = 0.725 θ = 360

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 c. tan θ = 1.8 θ = 610

4. Find m ∠θ, to the nearest minute, given that θ is acute.

a. sin θ = 0.9 θ = 6409’ d. cos θ = 0.501

b. cos θ = 0.013 e. tan θ = 2.3 θ=66030’

c. tan θ = 0.958 θ= 43046’

LET’S GET DEEPPER!

A. Solving a right triangle given the measure of the two parts; the
length of the hypotenuse and the length of one leg

Solving a right triangle means finding the measure of the remaining

parts.

Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C. If c = 23 and b = 17, find ∠A, ∠B and a.
Express your answers up to two decimal places.

Solution: Sketch a figure:

a. Side b is the adjacent side of ∠A; c is the hypotenuse

of right triangle BCA. Use CAH, that is

cos θ =

cos A =

cos A =
cos A = 0.7391
We can use our scientific calculator to find an
angle whose cosine value is 0.7391.
Using a scientific calculator, A = 42.34°

b. Since in part (a), it was already found that ∠A = 42.34°,

then ∠B = 90° – 42.34°
∠B = 47.66°.

c. Using the Pythagorean theorem:

a2 + b2 = c2 a2 = 240
a2 + (17)2 = (23)2 a =
a2 + 289 = 529 a = 15.49
a2 = 529 -289

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 Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Hypotenuse and the
Measure of One Acute Angle
Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C if c = 27 and

∠A = 58°, find ∠B, b, and a.

Solution: To find B, since B and ∠A are

complementary angles,
then ∠B + ∠A = 90°
∠B = 90° – 58°
∠B = 32°

To find b, since b is the adjacent side of ∠A and c is the hypotenuse of right

∆BCA, then use CAH.

cos θ =
cos A =
cos 580 =

To find a, since a is the opposite side of ∠A and c is the hypotenuse of right

∆BCA, then use SOH.

sin θ =
sin A=
sin 580 =

Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of One Leg and the Measure
of One Acute Angle

Example: Triangle ACB is right-angled at C.

If ∠A =630 and a= 11 cm, find ∠B, b and c.
Solution:
To find ∠B, take note that ∠B and ∠A
are complementary angles. Then,
∠B + ∠A = 90°
∠B = 90° – 63
∠B = 270

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b. To find b, since b is the adjacent side c. To find c, since c is the hypotenuse and
a is the opposite side of ∠A, then use SOH.
and a is the opposite side of ∠A, then use
TOA.

tan θ = sin θ=
tan A=
sin A=
tan 630 =
sin A =
b(1.9626)= 11
sin 630 =
c sin 63°= 11 c (0.8910)= 11

c=
c= 12.35 cm

Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Two Legs

Example:

Triangle ACB is right-angled at C. If a = 18.5 cm and b = 14.2

cm, find c, ∠A, and ∠B.

b. To find ∠A, since a and b are c. Since ∠A and ∠B are complementary,

opposite and adjacent side of ∠A the measure of ∠B is 90° – 52° = 38°
respectively, then use TOA.

tan θ=

tan A=
tan A =
tan A= 1.3028
We can use our scientific calculator to
find an angle whose tangent is 1.3028.
A =52°

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 LET’S TRANSFER YOUR UNDERSTANDING!

Activity 4: Try Me!

Use the given figure to solve the remaining parts of right triangle ACB.
(In this exercise, all angle measures are in degrees, and the lengths of the
sides are in centimeters)

∠ A = ___ a= ___
∠ B = ___ b= 8.69

∠ C= 900 c = ___

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 PERFORMANCE TASK 4.1

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

I. Match the name of each trigonometric ratio in column A with the

correct ration of the side lengths of a right triangle in column B.
Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
A B.
F 1. Cosine

2. Sine
A.
A
3. Secant
B.
4. Tangent
C.
C
5. Cotangent
D.
6. cosecant

II. Problem:

A ladder leans against a house at an angle of 600 from the ground. If

the foot of the ladder is 5m from the base of the house, how long is the
ladder?

Standards of Performance: Your work must meet the standards in the following
rubrics:

Rubrics for the Performance Task

Categories 20 15 10 5
Excellent Satisfactory Developing Beginning

Mathematical Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Show lack of

Concept thorough satisfactory incomplete understanding
understanding understanding understanding and have severe
of topics and of the concepts and has some misconceptions.
uses it and uses it to misconceptions.
appropriately simplify the
to solve the problem.
problem.
Accuracy All The Generally, most Errors in
of computations computations of the computations
Computation are correct and are correct. computations are severe.
are logically are not correct.
presented.

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References
Deauna, M & Lamayo, F. (1998). Basic Trigonometry for Secondary Schools.
SIBS Publishing House. 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City
Bass, L., et al. (2008). Prentice Hall Mathematics Texas Geometry, Pearson
Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Boson,
Massachusetts 02116

Lynch, C. & Olmstead, E. (1998). South-Western MathMatters an Integrated

Approach, Book 3. South-Western Educational Publishing. Cincinnati,
Ohio

Boyd, et al. (1998). Glencoe Algebra 1 Integration Applications Connections.

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 936 Eastwind
Drive Westerville, OH 43081-3329

Lapinid, M., and Buzon, O. (2007). Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and

Statistics: Patterns and Practicalities, by Don Bosco Press, Inc., Makati
City, Philippines.

Deauna, M. and Lamayo, F. (1990). Integrated Mathematics IV, Phoenix

Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.
Hayden, J. and Hall, B. (1995). Prentice Hall Trigonometry, Anvil Publishing,
Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.

Basic Education Curriculum (2002). – Mathematics IV

Ramos Jr., A., and Gureng, P. (2001). Foundations and Applications –
Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry IV, Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila,
Philippines.
BEAM Module 13: Laws on Triangle Trigonometry Made Simple (Student
Activity 5: Laws to Validate), pp. 34 – 37

*DepEd Materials: BEAM Module 1 Triangle Trigonometry

Web Sources
www.pearson.com.au/media/637085/austsignpostmathsnsw_sb9_5.1-
3_13.pdf www.MathWorksheetsGo.com
central.spps.org/uploads/10_sine_law_worksheet.doc
http://0.tqn.com/d/math/1/0/1/l/Law-Of-Cosines-Worksheet.jpg
http://ceemrr.com/Geometry2/GeneralDefinitions/GeneralDefinitions7.htm
l

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Mandaue City
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines 6014
Telephone Nos.: (032) 345 – 0545 | (032) 505 – 6337
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: https://depedmandaue.net

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