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Apple iPhone charger teardown: quality in a tiny

expensive package
This article is now available in Vietnamese Bộ sạc iPhone của Apple.
Disassembling Apple's diminutive inch-cube iPhone charger reveals a technologically
advanced flyback switching power supply that goes beyond the typical charger. It simply
takes AC input (anything between 100 and 240 volts) and produce 5 watts of smooth 5
volt power, but the circuit to do this is surprisingly complex and innovative.

How it works
The iPhone power adapter is a switching power supply, where the input power is
switched on and off about 70,000 times a second in order to get the exact output voltage
required. Because of their design, switching power supplies are generally compact and
efficient and generate little waste heat compared to simpler linear power supplies.

In more detail, the AC line power is first converted to high voltage DC [1] by a diode bridge.
The DC is switched on and off by a transistor controlled by a power supply controller IC.
The chopped DC is fed into a flyback [2] transformer which converts it into low voltage AC.
Finally, this AC is converted into DC which is filtered to obtain smooth power free of
interference, and this power is output through the USB jack. A feedback circuit measures
the output voltage and sends a signal to the controller IC, which adjusts the switching
frequency to obtain the desired voltage.

The side view above shows some of the larger components. The charger consists of two
circuit boards, slightly under one inch square each. [3] The top board is the primary, which
has the high voltage circuitry, and the bottom board, the secondary, has the low voltage
output circuitry. The input AC first passes through a fusible resistor (striped), which will
break the circuit if there is a catastrophic overload. The input AC is converted to high-
voltage DC, which is smoothed by the two large electrolytic capacitors (black with white
text and stripe) and the inductor (green).
Next, the high voltage DC is chopped at high frequency by a MOSFET switching
transistor, which is the large three-pinned component in the upper left. (The second
transistor clamps voltage spikes, as will be explained below.) The chopped DC goes to
the flyback transformer (yellow, barely visible behind the transistors), which has low
voltage output wires going to the secondary board below. (These wires were cut during
disassembly.) The secondary board converts the low voltage from the transformer to DC,
filters it, and then feeds it out through the USB connector (the silver rectangle in the lower
left). The gray ribbon cable (just barely visible on the lower right under the capacitor)
provides feedback from the secondary board to the controller IC to keep the voltage
regulated.

The picture above shows the flyback transformer (yellow) more clearly, above the USB
jack. The large blue component is a special "Y" capacitor [4] to reduce interference. The
controller IC is visible above the transformer on the top of the primary board. [5]

The circuit in detail

The primary
The primary circuit board is packed with surface mounted components on both sides. The
inner side (diagram above) holds the large components while the outer side (diagram
below) has the controller IC. (The large components were removed in the diagrams, and
are indicated in italics.) Input power is connected to the corners of the board, goes
through the 10Ω fusible resistor, and is rectified to DC by the four diodes. Two R-C
snubber circuits absorb EMI interference created by the bridge. [6] The DC is filtered by
the two large electrolytic capacitors and the inductor, producing 125-340V DC. Note the
thickness of the circuit board traces connecting these capacitors and other high-current
components compared to the thin control traces.

The power supply is controlled by an 8-pin STMicrosystems L6565 quasi-resonant SMPS

controller chip. [7] The controller IC drives the MOSFET switching transistor which chops
the high voltage DC and feeds it into the primary winding of the flyback transformer. The
controller IC takes a variety of inputs (secondary voltage feedback, input DC voltage,
transformer primary current, and transformer demagnetization sensing) and adjusts the
switching frequency and timing to control the output voltage through complex internal
circuitry. The current sense resistors let the IC know how much current is flowing through
the primary, which controls when the transistor should be turned off.

The second switching transistor, along with some capacitors and diodes, is part of a
resonant clamp circuit that absorbs voltage spikes on the transformer. This unusual and
innovative circuit is patented by Flextronics. [8] [9]

The controller IC needs DC power to run; this is provided by an auxiliary power circuit
consisting of a separate auxiliary winding on the transformer, a diode, and filter
capacitors. Since the controller IC needs to be powered up before the transformer can
start generating power, you might wonder how this chicken-and-egg problem gets solved.
The solution is the high-voltage DC is dropped to a low level through startup power
resistors to provide the initial power to the IC until the transformer starts up. The auxiliary
winding is also used by the IC to sense transformer demagnitization, which indicates
when to turn on the switching transistor. [7]
The secondary
On the secondary board, the low voltage AC from the transformer is rectified by the high-
speed Schottky diode, filtered by the inductor and capacitors, and connected to the USB
output. The tantalum filter capacitors provide high capacitance in a small package.

The USB output also has specific resistances connected to the data pins to indicate to
the iPhone how much current the charger can supply, through a proprietary Apple
protocol. [10] An iPhone displays the message "Charging is not supported with this
accessory" if the charger has the wrong resistances here.

The secondary board contains a standard switching power supply feedback circuit that
monitors the output voltage with a TL431 regulator and provides feedback to the
controller IC through the optocoupler. A second feedback circuit shuts down the charger
for protection if the charger overheats or the output voltage is too high. [11] A ribbon cable
provides this feedback to the primary board.

Isolation
Because the power supply can have up to 340V DC internally, safety is an important
issue. Strict regulations govern the separation between the dangerous line voltage and
the safe output voltage, which are isolated by a combination of distance (called creepage
and clearance), and insulation. The standards [12] are somewhat incomprehensible, but
roughly 4mm of distance is required between the two circuits. (As I discuss in Tiny,
cheap, dangerous: Inside a (fake) iPhone charger, cheap chargers totally ignore these
safety rules.)

You might expect the primary board to have the dangerous voltages and the secondary
board to have the safe voltages, but the secondary board consists of two areas: the
hazardous area connected to the primary board, and the low-voltage area. The isolation
boundary between these areas is about 6mm in the Apple charger and can be seen in
the above diagram. This isolation boundary ensures that dangerous voltages cannot
reach the output.

There are three types of components that cross the isolation boundary, and they must be
specially designed for safety. The key component is the transformer, which provides a
way for electrical power to reach the output without a direct electrical connection.
Internally, the transformer is extensively insulated, as will be shown below. The second
component type is the optocouplers, which send the feedback signal from the secondary
to the primary. Internally, the optocoupler contains a LED and a photo-transistor, so the
two sides are connected only by light, not by an electrical circuit. (Note the silicone
insulation on the secondary side of the optocouplers to provide extra safety.) Finally, the
Y capacitor is a special type of capacitor [4] that lets EMI (electromagnetic interference)
escape between the high-voltage primary and the low-voltage secondary.

The above picture shows some of the isolation techniques. The secondary board (left)
has the blue Y capacitor. Note the lack of components in the middle of the secondary
board, forming an isolation boundary. The components on the right of the secondary
board are connected to the primary board by the gray ribbon cable so they are at
potentially high voltages. The other connection between the boards is the pair of wires
from the flyback transformer (yellow) delivering the output power to the secondary board;
these were cut to separate the boards.
Schematic
I've put together an approximate schematic showing the charger circuit. [13] Click for a
larger version.

These circuits are very small

Looking at these pictures, it's easy to lose track of how very small these components are,
and how the charger crams all this complexity into one inch. The following slightly
magnified picture shows a quarter, a grain of rice, and a mustard seed to give a size
comparison. Most of the components are surface-mount devices which are soldered
directly to the printed circuit board. The smallest components, such as the resistor
pointed out in the picture, are known as "0402" size since they are .04 inches by .02
inches. The larger resistors to the left of the mustard seed handle more power and are
known as "0805" size since they are .08 x .05 inches.

Transformer teardown
The flyback transformer is the key component of the charger, the largest component, and
probably the most expensive. [14] But what's inside? I took apart the transformer to find
out.

The transformer measures roughly 1/2" by 1/2" by 1/3". Inside, the transformer has three
windings: a high voltage primary input winding, a low voltage auxiliary winding to provide
power to the control circuits, and a high-current low voltage output winding. The output
winding is connected to the black and white wires coming out of the transformer, while
the other windings are connected to the pins attached to the bottom of the transformer.

The outside of the transformer has a couple layers of insulating tape. The second line
appears to start with "FLEX", for Flextronics. Two grounded strands of wire are wrapped
around the outside of the transformer to provide shielding.

After removing the shielding and the tape, the two halves of the ferrite core can be
removed from the windings. Ferrite is a rather brittle ceramic material, so the core broke
during removal. The core surrounds the windings and contains the magnetic fields. Each
core piece is roughly 6mm x 11mm x 4mm; this style of core is known as EQ. The circular
center section is very slightly shorter than the ends, creating a small air gap when the
core pieces are put together. This 0.28mm air gap stores the magnetic energy for the
flyback transformer.

Underneath the next two layers of tape is a 17-turn winding of thin varnished wire, which I
think is another shield winding to return stray interference to ground.

Underneath the shield and another two layers of tape is the 6-turn secondary output
winding that is connected to the black and white wires. Note that this winding is heavy-
gauge wire, since it is feeding the 1A output. Also note that the winding is triple-insulated,
which is a UL safety requirement to ensure that the high voltage primary remains isolated
from the output. This is one place where cheap chargers cheat - they just use regular
wire instead of triple-insulated, and also skimp on the tape. The result is there's not much
protecting you from high voltage if there's an insulation flaw or power surge.

Under the next double layer of tape is the 11-turn heavy gauge primary power winding,
that powers the controller IC. Since this winding is on the primary side, it doesn't need to
be triple insulated. It's just insulated with a thin layer of varnish.
Under the final double layer of tape is the primary input winding, which is 4 layers of
approximately 23 turns each. This winding receives the high voltage input. Since the
current is very low, the wire can be very thin. Because the primary has about 15 times as
many turns as the secondary winding, the secondary voltage will be 1/15 the primary
voltage, but 15 times the current. Thus, the transformer converts the high voltage input to
low voltage, high current output.

The final picture shows all the components of the transformer; left to right shows the
layers from the outside tape to the innermost winding and bobbin.

Apple's huge profit margins

I was surprised to realize how enormous Apple's profit margins must be on these
chargers. These chargers sell for about $30 (if not counterfeit), but that must be almost
all profit. Samsung sells a very similar cube charger for about $6-$10, which I also
disassembled (and will write up details later). The Apple charger is higher quality and I
estimate has about a dollar's worth of additional components inside. [14] But it sells for $20
more.

Apple's 2008 charger safety recall

In 2008, Apple recalled the iPhone chargers due to a defect that the AC prongs could fall
off the charger and get stuck in an outlet. [15] The faulty chargers had the prongs attached
with what was described as little more than glue and "wishful thinking". [15] Apple replaced
the chargers with a redesigned model indicated by the green dot marking shown above
(which counterfeit chargers inevitably imitate).

I decided to see what safety improvements Apple made in the replacement charger, and
compare with other similar chargers. I tried pulling out the prongs of the Apple charger, a
Samsung charger, and a counterfeit charger. The counterfeit prongs came out with a tug
with pliers, as there's basically nothing anchoring them but friction. The Samsung prongs
took a lot of pulling and twisting with pliers, since they have little metal tabs holding them
in place, but eventually they came out.

When I moved on to the Apple charger, the prongs didn't budge, even with my hardest
pulling with pliers, so I got out the Dremel and ground through the case to find out what
was holding the prongs. They have large metal flanges embedded in the plastic of the
case, so there's no way a prong can come loose short of the destruction of the charger.
The photo shows the Apple plug (note the thickness of plastic removed from the right
half), the prong from the counterfeit charger held in only by friction, and the Samsung
prong held in by small but sturdy metal tabs.
I'm impressed with the effort Apple put into making the charger more safe after the recall.
They didn't just improve the prongs slightly to make them more secure; clearly someone
was told to do whatever it takes to make sure there's absolutely no way the prongs could
possibly come loose again under any circumstances.

What makes Apple's iPhone charger special

Apple's power adapter is clearly a high-quality power supply designed to produce
carefully filtered power. Apple has obviously gone to extra effort to reduce EMI
interference, probably to keep the charger from interfering with the touchscreen. [16] When
I opened the charger up, I expected to find a standard design, but I've compared the
charger to the Samsung charger and several other high-quality industry designs, [17] and
Apple goes beyond these designs in several ways.

The input AC is filtered thorugh a tiny ferrite ring on the plastic case (see photo below).
The diode bridge output is filtered by two large capacitors and an inductor. Two other R-C
snubbers filter the diode bridge, which I've only seen elsewhere in audio power supplies
to prevent 60Hz hum; [6] perhaps this enhances the iTunes listening experience. Other
chargers I disassembled don't use a ferrite ring and usually only a single filter capacitor.
The primary circuit board has a grounded metal shield over the high-frequency
components (see photo), which I haven't seen elsewhere. The transformer includes a
shield winding to absorb EMI. The output circuit uses three capacitors including two
relatively expensive tantalum ones [14] and an inductor for filtering, when many supplies
just use one capacitor. The Y capacitor is usually omitted from other designs. The
resonant clamp circuit is highly innovative. [9]

Apple's design provides extra safety in a few ways that were discussed earlier: the super-
strong AC prongs, and the complex over-temperature / over-voltage shutdown circuit.
Apple's isolation distance between primary and secondary appears to go beyond the
regulations.
Conclusions
Apple's iPhone charger crams a lot of technology into a small space. Apple went to extra
effort to provide higher quality and safety than other name-brand chargers, but this quality
comes at a high cost.

If you're interested in power supplies, please take a look at my other articles: tiny, cheap,
dangerous: Inside a (fake) iPhone charger, where I disassemble a $2.79 iPhone charger
and discover that it violates many safety rules; don't buy one of these. Also take a look at
Apple didn't revolutionize power supplies; new transistors did which examines the history
of switching power supplies. To see Apple's adapter disassembled, check out videos
created by scourtheearth and Ladyada. Finally, if you have an interesting charger lying
around that you don't want, send it to me and maybe I'll write up a detailed teardown of it.

Also see comments on Hacker News.

Notes and references

[1] You might wonder why the DC voltage inside the power supply is so much higher than
the line voltage. The DC voltage is approximately sqrt(2) times the AC voltage, since the
diode charges the capacitor to the peak of the AC signal. Thus, the input of 100 to 240
volts AC is converted to a DC voltage of 145 to 345 volts internally. This isn't enough to
be officially high voltage but I'll call it high voltage for convenience. According to
standards, anything under 50 volts AC or 120 V dc is considered extra-low voltage and is
considered safe under normal conditions. But I'll refer to the 5V output as low voltage for
convenience.

[2] The Apple power supply uses a flyback design, where the transformer operates
"backwards" from how you might expect. When a voltage pulse is sent into the
transformer, the output diode blocks the output so there is no output - instead a magnetic
field builds up. When the voltage input stops, the magnetic field collapses causing
voltage output from the transformer. Flyback power supplies are very common for low-
wattage power supplies.

[3] The primary board measures about 22.5mm by 20.0mm, while the secondary board is
about 22.2mm by 20.2mm. [4] For more information on X and Y capacitors, see Kemet's
presentation and Designing low leakage current power supplies.

[5] For clarity, some insulation was removed before taking the pictures in this article. The
Y capacitor was covered with black heat shrink tubing, there was tape around the side of
the circuit, the fusible resistor was covered with black heat shrink tubing, and there was a
black insulating cover over the USB connector.

[6] Snubber circuits can be used to reduce 60 Hz hum generated by the diode bridge in
audio power supplies. A detailed reference on R-C snubbers for audio power supply
diodes is Calculating Optimum Snubbers, and a sample design is An Audio Amplifier
Power Supply Design.

[7] The power supply is controlled by the L6565 quasi-resonant SMPS (switched-mode
power supply) controller chip (datasheet). (To be sure, the chip could be something else,
but the circuit exactly matches the L6565 and no other chip I examined.)

To improve efficiency and reduce interference, the chip uses a technique known as quasi-
resonance, which was first developed in the 1980s. The output circuit is designed so
when the power is switched off, the transformer voltage will oscillate. When the voltage
hits zero, the transistor switches back on. This is known as Zero Voltage Switching
because the transistor is switched when there is essentially no voltage across it,
minimizing wasted power and interference during switching. The circuit remains on for a
variable time (depending on the power required), and then switches back off, repeating
the process. (See Exploring quasi-resonant converters for power supplies for more
information.)

One interesting consequence of quasi-resonance is the switching frequency varies

depending on the load (with 70kHz as a typical value). Early power supplies such as the
Apple II power supply used simple variable-frequency circuits to regulate the power. But
in the 1980s, these circuits were replaced by controller ICs that switched at a fixed
frequency, but varied the width of the pulses (known as PWM). Now, advanced controller
ICs have gone back to variable frequency controls. But in addition, super-cheap knockoff
power supplies use variable frequency circuits almost identical to the Apple II. So both
high-end and low-end chargers are now back to variable frequency.

It took me a long time to realize that the "FLEX01" marking on the controller IC indicates
Flextronics, and the X on the chip was from the Flextronics logo: .I
assume the chip has these markings because it is being manufactured for Flextronics.
The "EB936" marking on the chip could be Flextronics' own part number, or a date code.

[8] I thought Flextronics was just an electronics assembler and I was surprised to learn
that Flextronics does a lot of innovative development and has literally thousands of
patents. I think Flextronics should get more credit for their designs. (Note that Flextronics
is a different company than Foxconn, which manufactures iPads and iPhones and has
the controversy over working conditions).

The picture above is from Flextronics Patent 7,978,489: Integrated Power Converters
describes an adapter that looks just like the iPhone charger. The patent itself is a grab
bag of 63 assorted claims (spring contacts, EMI shields, thermal potting material), most
of which are not actually relevant to the iPhone charger.

[9] Flextronics Patent 7,924,578: Two Terminals Quasi Resonant Tank Circuit describes
the resonance circuit used in the iPhone charger, which is shown in the following
diagram. Transistor Q2 drives the transformer. Transistor Q1 is the clamp transistor,
which directs the voltage spike from the transformer into resonance capacitor C13. The
innovative part of this circuit is that Q1 doesn't need special drive circuitry like other
active clamp circuits; it is self-powered via the capacitors and diodes. Most charger
power supplies, by contrast, use a simple resistor-capacitor-diode clamp which dissipates
the energy in the resistor. [18]

Later Flextronics patents extend the resonance circuit with even more diodes and
capacitors: see patents 7,830,676, 7,760,519, and 8,000,112

[10] Apple indicates the charger type through a proprietary technique of resistances on
the USB D+ and D- pins. For details on USB charging protocols, see my earlier
references.

[11] One puzzling feature of the Apple charger is the second feedback circuit monitoring
the temperature and output voltage. This circuit on the secondary board consists of a
thermistor, a second 431 regulator, and a few other components to monitor the
temperature and voltage. The output is connected through a second optocoupler to more
circuitry on other side of the secondary board. Two transistors are wired in a SCR-like
crowbar latch that will short out the auxiliary power and also shut down the controller IC.
This circuit seems excessively complex for this task, especially since many controller ICs
have this functionality built in. I could be misunderstanding this circuit, because it seems
that Apple unnecessarily took up space and expensive components (maybe 25 cents
worth) implementing this feature in such a complex way.

[12] Note the mysterious "For use with information technology equipment" on the outside
of the charger. This indicates that the charger is covered by the safety standard UL
60950-1, which specifies the various isolation distances required. For a brief overview of
isolation distances, see i-Spec Circuit Separation and some of my earlier references.

[13] Some notes on the components used: On the primary board, the JS4 package is two
diodes in a single package. The input diodes labeled 1JLGE9 are 1J 600V 1A diodes.
The switching transistors are 1HNK60 600V 1A N-channel MOSFETs. The values of
many of the resistors and capacitors are indicated through standard SMD three-digit
markings (two digits and then a power of ten, giving ohms or picofarads).

On the secondary board, the "330 j90" capacitor is a Sanyo POSCAP tantalum polymer
300mF 6.3V capacitor (j indicates 6.3V and 90 is a date code). 1R5 indicates a 1.5uH
inductor. GB9 is a AS431I low cathode current adjustable precision shunt regulator, and
431 is a regular TL431 regulator. SCD34 is a 3A 40V schottky rectifier. YCW is an
unidentified NPN transistor and GYW is an unidentified PNP transistor. The Y capacitor
labeled "MC B221K X1 400V Y1 250V" is a 220pF Y capacitor. The "107A" capacitor is a
100 µF 10V tantalum capacitor (A indicates 10V). The optocouplers are PS2801-1. (All
these component identifications should be considered tentative, along with the
schematic.)

[14] In order to get a rough idea of how much the components in the charger cost, I
looked up the prices of some components on octopart.com. These prices are the best
prices I could find after a brief search, in quantities of 1000, attempting to match the parts
accurately. I have to assume Apple's prices are considerably better than these prices.

Component Price
0402 SMD resistor $0.002
0805 SMD capacitor $0.007
SMD transistor $0.02
fusible resistor $0.03
1A 600V (1J) diode $0.06
thermistor $0.07
Y capacitor $0.08
3.3uF 400V electrolytic capacitor $0.10
TL431 $0.10
1.5uH inductor $0.12
SCD 34 diode $0.13
2801 optocoupler $0.16
1HNK60 transistor $0.22
USB jack $0.33
100uF tantalum capacitor $0.34
L6565 IC $0.55
330uF tantalum polymer capacitor
$0.98
(Sanyo POSCAP)
flyback transformer $1.36

A few notes. Flyback transformers are generally custom and prices are all over the place,
so I don't have much confidence in that price. I think the POSCAP price is high because I
was looking for the exact manufacturer, but tantalum capacitors are fairly expensive in
general. It's surprising how cheap SMD resistors and capacitors are: a fraction of a
penny.

[15] Apple's safety recall of chargers was announced in 2008. Blog reports showed that
the prongs on the charger were attached only by 1/8" of metal and some glue. Apple
Recalls iPhone 3G Power Adapters in Wired provides more details.

[16] Low-quality chargers interfere with touchscreens, and this is described in detail in
Noise Wars: Projected capacitance strikes back. (Customers also report touchscreen
problems from cheap chargers on Amazon and other sites.)

[17] There are many industry designs for USB AC/DC converters in the 5W range.
Sample designs are available from iWatt, Fairchild, STMicroelectronics, Texas
Instruments, ON Semiconductor, and Maxim.

[18] When a diode or transistor switches, it creates a voltage spike, which can be
controlled by a snubber or clamp circuit. For a lot of information on snubbers and clamps,
see Passive Lossless Snubbers for High Frequency PWM Conversion and Switchmode
Power Supply Reference Manual.

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174 comments:

Anonymous May 19, 2012 at 9:11 AM

Fantastic read! Thanks for doing this. It's geeky stuff like this that makes the net so darn
addicting.- I mean power supplies?? Who knew?
Reply

Matthew May 19, 2012 at 10:55 AM

Is it possible that the higher quality IC helps this charger truly switch off when a device is not
connected? I've read that this Apple's adapters have effectively no waste when not in use,
unlike most that always use some energy when connected to the AC receptacle.
Reply