Applied Physics

NS-125

Dr. Muhammad Tahir

Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
UMT, Lahore
 Course Outline
• Potential difference and electric potential
• Electric potential energy due to point charges
• Motion of a charge particle in uniform electric field
• Electric potential of continuous charge distributions
• Capacitance, Capacitors with dielectrics, charging and discharging of capacitor,
time constant, Combination of capacitors
• Electric current and resistance
• Dependence of resistance upon temperature and electrical power
• Ohm’s Law, Resistance in Series and Parallel
• Voltage and Current Dividing Rule, Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Electromotive force and combination of resistors
• Calculating the current in a multi-loop circuit
• The magnetic force and motion of charged particle in uniform magnetic field
• The magnetic force on a current carrying conductor
• The Biot-Savart Law and Ampere’s Law
• Magnetism in Matter
• The magnetic field of a solenoid,
• Faraday’s Law of induction and Motional emf
• Lenz’s Law and Induced emf and electric fields
• Maxwell Equations, Generators,
• motors and Eddy Currents
 Course Outline
• RLC series circuit
• RLC Parallel circuit
• p-n Junction
• Semiconductor Diode
• Applications of Diodes
• Special Purpose Diodes (Zener diode, Varactor diodes, optical diodes)
• Bipolar junction Transistor, Biasing of BJT, IV curve of BJT.
• Configurations of BJT
 Recommended Books

1. Physics for Scientist and Engineers, John W. Jewett, Jr., Raymond A. Serway 7thEdition,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, US, 2008. Second Indian Reprint 2011.
2. Basic Electronics by Grob, McGraw-Hill, Tch ed. 1997.
3. Fundamentals of Physics, Halliday/Resnick/Walker, Sixth edition 2006.
4. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications”,
Prentice Hall, 8th ed., 2009.
 Attendance Policy

Attendance is mandatory. Every class is important. All

deadlines are hard. Under normal circumstances late
work will not be accepted. Students are required to take
all the tests. No make-up tests will be given under
normal circumstances. Students missing more than 20%
of the lectures will receive an “SA” grade in the course
and will not be allowed to take final exam.
 Grading Policy

Assignment and Quizzes: 25%

Mid-Term Examination: 25%
Final Examination: 50%
 WHY STUDY PHYSICS?
 Physics is the branch of science that describes matter, energy, space, and
time at the most fundamental level. Whether you are planning to study
biology, architecture, medicine, music, chemistry, or art, some principles of
physics are relevant to your field.
 Physicists look for patterns in the physical phenomena that occur in the
universe. They try to explain what is happening, and they perform
experiments to see if the proposed explanation is valid. The goal is to find
the most basic laws that govern the universe and to formulate those laws in
the most precise way possible.
 Reasons
• The study of physics is valuable for several reasons:
 A full understanding of chemistry requires a knowledge of the physics of atoms. A full
understanding of biological processes in turn is based on the underlying principles of
physics and chemistry..
 In today’s technological world, many important devices can be understood correctly
only with a knowledge of the underlying physics.
 Just in the medical world, think of laser surgery, magnetic resonance imaging, instant-
read thermometers, x-ray imaging, radioactive tracers, heart catheterizations,
sonograms, pacemakers, microsurgery guided by optical fibers, ultrasonic dental drills,
and radiation therapy.
 By studying physics, you acquire skills that are useful in other disciplines. These
include thinking logically and analytically.
 Society’s resources are limited, so it is important to use them in beneficial ways and
not squander them on scientifically impossible projects.
 Finally, by studying physics, we hope that you develop a sense of the beauty of the
fundamental laws governing the universe
 THE ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER
• One of the most profound ideas of contemporary science is that all
macroscopic bodies—by which we mean bodies that can be seen with visible
light are composites.
• Atoms in turn, are made of even simpler pieces of matter called electrons,
protons, and neutrons, whose existence is based on much less direct although
strongly convincing-evidence

FIGURE : Atomic force

microscopy image of individual
oxygen atoms arrayed on a crystal.
 FIGURE: Molecular model of a membrane
showing disorder.

FIGURE: Fluorescent microscopy image

of the cytoplasm of a cell showing actin
filament gel-like structure.
 THE USE OF MATHEMATICS
In physics, a number to specify a quantity is useless unless
we know the unit attached to the number.
Physicists talk about increasing “by some factor” because it
often simplifies a problem to think in terms of proportions.
When we say that A is proportional to B (written A ∝ B ), we
mean that if B increases by some factor, then A must increase
by the same factor.
For instance, the circumference of a circle equals 2p times
the radius:
C = 2πr
Therefore C ∝ r. If the radius doubles, the circumference also
doubles. The area of a circle is proportional to the square of the
radius
A = πr2 , so A ∝ r2
The area must increase by the same factor as the radius
squared, so if the radius doubles, the area increases by a factor
of 22 = 4.
 Example
A severe osteoporosis can cause the density of bone to
decrease as much as 40%. What is the bones density of this
degraded bone if the density of healthy bone is 1.5 g/cm3.
Solution :
A decrease of n% means the quantity is multiplied by 1- (n/100)
1.5g/cm3 × [1-(40/100)]
1.5g/cm3 × 0.60 = 0.90g/cm3
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
In physics, we deal with some numbers that are very
small and others that are very large.
It can get cumbersome to write numbers in
conventional decimal notation.
In scientific notation, any number is written as a
number between 1 and 10 times an integer power of ten.
Thus the radius of Earth, approximately 6,380,000 m at
the equator, can be
written 6.38×106 m
the radius of a hydrogen atom, 0.000 000 000 053 m,
can be written 5.3 × 10 − 11 m. Scientific notation
eliminates the need to write zeros to locate the decimal
point correctly.
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The most basic way to indicate the precision of a quantity is
to write it with the correct number of significant figures.
The significant figures are all the digits that are known
accurately plus the one estimated digit.
If we say that the distance from here to the state line is 12
km, that does not mean we know the distance to be exactly 12
kilometers.
Rather, the distance is 12 km to the nearest kilometer.
If instead we said that the distance is 12.0 km, that would
indicate that we know the distance to the nearest tenth of a
kilometer.
More significant figures indicate a greater degree of
precision.
UNITS
UNITS
Prefixes
 GRAPHS
Graphs are used to help us see a pattern in the relationship
between two quantities.
It is much easier to see a pattern on a graph than to see it in a
table of numerical values.
When we do experiments in physics, we change one quantity (the
independent variable) and see what happens to another (the
dependent variable).