NATIONAL PARK - INTRODUCTION

❖ Protected natural habitats-established by central and state governments-

according to the regulations from the IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature)
❖ Provide protection to the entire ecosystem, i.e. flora, fauna, landscape, etc.
of that region.
❖ National parks are given a greater degree of protection, with human activity
greatly restricted - only certain areas can be visited
 NATIONAL PARK - DEFINITION
According to the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests, a national park is

"[a]n area, whether within a sanctuary or not, [that] can be notified by the state
government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological,
faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance,
needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife
therein or its environment.

No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones
permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions
given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972".

By 1970 - only five national parks – today - around104

 IMPORTANT FACTS ON NATIONAL PARKS
❖First National Park in India:
▪ Hailey National Park - Established in 1936
▪ Now known as Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand)

❖Largest in India:
▪ Hemis National Park (Ladakh) - 4400 sq. km.
▪ Also National Park located in high altitude

❖Smallest in India:
▪ South Button Island National Park (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) – 0.03
sq. km.

❖States with largest number of National Parks:

▪ Madhya Pradesh – 11 (latest addition - Kuno National Park)
 IMPORTANT FACTS ON NATIONAL PARKS

❖First Marine National Park in India:

▪ Marine National Park (Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat)
▪Total 6 Marine National Parks in India

❖ Floating National Park in the world –

Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur
(Loktak lake)
Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book –
KANHA or PENCH???
J&K and Ladakh

Area
National Park (J&K)
(km²)
City Forest (Salim Ali) 9
National Park
Dachigam National Park 141
Kishtwar National Park 425

Area
National Park (Ladakh)
(km²)
Hemis National Park 3350
Dachigam National Park- Srinagar
The name of the park literally stands for
"ten villages" which could be in memory of
the ten villages that were relocated for its
formation.
Hemis National Park - Ladakh
Snow leopards
Kishtwar National Park -Kishtwar
(largest National park)
district
Himalayan snowcock and the brown
bear
 Uttarakhand
National Park of Himachal Total
Pradesh Area(km²)

Great Himalayan National Park 754.5

Pin Valley National Park 675

Inderkilla National Park 104

Khirganga National Park 710

Simbalbara National Park 27.88

In June 2014, the Great Himalayan
National Park was added to the UNESCO
list of World Heritage Sites
Uttarakhand
Area
Name of NP (km²)
Valley of Flowers National
87.50
Park
Rajaji National Park 820
Nanda Devi National Park 630.33
Jim Corbett National Park 1318.5
Govind Pashu Vihar National 79.45
Park
Galathea National Park 110
 Valley of Flowers
North Chamoli and Pithoragarh
declared a national park in 1982 and
now it is a World Heritage Site

Jim Corbett National Park:

1936- Hailey National Park , 1st of India
✓Bengal Tiger
✓The reserve was renamed in 1954–55
as Ramganga National Park and was again
renamed in 1955–56 as Corbett National Park,
✓one of the thirteen protected areas covered by
the World Wide Fund For Nature under their Terai
Arc Landscape Program
✓The park was the first to come under the Project
Tiger initiative
 Uttar Pradesh

✓The Dudhwa National Park -

✓It is part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
✓Tigers, Indian rhinoceros, Leopards
 Bihar

Valmiki National Park

✓Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is the 18th Tiger
Reserve of the country
✓It was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1978.
✓Total area of the Sanctuary is about 545.15 Km2.
✓Valmiki National Park was established in the year 1990.
✓Total area of the park is about 335.65 Km2.
 Jharkhand

Betla National Park

It was declared as a National Park in the year of 1986. Total area of the park is
about 226.33 Km2.
In the year of 1973, it was declared a wildlife sanctuary. The area was set up as the
Palamau Tiger Reserve in the year of 1974. Total area of the reserve is about 1014
Km2
 West Bengal
Total
Name of National Park Area(km²)

Buxa National Park 117.10

Gorumara National Park 79.45

Neora Valley National Park 159.89

The SundarbansSingalila National

National ParkPark
is 78.60
a national park, tiger reserve,
Sunderban National Park
and biosphere reserve 1330.10
Designated as a Jaldapara
Ramsar National
site since
Park
2019
World Network of Biosphere Reserve (Man215.51
and Biosphere Reserve) from 1989
Odisha

Total
Name of National
Area(km²)
Park

Bhitarkanika National
145
Park
Simlipal National
845.7
Park
Madhya Pradesh
Name Area
Kanha National Park 940 km2

Bandhavgarh National Park 437 km2

Madhav National Park 354 km2
Sanjay National Park 467 km2

Van Vihar National Park 4.45 km2

Panna National Park 543 km2

Satpura National Park 524 km2

Pench National Park 293 km2

Fossils National Park 0.27 km2

Dinosaur fossil park 108 km2

Kuno National Park 748 km2

Panna National Park
•Panna and Chhatarpur districts
•Award of Excellence in 2007 as the best Bandhavgarh National Park
maintained national park of India by the Ministry Also Tiger reserve
of Tourism of India White Tiger , leopard
•It is a UNESCO Designated Biosphere
Reserve status of which was given in October
2020
•highest density of tiger population in India
Kanha Tiger Reserve/ Kanha–Kisli
National Park
Largest (940 sq. km) in MP
Tiger, Leopard, sloth bear
 Chhatisgarh
Total
National Park
Area (km²)

Indravati (Kutru) National

1,258.37
Park

Kanger Valley National

200
Park

Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay)

1,440.71
National Park
Rajasthan

National Parks Area (Km2)

200.54
Mukundra Hills (Darrah)
National Park

Desert National Park 3162

Keoladeo National Park 28.73

Ranthambhore National Park 282

Sariska National Park 273.8

 Gujarat

Gir National Park and Wildlife

Sanctuary, also known as Sasan Gir
✓It was established in 1965, with a total
area of 1,412 km2 (545 sq mi), of which
258 km2 (100 sq mi) is fully protected
as national park and 1,153 km2 (445 sq mi)
as wildlife sanctuary
✓Asiatic Lion
Maharashtra
Total
Name of National Park Area(km²)

Chandoli National Park 317.67

Gugamal National Park 361.28

Nawegaon National Park 133.88

Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli)

86.96
National Park

Tadoba National Park 116.55

Andhra Pradesh

Total
National Park Area (In
km²)
Sri Venkateswara
353.62
National Park
Rajiv Gandhi
2.40
National Park
Papikonda National
1012.86
Park
Karnataka
Total
National Park
Area(km²)

Anshi National Park 417.37

Bandipur National
874.2
Park
Bannerghatta National
260.51
Park
Kudremukh National
600.32
Park
Rajiv Gandhi
(Nagarahole) National 643.39
Park
Nagarhole National Park was
declared the thirty seventh Project
Tiger, Tiger reserves of India in 1999
Tigers, Gaur, elephants, Indian
leopards, and deer Bandipur National Park established in
1974 as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger

c
 Kerala
Total
National Park
Area(km²)
Anamudi Shola National
7.5
Park

Eravikulam National Park 97

Mathikettan Shola National

12.82
Park

Pambadum Shola National

1.318
Park
Periyar National Park and Wildlife
Sanctuary (PNP) - elephant reserve and Periyar National Park 350
a tiger reserve
Declared as the Periyar National Park in Silent Valley National Park 89.52
1982.
Tamil Nadu
Total
National Park
Area(km²)

Guindy National Park 2.82

Gulf of Mannar Marine

6.23
National Park

Indira Gandhi
(Annamalai) National 117.1
Park
Mudumalai National
103.23
Park

Mukurthi National Park 78.46

Assam
Area (km²)
Name of NP

Dibru-Saikhowa
340
National Park

Kaziranga National
858.98
Park

Manas National Park 500

Nameri National Park 200

Rajiv Gandhi Orang

78.81
National Park
 Kaziranga National Park
One-horned rhinoceros, elephant, wild
buffalo, wild boar, tiger, leopard
Manas National Park Two-thirds of the world's great one-
UNESCO World Heritage Site, Tiger horned rhinoceroses, is a World Heritage
Reserve, Elephant Reserve, Biosphere Site
Reserve, and also a Wildlife Sanctuary
Wild Buffalo
 Sikkim
Khangchendzonga National
Park also Kanchenjunga Biosphere
Reserve
The UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in
July 2016, becoming the first "Mixed
Heritage" site of India.
It was recently included in the
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere
Programme.
The park gets its name from the mountain ,
the third-highest peak in the world.
The total area of this park is 849.5 km2
Keibul Lamjao National Park -40 km2 in
area
The only floating park in the world, and an
integral part of Loktak Lake.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
National Park Area(km²)
Campbell Bay National Park 426.23
Galathea Bay National Park 110
Mahatama Gandhi Marine
281.5
(Wandoor) National Park

Middle Button Island National Park 0.44

Mount Harriett National Park 46.62
North Button Island National Park 0.44

Rani Jhansi Marine National Park 256.14

Saddle Peak National Park 32.54
South Button Island National Park 0.03
 NATIONAL PARKS STATE
Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh
Ntangki/Intanki National Park Nagaland
Murlen National Park Mizoram
Phawngpui National Park Mizoram
Kalesar National Park Haryana
Sultanpur National Park Haryana
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BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA

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 Biosphere Reserve - INTRODUCTION
 Biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and at times
recognized under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to
promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and
sound science.

 An ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural

interest.

 Areas of terrestrial and coastal/ marine ecosystems.

 Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region,
but also to human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of
life.
 Biosphere Reserve - INTRODUCTION

 Concept of Biosphere Reserves launched in 1971 as a part of United

Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)’s ‘Man
and Biosphere Programme’.

 The National Biosphere Reserve Programme in India - initiated in 1986

- to serve a wider base for conservation of entire range of living resources
and their ecological foundations in addition to already established protected
area network system.
 Aims & Functions of Biosphere Reserves
Aim - to get a balanced relationship between mankind and nature

Functions:

Conservation - of biodiversity and cultural

diversity

Development - Economic development that is

socio-culturally and environmentally
sustainable

Logistics – supporting development through

research, monitoring, education and training
 Zones of Biosphere Reserves
Core Area
Buffer Zone
Transition Zone (Area of Co-operation)
 Core Zone
•It is the innermost undisturbed ecosystem.

•Legally protected area where human intervention is strictly prohibited.

 Buffer Zone
•Area surrounding the core zone

•Only research and education activities are permitted to humans. These activities
should not obstruct the conservation objectives of the core area.

•It includes restoration, limited tourism, fishing, grazing, etc; which are permitted to
reduce its effect on the core zone.

•Human activities are less

intensive in this zone as
compared to the transition zone.
 Transition Zone
•Peripheral area of a biosphere reserve

•Zone of cooperation where human ventures and conservation are done in

harmony.

•Cropping, recreation, forestry, and human settlements are permitted

 IMPORTANT FACTS

There are 18 Biosphere

Reserves in India.

Of these, 12 are part of

the World Network of
Biosphere Reserves.
 IMPORTANT FACTS
❖First BR: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1986) in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka

❖Largest BR: Gulf of Kachch in Gujarat

❖Smallest BR: Dibru-Saikhowa in Assam

S. World Network of
Name States Established
No. BR
Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
1 Nilgiri 1.08.1986 Included (2000)
Karnataka
2 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu 18.02.1989 Included (2001)
3 Sunderbans West Bengal 29.03.1989 Included (2001)
4 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand 18.01.1988 Included (2004)
5 Simlipal Odisha 21.06.1994 Included (2009)

6 Nokrek Meghalaya 1.09.1988 Included (2009)

7 Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh 03.03.1999 Included (2009)

Achanakamar- Chhattisgarh, Madhya
8 30.03.2005 Included (2012)
Amarkantak Pradesh
Andaman & Nicobar
9 Great Nicobar 6.01.1989 Included (2013)
Islands
S. World Network of
No.
Name States Established
BR
10 Agasthyamalai Kerala and Tamil Nadu 12.11.2001 Included (2016)

11 Khangchendzonga Sikkim 7.02.2000 Included (2018)

12 Panna Madhya Pradesh 25.08.2011 Included (2020)

13 Manas Assam 14.03.1989 -

14 Dibru-Saikhowa Assam 28.07.1997 -

15 Dehang-Dibang Arunachal Pradesh 2.09.1998 -

16 Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat 29.01.2008 -

17 Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh 28.08.2009 -

18 Seshachalam Andhra Pradesh 20.09.2010 -
 1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - 1986
• World Natural Heritage Site
• Location - Parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
• UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2000

 Protected Areas:
1.Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Also Tiger
Reserve)
2.Wyanaad Wildlife Sanctuary
3.Bandipur National Park (Also Tiger
Reserve)
4.Nagarhole National Park (Also Tiger
Reserve)
5.Mukurthi National Park
6. Silent Valley
 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity
Fauna - Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiri langur, Lion – tailed macaque

Rivers - Bhavani, Moyar, Kabini (tribuatries of Cauvery), Chaliyar,

Punampuzha, etc.

,
 2. Gulf of Mannar 1989
 First marine Biosphere Reserve in India
 Location - Tamil Nadu (Indian part of Gulf of Mannar)
 Large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian
Ocean with least depth of 5.8 m (19 ft).
 The Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka and the estuaries
of Thamirabarani River and Vaippar River
 Protected Area –

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

UNESCO designated it a biosphere

reserve in 2001
 Gulf of Mannar Biodiversity

Sea Cow (dugong), Sea Anemone, sea cucumbers, Sea turtles

dugongs sea cucumbers

Green sea turtle
 3. Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve 1989
 Location - Andaman & Nicobar Islands
 Great Nicobar is the southernmost island
of the Nicobar Islands Archipelago.
 Encompasses a large part (some 85%) of
the island of Great Nicobar
 Included in the list of Man and Biosphere
program of UNESCO in 2013
 Protected Areas:
1. Campbell Bay National Park
2. Galathea National Park
 Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity

Nicobar scrub fowl Nicobar tree shrew

Nicobar long-tailed macaque

Salt water crocodile

Edible-nest swiftlet
 4. Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve-2001
 Location: southernmost end of the Western Ghats
in Kerala and Tamil Nadu
 Protected Areas-
 Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary
 Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
 Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
 Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
 Fauna- Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant, and Nilgiri
Tahr.

Part of the
UNESCO World
Network of Biosphere
Reserves since 2016
 5. Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve- 2010
•Location – Southern Eastern Ghats
in Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering
parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts,
Andhra Pradesh

•Fauna - Slender loris

 6. Sunderban - 1989
•World Natural Heritage Site
•Location - Part of delta of Ganges and Brahamaputra river system in West Bengal

• Sunderban - largest continuous mangrove area (along with Bangladesh) in the world
• Spans from Hooghly River in West Bengal (India) to Baleswar River (Bangladesh).
 Fauna - Royal Bengal tiger
 Protected Areas
1.Sundarban National Park
/Sundarban Tiger Reserve
2.Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary
3.Lothian Wildlife Sanctuary
4.Haliday Wildlife Sanctuary

UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2001

 7. Simlipal Biosphere Reserve -1994
 Location: Mayurbhanj
district , Odisha

 Protected Areas-
• Part of the Mayurbhanj Elephant
Reserve
• Similipal Tiger Reserve
• Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary

 Part of the UNESCO World

Network of Biosphere The biosphere reserve has the largest
Reserves since 2009 zone of Sal in all of India
 Simlipal Biosphere Reserve -Biodiversity
 Fauna- Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, and chausingha
 8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve -

 Location: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

 Bilaspur district (Chhattisgarh), Anuppur
and Dindori (Madhya Pradesh)
 Protected area - Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary
 Fauna - Four horned antelope, Indian wild
dog, Saras crane, Asian white-backed vulture,
Sacred grove bush frog.

Part of the UNESCO World

Network of Biosphere
Reserves since 2012
 9. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve - 1999
 Location: Satpura Range of Madhya
Pradesh

 Satpura mountain ranges cross India

from west to east and Pachmarhi lies
directly in its centre

 Protected Ares:
 Bori Sanctuary
 Pachmarhi Sanctuary
 Satpura National Park

 UNESCO designated it
a biosphere reserve in 2009
 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve – Biodiversity
 Rare & Endangered Fauna - Giant Squirrel and Spilornis cheela (Crested
serpent eagle)
 10. Panna Biosphere Reserve- 1981
 Location: Vindhya Mountain
Range in Panna &
Chhatarpur districts of Madhya
Pradesh
 Ken River (tributary of Yamuna)
flows through the reserve
 Ken-Betwa river interlinking
project will be located in it

 Protected Areas –
 Panna National Park
 Ken Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary

Part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2020

 Panna Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity
 Tiger, leopard, chital, chinkara, nilgai, sambhar and sloth bear
 11. Great Rann of Kutch Biosphere Reserve- 2008
•Location- Part
of Kutch, Morbi, Surendranagar and
Patan districts (Gujarat)

•Largest biosphere reserve in India

•Fauna - Indian wild ass

 12. Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve- 2009
• Location : Western Himalayas region
in Himachal Pradesh

•Protected Areas:
•Pin Valley National Park
•Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary
•Sarchu Wildlife Sanctuary
•Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary

•Fauna- Snow leopard

 13. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 1988
 World Natural Heritage Site
 Location - Uttarakhand
 River - Rishi Ganga
 Protected Areas:

1. Nanda Devi National park

2. Valley of Flowers National Park

UNESCO designated it a biosphere reserve in 2004

 Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve - Biodiversity
Endangered mammal species - Snow leopard, Himalayan black bear,
brown bear, Musk deer (State animal of Uttarakhand) and bharal/blue sheep
 15. Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve- 1977

 Location: Sikkim

 UNESCO World Heritage Sites

in 2016, becoming the first
"Mixed Heritage" site of India

 The site is one of the world’s 34

biodiversity hotspots.

 Part of the UNESCO World

Network of Biosphere
Reserves since 2018
 Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity

 Musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, dhole, sloth

bear, viverrids, Himalayan black bear, red panda.

Himalayan tahr dhole viverrids Red Panda

 15. Manas Biosphere Reserve - 1989
 UNESCO Natural World
Heritage site

 National park, a Project

Tiger reserve, an elephant
reserve and a biosphere
reserve

 Location - Assam

 River - Manas-Beki
 Manas Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity
 Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hog.
 Manas is famous for its population of the wild water buffalo

hispid hare

pygmy hog Assam roofed turtle

golden langur
water buffalo
 16.Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve- 1997
•Location - Part
of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia district,
Assam

•Smallest of all BR

•Bounded by the Brahmaputra and

Lohit Rivers in the north and Dibru
river in the south

•Largest salix swamp forest in

north-eastern India with a tropical
monsoon climate with a hot and wet
summer and cool and usually dry
winter
 Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity
•White-winged wood duck, water buffalo, black-breasted parrotbill, tiger, capped
langur

water buffalo black-breasted

White-winged wood parrotbill
duck capped langur
 17. Nokrek Biosphere Reserve- 1988
 Location – on Tura Range, Garo
Hills, Meghalaya (Nokrek is the
highest peak of the Garo hills)

 Rivers - Ganol, Dareng and

Simsang

 90% of the Reserve is covered by

evergreen forest

 Protected Area - Nokrek National UNESCO designated it a biosphere

Park reserve in 2009
 Nokrek Biosphere Reserve- Biodiversity
Asian elephant, Giant flying squirrel, Pig-tailed macaque, Hoolock gibbons
(most endangered apes in India)

Asian elephant
Hoolock gibbons
Pig-tailed macaque

Giant flying squirrel

 18. Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve - 1989
Location – district of West Siang, Upper Siang and Dibang valley
of Arunachal Pradesh

 Protected Areas –
 Mouling National Park
 Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary

One of the world’s “Bio-Diversity Hot spots”

 Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity
Mishmi takin, red goral, musk deer, red panda, Gongshan muntjac

Mishmi takin red goral musk deer

red panda Gongshan muntjac

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 Tiger
Reserves in
India
 Tiger

•Scientific Name : Panthera tigris

•Position is IUCN category : Endangered
•IUCN classified Endangered species -species which are very
likely to become extinct in the near future.
•Tiger State : Madhya Pradesh
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) –
It is an international organization working in the field of nature
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Headquarters : Gland, Switzerland

Tiger population
• India is home to 2,967 tigers (According to the results of
the All India Tiger Estimation, 2018 released by the Hon’ble
Prime Minister of India).
• Top 5 states with maximum number of tigers :
1. Madhya Pradesh – 526 tigers
2. Karnataka – 524 tigers
3. Uttarakhand – 442 tigers
4. Maharashtra – 312 tigers
5. Tamil Nadu – 264 tigers

Techniques used for Tiger Census

•Pugmark Census Technique – prints of pugmarks recorded

and identified

•Camera Trapping – Tigers photographed and identified

with stripes

•DNA Fingerprinting – identification from scats/poops

 What are the threats tigers face
Poaching (illegal hunting)
• Poaching is the most immediate threat to wild tigers.
Habitat loss
• Tigers have lost an estimated 95% of their historical range.
• Their habitat has been destroyed, degraded, and fragmented by human activities.
Human-wildlife conflict
• People and tigers increasingly compete for space. As forests shrink and prey becomes scarce, tigers
are forced to leave protected areas in search of food and to establish territories. This takes them
into human-dominated areas.
Effects of climate change
• Sundarbans is a large mangrove forest area on the coast of Bay of Bengal. These forests are
threatened by the rising sea levels caused by climate change.

Why to conserve tiger?

•Tiger plays a pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem.

•Itherbivores
is a top predator and at the apex of the food chain. It maintains the balance between
and the vegetation they eat.
•The extinction of this top predator is an indication that its ecosystem is not sufficiently
protected, and neither would it exist for long thereafter.
•No Tigers – More Herbivores – Less Plants (ecological imbalance)
Tiger stripes are individually as unique as human fingerprints.

Tiger Reserves in India

•There are 53 tiger reserves in India (in 18 states) -

governed by Project Tiger which is administrated by
the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
•The tiger reserves constitute-
• Core Area (Critical Tiger Habitat Area, notified by
State Govt.)
• Buffer Area (Peripheral Area)
 National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
&
Wildlife Institute of India (WII)

•NTCA - National Tiger Conservation Authority - is a statutory body under

the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change.
•WII - Wildlife Institute of India - is an autonomous natural resource service
institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate
change, Government of India.
•Minister of Environment, Forests and
Climate Change : Sh. Bhupender Yadav

Project Tiger to Protect Tiger

• Launched by Government of India in April, 1973.

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change
• Provides central assistance to tiger States for tiger
conservation in designated tiger reserves.
• From 9 tiger reserves since its formative years, the Project
Tiger coverage has increased to 53 at present, spread out in
18 of our tiger range states. This amounts to around 2.21%
of the geographical area of our country.

Uttarakhand
 Tiger Reserves in Uttarakhand

Corbett Tiger Reserve

Rajaji Tiger Reserve

•Corbett Tiger Reserve has highest number of tigers

(252 inside the reserve and 266 using the reserve) in
India.

•Buffer area of Corbett TR is known as Amanagarh TR

in Uttar Pradesh.

•Corbett TR has Jim Corbett National Park which is

the first and Oldest National Park in India, estd
in: 1936 (as Hailey National Park).

•First National Park to come under Project Tiger.

Uttar Pradesh
 Tiger Reserves in Uttar Pradesh
Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
Pilibhit Tiger Reserve

•Buffer area of Corbett TR is known as

Amanagarh TR in Uttar Pradesh

Bihar

Tiger Reserves in Bihar

Valmiki Tiger Reserve

 Jharkhand

Tiger Reserves in Jharkhand

Palamau Tiger Reserve

Odisha
 Tiger Reserves in Odisha

Satkosia Tiger Reserve

Simlipal Tiger Reserve

Chhattisgarh

Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh

Indravati Tiger Reserve

Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla Wildlife
Sanctuary (53rd TR)

(Guru Ghasidas National Park connects Jharkhand and Madhya

Pradesh and provides a corridor for tigers to move between
the Bandhavgarh and Palamau Tiger Reserves.
Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary was identified as part of the
Sarguja Jashpur Elephant Reserve in 2011)
 West Bengal

Tiger Reserves in West Bengal

Sunderban Tiger Reserve

Buxa Tiger Reserve

Mizoram
 Tiger Reserves in Mizoram

Dampa Tiger Reserve

Assam

Tiger Reserves in Assam

Manas Tiger Reserve

Nameri Tiger Reserve
Kaziranga Tiger Reserve
Orang Tiger Reserve
Arunachal Pradesh

Tiger Reserves in Arunachal Pradesh

Pakke Tiger Reserve

Namdapha Tiger Reserve
Kamlang Tiger Reserve

Rajasthan

Tiger Reserves in Rajasthan

Mukundara Tiger Reserve

Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
Sariska Tiger Reserve
Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserves (52nd TR)
 Madhya Pradesh

Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh

Kanha Tiger Reserve

Pench Tiger Reserve
Satpura Tiger Reserve
Panna Tiger Reserve
Sanjay Dhubri Tiger Reserve
Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve

Maharashtra
 Tiger Reserves in Maharashtra

Melghat Tiger Reserve

Pench Tiger Reserve
Nawegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve
Tadobha Andhari Tiger Reserve
Sahyadri Tiger Reserve
Bor Tiger Reserve

Bor Tiger Reserve is area wise the

smallest tiger reserve in India.

Karnataka

Tiger Reserves in Karnataka

Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Bhadra Tiger Reserve
Biligiri Ranganatha Temple Tiger Reserve
Anshi Dandeli (Kali) Tiger Reserve
Nagarhole Tiger Reserve
 Andhra Pradesh

Tiger Reserves in Andhra Pradesh

Nagarjunsagar Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve

Nagarjunsagar Sagar Srisailam

Tiger reserve is area wise the
largest tiger reserve in India.

Telangana
 Tiger Reserves in Telangana

Kawal Tiger Reserve

Amrabad Tiger Reserve

Kerala

Tiger Reserves in Kerala

Periyar Tiger Reserve

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

Tamil Nadu
 Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu

Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve

Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
Anamalai Tiger Reserve
Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve

Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve was the 51st tiger reserve in India.
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve got TX2 Award 2022

International Tiger Day

•Celebrated annually on July 29
•Purpose : To spread awareness about the need to
protect tigers which are an endangered species.
•Theme of 2021 : "Their survival is in our hands".

Act Responsibly & Keep Learning!

 Important
Wildlife Sanctuaries
& Bird Sanctuaries
in India
 Wildlife Sanctuary

• Wild life - includes any animal, aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat
• A wildlife sanctuary is an area where animals are protected in their natural habitat.
• Such areas are created with the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its
environment.
• Wildlife sanctuaries of India are classified as IUCN Category IV protected areas.
• IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
• There are 564 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an area of 1,22,509.33 km2, which
is 3.73% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database, Dec. 2021).
• As per Chapter IV of WPA 1972 - WLS- The State Government may, by notification, declare its
intention to constitute any area other than an area comprised within any reserve forest or the
territorial waters as a sanctuary if it considers that such area is of adequate ecological, faunal,
floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting,
propagating or developing wildlife or its environment.
National parks
• Are given a greater degree of protection, with human activity greatly restricted.
• National parks in India are IUCN category II protected area
Biosphere Reserve
• Biosphere reserves are protected large areas of natural habitat, that includes a national park
and animal wildlife sanctuary. There are 18 biosphere reserves in India, created to
demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature.
Largest Wildlife Sanctuary by area :
• Kachchh Desert Wildlife Sanctuary (7506.22 km2) – in Gujarat
Smallest Wildlife Sanctuary by area :
• Rowe Island Wildlife Sanctuary (0.01 km2) - in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
• Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - (Pitti Bird Sanctuary) Wildlife Sanctuary (0.01 km2) - in
Lakshadweep
Oldest Wildlife Sanctuary of India :
• Vedanthangal Lake Bird Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu
• Year of Notification – 1936

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

• Barren Island Wildlife Sanctuary
• Narcondam Island Wildlife Sanctuary
• Rowe Island Wildlife Sanctuary
• Bamboo Island
• Lohabarrack (Saltwater Crocodile)
• Galathea Bay Endangered Narcondam HORNBILLS
 Lakshadweep
• Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - (Pitti Bird
Sanctuary)
Ladakh
• Changthang
• Karakoram (Nubra Shyok) WLS

J&K
• Hirapora WLS
• Surinsar Mansar WLS
• Tral WLS

Himachal Pradesh
• Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kibber WLS
• Dhauladhar WLS

Uttarakhand
• Govind Pashu Vihar WLS
• Nandhaur WLS
• Jhilmi Jheel Conservation Reserve (Bird)

Punjab
• Harike Lake WLS
• Abohar WLS
• Nangal WLS
• Bir Motibagh WLS

Haryana
• Chhilchhila Lake WLS
• Kalesar WLS
• Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary
• Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary
 Rajasthan
• National Chambal Sanctuary
• Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary
• Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary
• Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary
• Phulwari Ki Nal
• Sitamata (famous for flying squirrels)
• Tal Chhapar
• Jamwa Ramgarh

• National Chambal Sanctuary (National Chambal

Gharial WLS) - Located on Chambal River near
tripoint of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh - for Critically Endangered gharial, red-
crowned roof turtle and Endangered Ganges
river dolphin.

• Mount Abu Sanctuary - has the highest peak in

Rajasthan, Guru Shikhar (1722 m).

• Sariska WLS - It is the first reserve in the world

with successfully relocated tigers

Gujarat

• Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary

• Kachchh (Lala) Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary

• Jessore Sloth Bear WLS

• Ratanmahal Sloth Bear WLS
• Khol-Hi-Raitan (Morni Hills) WLS
• Gir WLS - Asiatic Lions

• Wild Ass WLS - Indian wild ass (Equus

hemionus khur), also called
Ghudkhur, Khur

• Kachchh Desert WLS – largest WLS in

area - covers ‘Flamingo City’ – a site
where thousands of Flamingos nest
and breed regularly

Madhya Pradesh
• Bori Wildlife Sanctuary
Maharashtra • Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
• Melghat WLS
• Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary
• Bor Wildlife Sanctuary
 Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary • Orcha Wildlife Sanctuary
• Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary • Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary
• Naigaon Peacock WLS
• Ken Gharial
• Karanja Sohal Blackbuck
• Sardarpur Kharmor (Lesser Florican) sanctuary
• Thane Creek Flamingo
(Kharmor or ‘Grass Peacock’)

• Nauradehi WLS – Largest in M.P.

• Great Indian Bustard WLS (Jawaharlal Nehru Bustard
Sanctuary of Maharashtra) is for the Great Indian
bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps)
 Uttar Pradesh
• Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Bird WLS
• Chandra Shekhar Azad (Nawabganj) Bird WLS
• Patna Wildlife Sanctuary
• Pilibhit Wildlife Sanctuary
• Turtle WLS
• Nawabganj Priyadarshini Bird Sanctuary (Renamed
as Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary)
• Saman Bird Sanctuary
• Samaspur Bird Sanctuary
Chhatisgarh
• Sandi Bird Sanctuary
• Tamor Pingla WLS
• Soor Sarovar Bird Sanctuary
• Sitanadi WLS
Bihar • Achanakmar WLS
• Barela Jheel Salim Ali Bird Wildlife Sanctuary
• Udanti Wild Buffalo WLS
• Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary (National Park)
• Kanwarjheel Jharkhand

• Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Wildlife Sanctuary • Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary

• Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary • Mahuadanr Wolf WLS (महुआड ांड़)

• Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary
• Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary

West Bengal
• Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary
• Jorepokhri Salamander WLS
• Pakhi Bitan Bird WLS
• Lothian Island WLS
• Haliday Island WLS

Odisha
• Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary
• Gahirmatha (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary
• Chilika (Nalaban) Wildlife / Nalabana Bird
Sanctuary.
• Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary
• Satkosia Wildlife Sanctuary Gorge
• Simlipal Wildlife Sanctuary
 • Bhitarkanika WLS - second largest
mangrove ecosystem in India

• Gahirmatha Marine WLS - the

only marine sanctuary of Orissa -
famous for its nesting beach for Olive
Ridley Turtles.

• Nandankanan WLS - famous for its

white tigers.

• Simlipal WLS - derives its name from

the abundance of red silk cotton trees
(सेमल) growing in the area. It is also a
Biosphere Reserve.

Goa
• Dr. Salim Ali Bird (Chorao) WLS
• Bhagwan Mahavir WLS
• Netravali WLS

Karnataka
• Cauvery WLS
• Chincholi WLS
• Daroji Sloth Bear WLS
Telangana
• Gudekote Sloth Bear WLS
• Kawal WLS
• Rangayyanadurga Four-horned antelope WLS
• Kinnersani WLS
• Adichunchunagiri Peacock WLS • Manjeera Crocodile WLS
• Ranebennur Black Buck WLS
• Ramadevara Betta Vulture WLS
Andhra Pradesh
• Yadahalli Chinkara WLS
• Coringa WLS
• Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
• Kolleru WLS
• Krishna WLS
• Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam WLS
• Pulicat Lake WLS
• Sri Lankamalleshwara Wildlife
Sanctuary
 • Cauvery WLS – in Karnataka, highly
endangered grizzled giant squirrel is found
here
• Daroji Sloth Bear WLS - Asia's first sloth
bear Sanctuary

• Coringa WLS – critically endangered white

backed and long billed vultures found here.

• Pulicat Lake (A.P. & T.N.) is the second

largest brackish-water eco-system in India
after Chilka lake in Odisha.

• Sri Lankamalleshwara WLS - is the only

habitat in the world which provides home
for the Jerdon's courser, a highly
endangered bird species.

Kerala
• Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary
• Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary
• Chulannur Peafowl WLS
• Chinnar WLS
• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary (Salim Ali described this
sanctuary as the richest bird habitat on peninsular India).
• Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary (also known as Vembanad Bird
Sanctuary). Tamil Nadu
Koonthangulam Bird Sanctuary
Tamil Nadu This is the largest reserve for
breeding water birds in South
• Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary India.
• Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary
Thiruppudai- Maruthur
• Pulicat Lake Bird Wildlife Sanctuary Conservation Reserve (Bird)
• Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary (Grizzled Squirrel WLS first Conservation Reserve to be
established in India.
• Vedanthangal Lake Bird WLS (oldest WLS)
• Gangaikondam Spotted Dear
 Arunachal Pradesh
• Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary
• Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary
• Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary
• Pakke (Pakhui) Wildlife Sanctuary
• Tale Wildlife Sanctuary
• Sessa Orchid

Assam
• Deepor Beel Wildlife Sanctuary
• Dihing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary
• Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary
• Hollongapar Gibbon
• Sonai Rupai

• Eagle Nest WLS – It is a part of

Kameng Elephant Reserve.
Eagle Nest derives its name
from Red Eagle Division of the
Indian Army which was posted
in this area in 1950s.

• Pabitora WLS - popularly

known as ‘miniature
Kaziranga’ for its highest
density of one horned
Rhinoceros in Assam.

Sikkim
• Barsey Rhododendron WLS
• Shingba Rhododendron WLS
• Kyongnosla Alpine

Tripura
• Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary
Mizoram
• Dampa Wildlife Sanctuary
Manipur
• Jiri Makru WLS
• Khongjaingamba Ching WLS
 Nagaland
• Singphan WLS

Meghalaya
• Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Siju Wildlife Sanctuary
• Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary
• Nongkhyllem WLS

• Puducherry – Oussudu WLS

• Chandigarh - Sukhna Lake WLS
• Delhi - Asola Bhati (Indira Priyadarshini) WLS
• Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu – Fudam WLS

Bird Sanctuary Location

Khonoma Nature Conservation and Tragopan sanctuary Nagaland
Nalabana Bird Sanctuary Odisha
Harike Pattan Bird Sanctuary Punjab
Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Rajasthan
(Keoladeo National Park)
Kitam Bird Sanctuary Sikkim
Udhuwa Lake Bird Sanctuary Jharkhand
City Bird Sanctuary (Also called Parrot Bird Sanctuary) Chandigarh
Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary Chorao island, Goa

Pitti Bird Sanctuary Lakshadweep

Okhla Bird Sanctuary on Delhi-Uttar Pradesh

state border
Major Dams of India
भारत में प्रमुख बाांध

www.parchamclasses.in
 Dam/ बाांध
A barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water
Reservoirs created by dams - suppress floods, provide water for irrigation,
electricity, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability
JAMMU & KASHMIR
Uri Dam/ उरी ब ाँध
River: Jhelum

Dulhasti Dam/ दल
ु हस्ती ब ाँध
Salal Dam / सल ल ब ाँध
Baglihar Dam/ बगललह र ब ध
ाँ
River: Chenab
 PUNJAB
Ranjith Sagar Dam
रणजीत स गर ब ांध

On border of Punjab and

Jammu and Kashmir

Ravi River

Also known as Thein

Dam/ थीन ब ांध
 HIMACHAL PRADESH
Bhakra Nangal Dam
(भ खड न गल ब ांध)
Length - 520m
River: Sutlej
Himachal Pradesh & Punjab
 The Bhakra Nangal Dam
•India's 2nd tallest at 225 m.
•Bhakra Dam – Himachal; Nangal Dam - Punjab

•Reservoir of Bhakra Dam - Gobind Sagar

•Described as "New Temple of Resurgent India" by Jawaharlal Nehru

•Nangal dam is another dam downstream of Bhakra dam.

•Sometimes both the dams together are called Bhakra-Nangal dam

though they are two separate dams.
HIMACHAL PRADESH

Pong Dam / पौंग ब ांध

Pong Dam
Beas river

Nathpa Jhakri Dam / Nathpa Jhakri Dam

न थप झ कडी ब ांध
Sutlej river
 UTTARAKHAND
Tehri Dam (टिहरी बाांध)

Tallest Dam in India

Height: 260.5 meters
River: Bhagirathi
UTTARAKHAND

Dhauliganga Dam
DHAULIGANGA DAM

TEHRI DAM
Dhauliganga River
 UTTAR PRADESH
Rihand Dam/ररहां द ब ांध
Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Dam
Rihand River

Rani Laxmibai Dam On Chhattisgarh and UP border

Rihand Dam Total capacity: 10.6 billion cubic
Matatila Dam/ meters

Rani Laxmibai dam , also known as Rajghat Dam

Matatila Dam/ म त टील ब ाँध
Betwa River
 ODISHA
Hirakud Dam (हीराकुद बााँध)

Longest Dam in India

River: Mahanadi

Total Length: 25.79 km

Length of Main Dam:4.8 km
JHARKHAND
Tilaiya Dam

Tilaiya Dam and Maithon Dam

ततलैया ब ाँध and मैथन डैम Panchet Dam
Maithon Dam
River - Barakar (a tributary of
Damodar river)

Panchet Dam/ पांचेत ब ांध

Damodar river
 RAJASTHAN
Bisalpur Dam/बीसलपरु ब ांध
Banas River

Ranapratap Sagar Dam Jawahar Sagar Dam

Chambal River Chambal River

Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam/माही बजाज सागर

Mahi river
 GUJARAT

Sardar Sarovar
(सरदार सरोवर ब ध
ां )

River: Narmada

Ukai Dam and Kakrapar Dam

उकाई-ब ांध and काकरापार

River: Tapti
MAHARASHTRA

Koyna Dam/ कोयना बाांध Koyna River

Ujani Dam/ उजनी बाांध Bhima River
Jayakwadi Dam/ जायकवाडी बाांध Godavari River
 Gandhi Sagar Dam MADHYA PRADESH

Indra Sagar Dam

Gandhi Sagar Dam Indra Sagar Dam

गाांधी सागर बाांध इांटदरा सागर बाांध
Chambal River Narmada River
 Karnataka Krishna Raja Sagara Dam
कृष्णा राजा सागर ब ांध
Almatti Dam
Kaveri River
Tunga Bhadra Dam
Tunga Bhadra Dam
तुांगभद्र ब ांध
Tunga Bhadra River

Krishna Raja Sagara Dam Almatti Dam (Lal Bahadur

Shastri Dam)
अल्म टी ब ांध
Krishna River
 Nagarjuna Sagar
(नागाजन
ु सागर ब ध
ां )
Pochampad dam

India’s largest
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Masonary Dam
River: Krishna

Pochampad dam
पोचम्पाद ब ांध (The
Sriram Sagar Project)
TELANGANA Godavari River
 Srisailam Dam
श्रीशैलम ब ांध
Krishna River
Srisailam Dam

Somasila Dam

Somasila Dam
ANDHRA PRADESH Pennar River
 Idduki Dam
Kerala इडुक्की बाांध

River: Periyar
Biggest Arch Dam of India

Mullaperiyar Dam
मल्
ु लापेररयार ब ांध
River: Periyar

Banasura Sagar Dam

बनसरु स गर ब ांध

River: Kabini
 TAMIL NADU

Kallanai Dam (कल्लनई ब ांध)

Oldest Dam in India
River: Cauvery
Mettur Dam
Kallanai Dam
Mettur Dam / मेट्टूर ब ांध
River Cauvery
1.Idukki Arch Dam is situated on which of the
following river?

A) Yamuna
B) Chenab
C) Narmada
D) Periyar

A. Periyar
2. Nagarjunasagar Dam is situated on which of the
following rivers?

A) Cauvery
B) Krishna
C) Mahanadi
D) Tungbhadra

A. Krishna
3.On which of the following river is the largest dam of
India situated?

A. Beas
B. Sutlej
C. Chenab
D. Jhelum
E. Mahanadi

A. Sutlej
4. In which state the Ukai Dam situates ?

A. Tamil Nadu
B. Gujarat
C. Madhya Pradesh
D. Himachal Pradesh

A. : Gujarat
5. In which state the Baglihar Dam situates ?

A. Jammu Kashmir
B. Uttarakhand
C. Punjab
D. Rajasthan

A: Jammu and Kashmir

Mountain Passes of India
भारत की प्रमख
ु दरे

www.parchamclasses.in
• Navigable route through
a mountain range
• पहाड में से निकलता रास्ता
 Northern States/UTs with Imp. Passes

• Jammu & Kashmir

• Ladakh
• Himachal Pradesh
• Uttarakhand
 Passes in JAMMU & KASHMIR

बुरज़िल दराा

पीर पंजाल दराा

बनिहाल दराा
Passes in JAMMU & KASHMIR

• Banihal Pass (बनिहाल दराा): बरु ज़िल दराा

Across the Pir Panjal Range

After Jawahar Tunnel (1956) - पीर पंजाल दराा

no longer used for road

transport बनिहाल दराा

• Pir Panjal Pass (पीर पंजाल दराा):

– Also called Pir ki Gali
– Pir Panjal Range named after it
• Burzil Pass (बरु ज़िल दराा)
– Oldest-known route connecting Gilgit & Srinagar
– Now a conflict territory and partitioned
 Passes in LADAKH

अगहहल दराा

खारदं ग
ु ला
लािक ला

़ि़ोजी ला पेन्सी ला

चांग ला

इममस ला
Passes in LADAKH
अगहहल दराा
Zoji La (़ि़ोजी ला) –
•Zanskar Range खारदं ग
ु ला लािक ला
•Connects Srinagar
़ि़ोजी ला पेन्सी ला
with Kargil and Leh
चांग ला
town
•Part of NH1 इममस ला

• Pensi La (पेन्सी ला) -Known as the Gateway to Zanskar

• Khardung La (खारदं ग
ु ला) – Ladakh Range - gateway to
Shyok and Nubra valleys - Used to carry supplies to Siachen
Glacier
 World’s highest motorable pass in Ladakh
Umling La (उमललंगा टॉप) –
Passing through Uminlga top)
Height of over 19,300 feet (Khardung La – 2nd highest)
Constructed by Border Roads Organisation (under its Project Himank)
Passes in LADAKH
अगहहल दराा

Mintaka Pass
(ममिताका दराा) – खारदं ग
ु ला लािक ला

•Means ‘thousand ़ि़ोजी ला पेन्सी ला

goats’ चांग ला
•Near trijunction of
इममस ला
India-China and
Afghanistan border

• Aghil Pass (अनिल दराा) – Karakoram Range – near K2 peak

• Qara Tag La (करा ताग ला) – Karakoram Range
• Lanak La (लािक ला) - Located in the disputed Aksai-Chin
area
Passes in HIMACHAL PRADESH

ऱोहतांग दराा

बारालाचा ला

मिपकी ला

दे ब्सा दराा
Passes in HIMACHAL PRADESH

Shipki La (मिपकी ला) -

•Located on Indo-China border
•Passes through Jhelum Gorge
•Link between Himachal Pradesh
and Tibet region

• Debsa Pass (दे ब्सा दराा) – link between Kullu & Spiti
• Rohtang Pass (ऱोहतांग दराा) – Pir Panjal - link between Kullu,
Lahul & Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh

• Bara Lacha La (बारालाचा ला) – Zanskar Range - connects

Himachal Pradesh with Ladakh - situated along the Leh–Mandi
Highway
Passes in UTTARAKHAND

ट्रे ल्स दराा

माणा दराा

निनत दराा

मलपुलेख दराा
Tibet
Passes in UTTARAKHAND
•Lipu Lekh (मलपुलेख दराा)-
Near trijunction of India, Tibet
and Nepal borders.
Pilgrims use this pass to reach
Kailash-Mansarowar

• Mana Pass (माणा दराा) - connects Uttarakhand with Tibet.

• Niti Pass (निनत दराा) - connects Uttarakhand with Tibet region.

• Muling La (मुमलंग ला) – situated North of Gangotri

 North Eastern States with Imp. Passes

• Sikkim
• Arunachal Pradesh
Passes in SIKKIM

िाथू ला

जेलेप ला
 Passes in SIKKIM
जेलेप ला
िाथू ला
Jelep La (जेलेप ला) –
•Lies at Sikkim- gives way to
Bhutan
•Route that connects Lhasa to
India
•Tista River has created this
pass

Nathu La (िाथू ला) - situated on India China border. Important auxiliary

route making up the ancient Silk Route
• Nathu La connects Sikkim with Tibet region.
• This pass was closed after Indo-China war in 1962 but was reopened
in 2006.
 Passes in ARUNACHAL PRADESH

हदहांग दराा
यांग्याप दराा

डिफू दराा
ब़ोमडि ला
Passes in ARUNACHAL PRADESH हदहांग दराा
यांग्याप दराा

Diphu pass (डिफू दराा) - ब़ोमडि ला डिफू दराा

Lies on the trijunction of
India, China and Myanmar –

Lies on Macmohan Line

Bom Di La (ब़ोमडिला) - connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa

(Tibet)

Yonggyap pass (यांग्याप दराा) - on Indo-China border and joins

Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet region
 Other States with Important Passes

• Rajasthan
• Madhya Pradesh
• Maharashtra
• Kerala
Passes in RAJASTHAN
Goram Ghat (ग़ोरमिाट) –
Located in the Aravali Range
Connects Mewar and Marwar
Connects Udaipur with Sirohi and
Jalore

Haldighati Pass (हल्दीिाटी का दराा) –

• Located in the Aravali Range - Connects Rajsamand and Pali
•Historically very significant -famous Battle of Haldighati took place
(1576) between Kingdom of Mewar (army led by Maharana
Pratap) and Mughal emperor Akbar's general Man Singh I of Amer
•Turmeric-coloured yellow soil of the area
 Passes in MADHYA PRADESH

Asirgarh Pass (असीरगढ़ दराा) –

•Satpura Range

•Popularly known as Dakkani

Darwaza or Doorway to the
Deccan/ Key to the Deccan

•Connects North India with Deccan

Plateau.

•Connects the Narmada and Tapti

Valleys
Passes in Western Ghats (MAHARASHTRA)

Thal Ghat (थाल िाट) –

• Northern Sahyadri
• Links Mumbai to Nasik

Bhor Ghat (भ़ोर िाट)-

• In Northern Sahyadri
•Links Mumbai to Pune
 Passes in Western Ghats (Kerala)
Pal Ghat (पाल िाट)-
•Also called Palakkad Gap
•Between Nilgiri and Annamalai
hills
•Connects (Kochi) Kerala to
(Chennai) Tamil Nadu

Senkota Pass (सेिक़ोट्टा दराा) -

•Between the Nagercoil / िागरक़ोइल and the Cardamom/
इलायची hills
•Links Thiruvanathpuram (Kerala) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
Questions on Mountain Passes.....
...to be continued in Next Video
LAKES OF
INDIA
 LAKES
The low lying areas of the earth’s surface where water
accumulates from various sources

Types of Lakes
• Freshwater Lakes
• Saltwater Lakes
• Glacial Lakes
• Crater Lakes
• Artificial Lakes

Types of Lakes
Oxbow Lakes Lagoon
when meandering rivers is Shallow body of water separated
from a larger body by reefs,
cut-off from mainstream barrier islands, etc.

Lakes in India
• Largest Freshwater Lake – Wular (J&K)
• Largest Freshwater Lake in North-East India – Loktak (Manipur)
• Largest Brackish Water Lake/Lagoon – Chilika (Odisha)
• Largest Artificial Lake – Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar -reservoir of Rihand Dam (U.P. & M.P.)
• Largest inland Salt water Lake – Sambhar (Rajasthan)
• Longest Lake – Vembanad (Kerala) 96.5 km
• Highest Lake - Cholamu or Tso Lhamo (Sikkim) 17,487 feet (Gurudongmar Lake 2nd
highest – 17,100 feet)
 Ramsar Sites
• For conservation of wetlands – Convention (संधि) in Ramsar, Iran
• Adopted – 2nd Feb 1971; Came into force in 1975
• As on 2022 – 49 Ramsar Sites in India
• Montreux Record – Register of those Ramsar sites where ecological changes have
occurred or are occurring – Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) & Loktak Lake (Manipur)

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

• Wular Lake
• Dal Lake
• Anchar Lake
• Barinag lake
• Sheshnag Lake
• Nagin Lake (jewel in the ring)
• Vishansar Lake
• Mansar Lake – Ramsar Site
• Gadsar Lake (lake of fishes)
• Manasbal Lake

Wular Lake
 Largest fresh water lake in India
Bandipora district in J&K
 Fed by the Jhelum River
 Lake basin formed as a result of tectonic activity
The lake's size varies seasonally 30 to 260 km2
Ramsar Site since 23 March 1990

Dal Lake
Second largest in Jammu and Kashmir
 Named the Lake of Flowers, Jewel in the crown of Kashmir or
Srinagar's Jewel
 LADAKH

• Tsomoriri Lake : Ramsar Site

• Tso Kar Lake : Ramsar Site
•Pangong Tso or Pangong Lake

Himachal Pradesh
Suraj Taal Freshwater (High Altitude) Bhaga River inflow

Maharana Pratap Sagar (Pong Dam Lake) Freshwater Ramsar site

It has a floating
Prashar lake Holomitic (Freshwater)
Island
It is designated
Renuka lake Freshwater
as the Ramsar site
Ghepan Lake Freshwater
Kareri Lake Freshwater
Chandra Taal Freshwater

Holomictic lakes are lakes that have a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a
specific time during the year, which allows the lake waters to completely mix.

UTTARAKHAND
Roopkund Lake - Skeleton lake mystery lake - notable for
hundreds of skeletons at the lake's edge found in 1942
Bhimtal Lake - largest lake in Kumaon region
Nainital Lake – Nainital - lake district of India
Devtal Lake
Malatal Lake
Sattal Lake

UTTAR PRADESH
• Fulhar Lake
• Belasagar / Bela Taal

PUNJAB
• Harike Lake : Ramsar Site
• Kanjli Lake : Ramsar Site
• Ropar Lake : Ramsar Site
 HARYANA
• Surajkund
• Damdama Lake
• Badkhal Lake
• Brahma Sarovar
• Blue Bird Lake

RAJASTHAN
Sambhar Lake - India's largest inland salt lake – Ramsar site
Lunkaransar Lake (natural)
Pachpadra Lake (natural)
Nakki Lake
Rajsamand Lake
Balsamand lake
Dhebar Lake/ Jaisamand Lake (India’s 2nd largest artificial lake)
Pushkar Lake
Didwana Lake
Udai Sagar Lake

Gujarat
Nal Sarovar Natural freshwater Ramsar Site
Situated in centre of
Hamirsar lake Artificial
Bhuj
During 14th century by
Kankaria lake Artificial
Muhammed Shah II
Pilgrimage site for
Narayan Sarovar Artificial freshwater
Hindus
Thol Lake Artificial Ramsar Site

Maharashtra
• Shiv Sagar Lake
• Venna Lake – Mahabaleshwar
• Salim Ali Lake
• Lonar Lake (Lonar crater)
• Notified National Geo-heritage Monument
• Located at Lonar in Buldhana district, Maharashtra
• Was created by an asteroid collision with earth impact during the Pleistocene Epoch

The water of Lonar Lake turned into pink colour recently, due to the Haloarchaea microbes present
in the salty water.
 BIHAR
• Kabar Tal/ Kanwar Taal : It the first Ramsar site in Bihar.

ASSAM
• Deepor Beel : Ramsar Site
• Chapanala Lake
• Haflong Lake
• Chandubi Lake

ODISHA

• Chilika Lake
• Victoria Sagar Lake
• Anshupa Lake
• Kanjia Lake

Chilika Lake
 Ramsar Site
Largest brackish water lagoon in India
It is the largest coastal lagoon in India
Spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east
coast of India

MANIPUR - Loktak Lake

Ramsar Site, also under Montreux Record
Largest freshwater lake in North-Eastern India.
Also called the only floating lake in the world due to the floating Phumdis.
Located on this phumdi - Keibul Lamjao National Park- the only floating national park
in the world
Park is the last natural refuge of endangered Sangai (state animal of Manipur)

Phumdi Sangai
 SIKKIM
Cholamu Lake/ Tso Lhamo - (Highest lake of India)
Gurudongmar Lake
Khecheopalri Lake
Tsongmo Lake
Samiti Lake
South Lhonak glacial lake

ANDHRA PRADESH

Pulicat Lagoon
Second largest brackish water lagoon in India
Between Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu

Kolleru Lake
Freshwater Lake
Ramsar Site
Located between Krishna and Godavari delta

Artificially constructed;
Nagarjuna Sagar Andhra Pradesh
Krishna river

Telangana

Hussain Sagar Artificial Gibraltar rock-island

Badrakali lake Artificial lake
Osman Sagar Artificial (dam reservoir on Musi River)
Himayat Sagar Artificial lake
Pakhal Lake Artificial lake

Karnataka

• Shanti Sagar/Sulekere lake (artificial)

• Agara Lake
• Ulsoor Lake
• Bellandur Lake
• Pampa Sarovar
 KERALA
•Vembanad Lake (Ramsar site)
•Ashtamudi Lake (Ramsar Site)
•Periyar Lake
•Sasthamkotta lake (queen of lakes) - largest freshwater lake in
Kerala. (Ramsar Site)
•Vellayani Lake
•Veli Lake
•Kuttanad

Vembanad Lake
Ramsar Site
India’s longest lake
Largest lake/ brackish lagoon (Kayal) in Kerala
Kayal - Kerala backwaters - shallow lagoons or inlets of the sea,
lying parallel to the coastline.

TAMIL NADU

Kodaikanal Lake
Veeranam Lake
Kaliveli Lake
Chembarambakkam Lake
Berijam Lake
Pulicat
Second largest brackish water lagoon in India
Between Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu

Other Lakes

Ramsar site; largest artificial

Bhojtal Madhya Pradesh
lake in India
Sala Lake Arunachal Pradesh High altitude lake
Umiam Lake / Artificial, by damming the
Meghalaya
Barapani Lake Umiam river
Tamdil / Tam Lake Mizoram Also called Lake of Mustard
The Largest Lakes (surface area) by Continent
• Australia – Lake Eyre (salt lake)
• Africa – Lake Victoria, also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the
Great Lakes of Africa.
• Antarctica – Lake Vostok (subglacial)
• Asia – Lake Baikal (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but
is divided between the two geographic continents)
• Europe – Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both located in northwestern Russia.
• North America – Lake Superior.
• South America – Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest navigable body of water on
Earth at 3,812 metres above sea level. The much larger Lake Maracaibo is a contiguous
body of water with the sea, so it is ignored.

“Belief creates the actual fact.”

— William James
Waterfalls in India
Waterfall?
Water, particularly from a stream or river, vertically
falling from mountains or hills to a lower place, is
known as a waterfall.

Top 10 highest waterfalls in India

Waterfall in India Location

Kunchikal Falls Karnataka
Barehipani Falls Odisha
Nohkalikai Falls Meghalaya
Nohsngithiang Falls or Meghalaya
MawsmaiFalls
Dudhsagar Falls Goa
Kynrem Falls Meghalaya
Meenmutty Falls Kerala
Thalaiyar Falls Tamil Nadu
Vajrai Falls Maharashtra
Barkana Falls Karnataka

Karnataka

• Kunchikal Falls • Keppa Falls

• Mekedaatu Falls • Koosalli Falls
• Gokak Falls • Dabbe falls
• Jog Falls • Kudumari Falls
• Shivanasamudra Falls • Magod
• Barkana Falls • Hebbe
• Kalhatti Falls
 Kunchikal Falls

••India’s tallest waterfall.

located in Shimoga district of Karnataka.
•formed by Varahi river.
•The waterfall has a height of 455 meters in a
cascading form.
•It ranks 116 in height in the world.
th

•Mani Dam is constructed at the base of the

waterfall.
•Most the water flows into the dam to generate
high power hydroelectricity.

Jog Falls
•situated on the borders of Shimoga and North
Kanara of Karnataka.
•also called Gersoppa falls.
•formed by Sharavati river.

Shivanasamudra Falls
•located in Chamarajanagar district of
Karnataka.
•formed by Kaveri river.
Gokak Falls

•located in Belagavi district of Karnataka.

•formed by Ghataprabha river.
•Itsandstone
takes a leap over a horseshoe-shaped
cliff.

Mekedaatu Falls
•It is formed by Kaveri river.
•‘Mekedatu’
in Kannada.
means ‘goat's leap’
 Kerala

•Meenmutty Falls
•Vazhachal Falls
•Soochipara Falls
•Athirappilly Falls

Vazhachal Falls

•located in Thrissur district of Kerala.

•formed by Chalakudy river.

Soochipara Falls

•It is located in Wayanad district of Kerala.

•ItWaterfalls.
is also known as Sentinel Rock

Meenmutty Falls

•In“Where
Malayam, “Meenmutty” means
the fishes are blocked”.
•It is formed by Kallar river.
 Tamil Nadu
•Vattaparai Falls
•Hogenakal Falls
•Pykara falls
•Thalaiyar Falls
•Agaya Gangai
•Kiliyur Falls
Pykara falls
•formed by Pykara river on Nilgiri hills at Ooty.

Hogenakal Falls

•Itdistrict
is located on the border between Dharmapuri
of Tamil Nadu and Chamrajnagar
district of Karnataka.
•It is formed by Kaveri river.

Vattaparai Falls
•It is located in Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
•It is formed by Pazhayar River.

Odisha

•Duduma Falls
(Odisha & AP border)
•Joranda Falls
•Barehipani Falls
•Khandadhar Falls
 •located in Simlipal National
Park in Mayurbhanj district in Odisha.
Barehipani Falls
•It has a total height of 399 metres.
•second tallest waterfall in India.
•situated at onflowing
(बुढाबलंग नदी)
the Budhabalanga River
over the Meghasuni
mountain.

Joranda Falls
•It is located in Simlipal National
Park in Mayurbhanj district in Odisha.
•It is formed by Budhabalanga River.
Duduma Falls

•It is situated in the border

of Koraput (Odisha)
and Visakhapatnam (Andhra
Pradesh)
•It is formed by Machkund river.
•It is also known as Matsya Tirtha.

Chhattisgarh
•Chitrakut Falls
•Teerathgarh Falls
Chitrakut Falls
•located in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh.
•formed by Indravati River.
•Popular as Niagara Falls of India
 Jharkhand
•Rajrappa Falls (रजरप्पा)
•Hundru Falls
•Lodh Falls
•Lower Ghaghri Falls

Rajrappa Falls
•It is located at the confluence of
Damodar and Bhairav river.
•It is located in the Ramgarh
district of Jharkhand.

Hundru Falls

•located in Ranchi district of Jharkhand.

•It is formed by Subarnarekha river.

Madhya Pradesh

•Dhuandhar Falls
•Kapildhara Falls
•Chachai Falls
•Keoti Falls
•Rajat Prapat
•Bahuti Falls
•Gatha Falls
Dhuandhar Falls
•located at Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
•formed by Narmada River.

Kapildhara Falls
•located in the Amarkantak district of Madhya Pradesh.
•formed by Narmada river.
•named after famous sage Kapil, who had written
“Sankhya Philosophy”.

Rajasthan
•Chuliya falls
•located in Kota.
•formed by Chambal river.

Maharashtra
•Yenna Falls
•Vajrai Falls
•Kune Falls
•Pandavgad Falls
 Yenna Falls
•ItMaharashtra.
is located in Mahabaleshwar in

•It is formed by Krishna river.

•It is also called Enna Falls.

Goa

•Dudhsagar Waterfalls

Dudhsagar Falls
• It is located in the Bhagwan Mahaveer
Sanctuary and Mollem National
Park among the Western Ghats.
• It is formed by Mandovi river.
• The name ‘Dudhsagar’ literally
translates to ‘sea of milk’.
• Its height is 310 metres.
• It is the fifth tallest waterfall of India.
Uttarakhand
•Shahastradhara falls
•Shahastradhara
spring.
means thousandfold

•located in Dehradun.
•Kali Gad River, a tributary of Song
River, forms Shahastradhara falls.

Meghalaya
•Elephanta Falls
•Nohkalikai Falls
•Nohsngithiang Falls
•Kynrem Falls
•Bishop Falls
•Beadon Falls
•Sweet Falls
•Langshiang Falls

Nohsngithiang Falls
•It is also known as the Seven Sisters
Waterfalls or Mawsmai Falls.
•Its height is 315 metres.
•It is the fourth tallest waterfall of
India.
Elephanta Falls
•The original Khasi name for the falls
is Ka Kshaid Lai Pateng Khohsiew.
•It is located in Shillong.
•Since it looked like the face of
elephant, it was named as Elephanta
Falls by the Britishers.

Nohkalikai Falls
•It is located near Cherrapunji.
•Its height is 340 metres.
•It is the third tallest waterfall of India.

Other Important
Waterfalls in India

Mizoram
•Vantawng Falls

Himachal Pradesh
•Palani Falls

Bihar
•Bundla Falls
•Kakolat Falls

Andhra Pradesh
•Talakona falls
 Indian River System/ भारत की नदी प्रणालियााँ
Based on source:
Himalayan Rivers
Peninsular Rivers

• Himalayan Rivers:
(Antecedent)
– Indus
– Ganga
– Brahmaputra

• Peninsular Rivers
– Into Arabian Sea
– Into Bay of Bengal
 Indus River (ल िंधु नदी)
• Origin - in Tibet near
पौरालणक / Antecedent River
Mansarovar & south
of Mt. Kailash (China)

• Ladakh

• Gilgit Baltistan Region

(just south
of Karakoram range)
Sharp south turn
Pakistan Plains

• Near Karachi (Sindh)

• Arabian Sea
 Indus River (ल िंधु नदी)
• One of the longest rivers in Asia – 3180 Km (2880
KM as per NCERT) (longest in Asia is Yangtze River;
in world – Nile River)

• Total drainage area -11,65,000 Km2

• Longest river and National river of Pakistan

• One of the largest rivers in the world in terms

of annual flow - around 243 km3 - twice that of
the Nile River (largest in World is Amazon River)
 Indus River (ल िंधु नदी)
• Indus Valley Civilisation (ल िंधु घाटी भ्यता ) flourished in
the basins of the Indus River
Tributaries/
हायक नलदयााँ

Major:
Sutlej
Beas
Ravi
Chenab
Jhelum
 Tributaries of Indus – Important Points
Rivers Origin Remarks

Sutlej Manasarovar- •Parallel to Indus for 400 km

Rakas Lakes before entering India
(Tibet)
•Feeds canal system of Bhakra
Nangal project - Bhakra Nangal
Dam

Beas Beas Kund near •Flows through Kullu & Manali

Rohtang Pass
(H.P.) •Entirely within India
 Tributaries of Indus – Important Points
Rivers Origin Remarks

Ravi West of Rohtang Flows as Indo-Pak border for a

pass, Kullu hills particular distance
(H.P.) - NCERT)
Chenab Baralacha La Pass, •Largest tributary (1,180 km in
Himachal Pradesh India)

•Formed by 2 streams, Chandra

and Bhaga

Jhelum Verinag, Kashmir Flows through Srinagar and

Wular Lake
 Tributaries of Indus/
ल िंधु की हायक नलदयााँ
Important:
• Ladakh (Leh) – Zanskar (left bank)
• Gilgit Baltistan – Shyok ,Nubra
Gilgit,Hunza (right bank)
• Mithankot (Pakistan) – Indus meets Panjnad (Sutlej,
Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum) from left

Others:
• Kabul, Gomal, Kurram (right)
Left - Zanskar

Right & Glacial water -

Shyok (Nubra)
Gilgit (Hunza)
Punjab in British India (पंचनद - land of five waters)

Present-day
Punjab, Haryana
H.P., Chandigarh
& Delhi;

Pakistani
provinces of
Punjab &
Islamabad
Present Punjab
 Indus Water Treaty

• Water distribution treaty between India and

Pakistan

• Signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960

• Treaty allocates 80% of water from the six-

river Indus water system to Pakistan.
 Indian River System/ भारत की नदी प्रणालियााँ

Based on source:
Himalayan Rivers
Peninsular Rivers

• Himalayan Rivers:
– Indus
– Ganga
– Brahmaputra
Course of
Ganga
 Origin of Ganga (Bhagirathi)
• Gaumukh, Gangotri glacier in Uttar Kashi
(Uttarakhand). Ganga is called Bhagirathi
• Here Ganga is called Bhagirathi
 Devprayag
Bhagirathi + Alaknanda= Ganga
 Alaknanda Facts
• Source in the Satopanth glacier above Badrinath.

• Alaknanda is longer than Bhagirathi

• 5 confluences (नदी का संगम), known as the Panch

Prayag (पंच प्रयाग), are all along the Alaknanda -
Vishnuprayag, Nandaprayag, Karnaprayag, Rudrapra
yag and Devprayag
 Course of Ganga
• Entry into plains at
Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
• Joined by Yamuna at Triveni
Sangam at Allahabad/
Prayagraj (U.P)
• At Bhagalpur (Bihar), Ganga begins to flow south-
southeast.
• At Farakka (W. Bengal), 1st distributary (शाखा)-
Bhagirathi-Hoogly - later becomes Hoogly River -
empties into Bay of Bengal near Sagar Island.

• Just before
Bangladesh Border,
Farakka
Barrage (Murshida
bad Dist.) controls
flow of Ganga
• After entering Bangladesh, main branch of the
Ganga is known as Padma
 Bangladesh Journey
• Padma is joined
by Jamuna River (largest
distributary
of Brahmaputra)

• Downstream, Padma
joins Meghna River -
takes on Meghna's
name

• Enters Meghna Estuary -

empties into Bay of
Bengal.
 Estuary (ज्वारनदीमुख) and Delta
• Estuary - Semi closed coastal body of water and it’s
connected to the open sea
• River delta - a landform created
by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river
Meghna Estuary

Meghna Estuary
 Sundarban Delta

Bengal region of the Indian

subcontinent -
Bangladesh & West Bengal Home of Royal
Bengal Tigers
•Name from Sundari tree
•World's largest river delta;
•Mangrove Forest
Ambala Water Divide
Water Divide – any
elevated area (such as a
mountain or an upland)
which separates two
drainage basins.
 Meanders (नदी लिसपप)

• Ambala to Sundarban – 300 meters slope

 Important Facts about Ganga
• National river of India
• Largest river system in India
• Length of the Ganga is 2,525 km (longest in India)
• It is 34th longest river in the world by length
• Ganga basin extends over an area of 10,86,000 km2.
• In India it covers about 8,62,769 km2 (nearly 26.2%
of the total geographical area of India)
 Ganga River Dolphin (गंगा संस)
• Endangered (िुप्तप्राय) freshwater dolphin found
in Indian Subcontinent
• National Aquatic Animal of India
• Scientific Name - Platanista gangetica gangetica
Left Bank Tributaries of Ganga
 Ramganga/ रामगंगा नदी

• Dudhatoli Range, Pauri

Garhwal District,
Uttarakhand

• Flows through Jim Corbett National Park

• Joins Ganga in Fategarh district (U.P.)
• Ancient name – Rathvahini
 Gomti River/ गोमती नदी
• Monsoon & ground fed river
• Source: Gomat Taal (formally
known as Fulhaar Jheel) near
Madho Tanda, Pilibhit Dist. (U.P)
• Flows through U.P. & meets
Ganga near Varanasi
• Major tributary -Sai River - joins
Gomti near Jaunpur.
• Markandey Mahadeo temple is
at confluence of the Gomti and
the Ganga
Ghaghara River/
घाघरा नदी
• Perennial, trans-
boundary
• Source: Mapchachungo
Glacier, near
Manasarovar Lake,
Tibet
• It cuts through the Himalayas (Shivalik hills)
in Nepal and divides into Kauriala and Girwa rivers
• Then rejoin south of the Indian border to form
Ghaghara River
• Joins Ganga at Revelganj in Bihar
 Ghaghara River/ घाघरा नदी
• Joined by Sharda River at Brahmaghat (U.P.)

• Sharda river (Kali/Mahakali/Kali Ganga) originates

at Uttarakhand-Tibet border and flows through
Nepal border before joining Ghaghara.

• Another tributary arising from Nepal – West Rapti

• With a length of 507 kilometres in Nepal, Ghaghara

(Karnali) is the longest river in Nepal.
 Ghaghara River/ घाघरा नदी
• Largest & 2nd longest tributary of Ganga

• Total length of Ghaghara River is 1,080 Km

(Total length of Yamuna River is 1,376 Km)

• Lower Ghaghara is also known as Sarayu river and is

mentioned in Ramayana.

• Ayodhya is situated on its right bank.

 Gandak/ Gandaki River/गण्डकी नदी
• Trans-boundary –Nepal,
India
• Origin - Nhubine Himal
Glacier in
the Mustang region of
Nepal (Tibet Border)
• Here known as – Kali
Gandaki
• One of the major rivers
of Nepal
 Gandak/ Gandaki River
• Enters India into Terai Region of Eastern U.P and
Bihar
• Flows as Meanders in UP - Bihar border for 35-40
Km – enters Bihar – joins Ganga at Sonpur
• Mention of Gandaki in Mahabharata.
• The basin contains three of the world's 14
mountains over 8,000 meters:
Dhaulagiri, Manaslu and Annapurna (in Nepal)
• Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin.
 Gandak/ Gandaki River

• Major Tributary:
1. Trishuli
2. East Rapti

Dhaulagiri Mountain

• Gandaki also known as Narayani & Sapt Gandaki:

Kali Gandaki + Trishuli + 5 main tributaries of Trishuli
 Kosi River/
कोशी/ कोसी नदी
• Trans-boundary – Tibet,
Nepal, India
• Origin - Tibet and Nepal
Border
• Also known
as Saptakoshi (सप्तकोशी) for
its seven upper tributaries.

• The Saptakoshi crosses into northern Bihar where it

branches into distributaries before joining
Ganga near Kursela in Katihar district.
 Kosi River/कोशी/ कोसी नदी

• Major tributaries in India - Kamala, Bagmati

and Budhi Gandak

• Sorrow of Bihar - annual floods affect about

21,000 km2 of fertile agricultural lands
 Mahananda/महानंदा नदी
• Trans-boundary river - India & Bangladesh
• Origin – Darjeeling Hills (part of Himalayan Range)
in Northern part of W. Bengal
• Flows through West Bengal and Bihar and enters
Bangladesh
• Joins Ganga at Godagiri, Nawabganj
District, Bangladesh
• The total length of the Mahananda is 360
kilometres - 324 kilometres in India and 36
kilometres in Bangladesh.
• Easternmost tributary arising from Himalayas
 Right Bank Tributaries of Ganga
1. Yamuna (यमुना)
2. Tamas (तामस नदी)
3. Son (सोन नदी)
4. Punpun (पुनपुन नदी)

Source – Geography of India by Majid Husain

 Yamuna (यमुना)
• Second largest tributary river of the Ganga and the
longest tributary in India

• Source – Yamunotri Glacier – western slopes of

Bandarpoonch

• Makes boundary
between Haryana and
U.P.
• Joins Ganga at Prayagraj
 Tributaries of Yamuna
• Mostly originating from – Aravallis, Vindhyan Range,
Malwa Plateau

1. Tons/ट स
ं
2. Chambal/चंबि
3. Sindh/लसंध
4. Betwa/बेतिा
5. Ken/केन
Hint: TCS BacK
Tributary Source Important facts

Tons Bandarpoonch Largest tributary of Yamuna

(ट स
ं नदी) mountains Carries more water than
Yamuna

Chambal Singar Chouri peak, Famous for extensive

(चंबि नदी) Vindhya Range, ravines (बीहड़) in Lower
near Mhow Chambal Valley (Rajasthan,
Cantt. in Indore U.P., M.P.)
(M.P.) * Dams later

Sindh Malwa Manikheda Dam

(लसंध नदी) Plateau in Vidisha
district (M.P.)
Tributary Source Important facts

Betwa Vindhya Range just

(बेतिा नदी) north of Ken- Betwa River Project
Hoshangabad (M.P.)

Ken Village Ahirgawan, •Ken Gharial Sanctuary

(केन नदी) Kaimur Range •Panna Tiger Reserve
(Vindhya Range), •Ken- Betwa River Project
Jabalpur (M.P.) (India’s 1st inter-State river
interlinking project)
 Chambal Tributaries

Banas Kali Sind

(source - Aravalli) Parbati
(Malwa Plateau)
 Chambal Valley Projects (Dams)
Joint venture of Rajasthan and M. P. Govt.
Initiated in 1954.
Aim –
• Irrigation
• power generation
• control of soil erosion

Executed in 3 stages
 Chambal Valley Projects (Dams)
• Gandhi Sagar Dam (1960)- located in Mandsaur (M.P)
& Neemuch (Rajasthan – M.P. border)
– foundation stone laid by PM of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

• Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (1970) - near Rawatbhata in

Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)

• Jawahar Sagar Dam/Kota dam (1972) – in Kota

(Rajasthan)

• Kota Barrage (1960) - for irrigation in Rajasthan & M. P.

Ken Betwa River Project

To irrigate India’s
worst drought-
affected & drought-
prone Bundelkhand
region.

•Main feature of the project - 230-km long canal

•Will benefit 5 districts of M.P. and 3 districts of U. P.
 Tamsa (तामस नदी)
• Source - Tamakund in the Kaimur Range (M.P.)
• Joins Ganga at Sirsa (U.P.)
• Mythological significance
• Valmiki Ashrama was at the banks of Tamas
 Son (सोन नदी)
• Second largest southern tributary of Ganga,
after Yamuna River
• Source – Amarkantak Plateau (M.P.), just east of the
headwater of Narmada River
• Flows parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast
through U.P., Jharkhand and Bihar
• Joins Ganga west of Patna
• Major Tributaries:
– Rihand (ररहन्द नदी)
– North Koel
(उत्तरी कोयि नदी)
 Punpun (पुनपुन नदी)
• Source: Palamu (पिाम) district, Chota Nagpur
Plateau (Jharkhand)
• Flows through Jharkhand and Bihar
• Joins Ganga at Fatuha, near Patna
 Brahmaputra River
• Trans-boundary river - China, India and Bangladesh.
• It is a classic example of a braided river.
• Length 3,080 Km (NCERT – 2880 Km)
• Old Sanskrit name – Lauhitya
• Native inhabitants (Bodos) called the river Bhullam-buthur -
means 'making a gurgling sound'
• 9th largest river in the world by discharge
• 15th • 15th longest river in the world.
• Kangchenjunga (3rd highest
mountain in the world) -
highest point within the
Brahmaputra basin.
 Brahmaputra River
• Source – Chemayungdung
Glacier of the Kailash
range, east of the
Mansarover lake.
• New Opinion - Angsi
Glacier in Tibet, southeast
of Mount Kailash and Lake
Manasarovar
• Here the river is known
as Yarlung Tsangpo
Satellite view of lakes Manasarovar (right) and Rakshastal with Mount Kailash in the background

Mount Kailash
• Runs parallel to Himalayas for 1200km in Tibet.
• Turns south creating a deep gorge through the
Himalayas near Namcha Barwa (Yarlung Tsangpo Grand
Canyon) and enters India through Arunachal Pradesh.
 Entry in India
• Enters India in
Arunachal with the
name – Siang River
• On plain in
Arunachal - Dihang
• Flows for about
35 km southward -
joined by Dibang
River and Lohit
River near Sadiya
town, at the head of DIHANG RIVER+DIBANG
the Assam Valley. RIVER+LOHIT RIVER=
BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER
 Braided Course through Assam
• Enters Assam and becomes very wide—as wide as
20 km in parts of Assam.
• Local name of Brahmaputra in Assam is Luit.
• Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur districts of
Assam, river divides into two channels
– Northern Kherkutia channel
– Southern Brahmaputra channel.
• Two channels join again about 100 km downstream
forming the Majuli island-largest River Island in the
world.
Majuli Island
 Course in Assam
• At Guwahati, Brahmaputra cuts through Shillong
Plateau.
• River is at its narrowest here (1 km bank-to-bank)
• Battle of Saraighat was fought here (Mughal Empire
vs. Ahom Kingdom)
• The first rail-cum-road bridge across the
Brahmaputra - at Saraighat.
• Brahmaputra receives various tributaries in Assam
valley
• Number of right bank tributaries greater than left
bank
 Course in Bangladesh
• The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh
after turning south around the Garo Hills below
Dhuburi (Assam)
• In Bangladesh, it is joined by Tista (Teesta) River on
its right bank.
• Brahmaputra splits into two distributaries:
– The western branch, as the Jamuna - to merge with the
lower Ganga (Padma)-north of Goalundo Ghat
– The eastern branch, much smaller- Old Brahmaputra - It
curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka.
• Padma and
Meghna
converge
near Chandpur
and flow out
into the Bay of
Bengal as
Meghna.
Tributaries of Brahmaputra
 Important Left Bank Tributaries
• Dibang
• Lohit
• Dihing/ Burhi Dihing
• Dikhou
• Dhansiri
• Kopili
 Important Right Bank Tributaries
• Subansiri
• Kameng
• Barnadi
• Manas
• Sankosh
• Teesta (Bangladesh)
Left Bank Tributaries
Dibang river
• One of the 3 tributaries
forming Brahmaputra
• Source - Indo-Chinese
border in the Dibang
Valley district of
Arunachal Pradesh

• Flows through the states of Arunachal

Pradesh and Assam
• Joins Dihang near Sadiya Town
Lohit River
• One of the 3
tributaries forming
Brahmaputra
• Rises in eastern
Tibet region.
• It joins Brahmaputra
at Sadiya town,
Arunachal Pradesh.
Dihing/ Burhi Dihing River
• Large tributary
• Source – Eastern
Himalayas of
Arunachal Pradesh
• Flows through Assam
and joins
Brahmaputra at
Dihingmukh, near
Dibrugarh
• Betel nuts are produced most in the areas of the
Dihing Plains.
Dikhow River

• Source – Naga
Hills, near
Zunheboto town
of Nagaland
• Flows through
Assam and joins
Brahmaputra
 Dhansiri river

• Source – South-
West of Naga Hills,
below Laishiang
peak (Nagaland)
• One of the most
meandering rivers
Kopili River
• Named after Kapil Muni
• Source – Borail range
mountains in Meghalaya
• Its basin is bound by the
Jaintia Hills in the west
and the South Cachar
and Mikir Hills in the
east.
• Enters Assam and finally flows to Kalang/Kolong, a
spill channel of Brahmaputra, near Hatimukh.
Right Bank Tributaries
 Subansiri River
• Largest tributary
• Rises in the Tibet region in
the Himalayas
• Flows through Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam valley
• Joins Brahamaputra in
Lakhimpur district of
Assam.
• Known as Gold River by the
locals.
• Famous all over the world
for its gold dust.
KAMENG / कामेंग नदी (Bhareli/Jia Bhoreli)
• Rises in the Tawang district,
Arunachal Pradesh (eastern
Himalayas).

• Forms the border between the

East Kameng and the West
Kameng districts
• In Assam, it flows through the
Sonitpur district before joining
the Brahmaputra at Tezpur.

• The Kaziranga National Park located

near the Kameng river
Barnadi River
• A trans-boundary river
• Source – Himalayas in
Bhutan
• Enters Assam in Darrang
District and joins
Brahmaputra near North
Guwahati
The Manas River
• A trans-boundary river
• Source - Himalayan foothills
between southern Bhutan and
India.
• Largest River System of Bhutan

• Meets Brahmaputra at Jogighopa

(Assam)
• Royal Manas National Park of Bhutan and the Manas
Wildlife Sanctuary are located in the Manas River valley
The Sankosh River
• A transboundary river -
flows through Bhutan,
India, and Bangladesh.
• Rises in the northern
Bhutan region, flows on
the border of Assam and
West Bengal
• Meets Brahmaputra in
Assam
Teesta River
• Source - Tso Lhamo
lake/Teesta Khangse
glacier
in Kanchenjunga
massif (North Sikkim)
• It is known as the
lifeline of Sikkim

• It forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal.

• Joins Jamuna River at Phulchhari/Fulchhari in Gaibandha
dist. Of Bangladesh.
 Indian River System/ भारत की नदी प्रणालियााँ

Based on source:
Himalayan Rivers
Peninsular Rivers

• Peninsular Rivers:
– West Flowing
– East Flowing

Parcham Classes 1
 Peninsular River System
• Rivers that originate from the peninsular plateaus
and small hills of India.
•Largely seasonal/no-perennial - depend on rainfall.
•Mostly East Flowing - originate from Western Ghats
and flow towards Bay of Bengal - make deltas at their
mouths.
•Water-divide is formed by Western Ghats
•Low velocity of water and load carrying capacity of
the streams is low due to low gradient.

Parcham Classes 2
• 2 long west flowing rivers - Narmada and Tapi (as well as
those originating from the Western Ghats and falling in the
Arabian Sea) - form estuaries in place of deltas.
• No Delta → Due to Hard rocks & lack of Distributaries
Estuary - Semi closed coastal body of water and it’s
connected to the open sea
River delta - a landform created
by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river

Parcham Classes 3
 Major West Flowing Rivers

1. Narmada
2. Tapi/Tapti
3. Mahi
4. Sabarmati

Parcham Classes 4
 Gulf of Khambat (खंभात की खाडी)
• Also known as Gulf of
Cambay
• A bay on Arabian
Sea coast of India,
bordering Gujarat.
• About 200 km long,
about 20 km wide in
north and up to 70 km
wide in south.

Major rivers forming estuaries -

Narmada, Tapti, Mahi and Sabarmati
Parcham Classes 5
1. Narmada River (नर्मदा नदी)

Parcham Classes 6
 Narmada River
• Also called Rewa and previously also known as Nerbudda
• Origin – Amarkantak peak (north eastern end of satpura
range), near Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Flows – in a rift valley between Vindhya range and Satpura
range
• Drains - Arabian Sea near Gulf of Khambat, west of Bharuch
city of Gujarat
• Largest west flowing river in peninsula.
• Known as the lifeline of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
• Total length from its source in Amarkantak to its estuary in
the Gulf of Khambhat is 1,310 km.
Parcham Classes 7
 Narmada River
• Forms Dhuandhar Falls (धंआधार जिप्रपात) in Bedaghat
near Jabalpur (M.P.)

Parcham Classes 8
• Major Dams - Sardar Sarovar, Indira Sagar,
Omkareshwar Dam, Maheshwar Dam
• Kanha National Park located in the upper reaches
of Narmada. Tributaries of Narmada – Hallon and
Banjar, flow through this park.

Parcham Classes 9
Tapi/Tapti River (तापी/ ताप्ती नदी)
• Origin – Multai,
Betul District (M. P.)
eastern central part
of Satpura range.
• Flows – westward
crossing Satpura in
the center, enter
Maharashtra then
Gujarat.

• Drains – Gulf of Khambat in Surat district, Gujarat near

Hazira mangrove.
Parcham Classes 10
Parcham Classes 11
• Known as ‘the twin’ or ‘the handmaid’ of Narmada.
• Basin is bounded by the Satpura range - north, Mahadev
hills - east, Ajanta Range and the Satmala hills - south and
Arabian Sea - west.
• Dams on Tapti River:
– Ukai Dam/ उकाई बााँ ध (Gujarat)
– Hathnur Dam and Girna Dam (Maharashtra)
• Industry in Tapti Basin
– Textile factories in Surat
– Paper and news print factory at Nepanagar (M.P.).

Parcham Classes 12
 Mahi River (र्ाही नदी)
• Origin – Vindhya
range, M.P.
• Flows – Northwards
to Vagad (वागड)
Region of Rajasthan,
takes U-Turn and
enters Gujarat
• Drains – Gulf of
Khambat
• The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land
accounting to 63.63% of the total area.
• Hydro Power stations located at - Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam
(र्ाही बजाज सागर बां ध) and Kadana
Parcham Classes Dam (कदाणा बां ध). 13
 Vagad Region (वागड प्रदे श)

• Vagad is a region (वागड प्रदे श) in

southeastern Rajasthan state of western India.
• Its boundaries are roughly defined by those of the
districts of Dungarpur and Banswara.
• Major cities of the region
are Dungarpur and Banswara.
• Mahi River is said to be the lifeline of Vagad.

Parcham Classes 14
 Sabarmati River (साबरर्ती नदी)
• Origin – Aravalli hills,
Udaipur, Rajasthan
• Flows – Southwest
direction, enters
Gujarat and flows
through Ahemdabad
• Drains – Gulf of
Khambat

The major part of basin is covered with agriculture accounting

to 74.68% of the total area.

Parcham Classes 15
 Luni River (िूनी नदी)
• Luni is largest river in the Thar
desert in north-west India
• Luni is the only river basin of any
significance in Western Rajasthan.
• The Luni or the Salt River is
named so because its water is
salty below Balotra (Barmer).
• Lavanavari or Lavanavati
•Originates – Naag Pahaad on western slopes of the Aravalli
ranges, in Pushkar Valley (Ajmer) - Sagarmati
•Flow - South West direction around 511 km in Rajasthan
•Finally flow into the Rann of Kutch (it gets lost in the
marshes). Parcham Classes 16
 East Flowing Peninsular Rivers
• Major peninsular rivers
flow from west
to east due to the
gradient of land.
• These rivers drain into Bay
of Bengal
• Carry greater amount of
sediments and therefore
form Delta on the east
coast.
• These rivers have a
developed and large
tributary System Parcham Classes 17
 Major East-Flowing Rivers
• Mahanadi River
• Godavari River
• Krishna River
• Kaveri (Cauvery) River
Other Important Rivers:
• Subarnarekha River
• Brahmani River
• Pennar River
• Vaigai River
Parcham Classes 18
 Mahanadi River
• Source – Sihawa
Mountains in
Chhattisgarh
• Total length – 851 Km
• Flow – Chhattisgarh &
Odisha

Upper Course:
 Flows in a northerly
CHATTISGARH – ODISHA – BAY OF BENGAL
direction
 Drains the Raipur
district Parcham Classes 19
Middle Course:
• After being joined by
the Seonath, the river
flows in an easterly
direction

•It is joined by the Jonk and Hasdeo rivers before entering

into Odisha
•Near the city of Sambalpur (Odisha), it is dammed by the
longest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam.
Parcham Classes 20
Lower Course
• The river enters
the Odisha plains at
Naraj, near Cuttack
• Just before entering
Cuttack, it gives off a
large distributary called
Kathjori.
• Mahanadi enters Bay COURSE IN ODISHA
of Bengal via several
channels •It also forms the largest
near Paradeep at False Brackish water lake in India –
Point, Jagatsinghpur. Chilika lake
Parcham Classes 21
• Drinage Basin shared by – Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand and Odisha
• The major part of basin - covered with agricultural land -
54.27% of the total area.
• One of the most-active silt-depositing streams in the Indian
subcontinent.
• Puri, at one of its mouths, is a famous pilgrimage site.
• In water potential and flood producing capacity, it ranks
second to Godavari.
• It was called 'sorrow of Orissa '.
• Left bank Tributaries: Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand and Ib.
• Right bank Tributaries: Ong, Tel, Jonk.
Parcham Classes 22
 Godavari River
• Largest Peninsuar River
• Also Known as Dakshin
Ganga
• Length – 1465 Km
• Source - Slopes of
Western Ghats in
Tryambakeshwar in
Nashik (Maharashtra)

• Flows eastwards and

enters Telangana in
Nizamabad district.

• Turns southeast and

enters Andhra Pradesh.
Parcham Classes 23
• Splits into two
branches -Vriddha
Gautami (Gautami
Godavari) and Vasishta
Godavari.
• Gautami and Vasishta
branches further split
into two branches
each.
• These four branches
form delta at Sir
Arthur Cotton
Barrage in
Rajamahendravaram The Godavari is subjected to heavy
floods in its lower reaches to the
(Rajamundri) before
south of Polavaram
joining Bay of Bengal. Parcham Classes 24
Important Left Bank Tributaries:
1. Purna
2. Pranhita: largest tributary conveying the combined
waters of Penganga, Wardha Wainganga]
3. Indravati
4. Sabari

Parcham Classes 25
Important Right Bank Tributaries:
1. Darna
2. Pravara
3. Manjira, Manjra
4. Manyar/ Manair

Parcham Classes 26
 Krishna River
• 2nd largest East flowing Peninsular
river
• Length – 1401 Km
• Source - Near Mahabaleshwar, Jor
village (Sahayadri), Maharashtra
• Flows - It flows through the state
of Karnataka before
entering Telangana State.
• Drains – into Bay of
Bengal at Hamasaladeevi (near
Koduru) in Andhra Pradesh.
• The delta of this river is one of
the most fertile regions in India
• Vijaywada (A.P.) – largest city on
Krishna Parcham Classes 27
 Tributaries

Left Bank Tributaries: Right Bank Tributaries:

• Bhima( Longest • Venna
Tributary) • Koyna
• Musi • Ghataprabha
• Paleru • Malaprabha
• Munneru • Tungabhadra (Largest
Tributary)
• Panchganga
• Dudhaganga

Parcham Classes 28
Parcham Classes 29
 Cauvery/Kaveri river
• Source - Talakaveri on
the Brahmagiri range in
Western Ghats, Kodagu
district of Karnataka
• Flows – through
Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu.
• Drains in to Bay of
Bengal at Poompuhar,
Tamil Nadu
• River Basin – Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala,
Puducherry Parcham Classes 30
• Shivanasamudra Falls (Karnataka)- Asia's
first hydroelectric plant (built in 1902) was on
the left falls and supplied power to the city
of Bangalore

Parcham Classes 31
• Kaveri carries water throughout the year with
comparatively less fluctuation than other Peninsular
rivers.

• Since the upper catchment area receives rainfall during

summer (southwest monsoon) and the lower part
during winter (northeast monsoon)

• One of the best regulated rivers - 90 to 95 per cent of

irrigation and power production potential already stands
harnessed.

Parcham Classes 32
 Kaveri River Water Dispute
• The sharing of waters of Kaveri River has been the source of a
serious conflict between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

• Genesis of this conflict rests in two agreements in 1892 and

1924 between the Madras Presidency and Kingdom of Mysore

• Final verdict - by Indian Supreme Court - on 16 February 2018.

• As per an order by the Indian Supreme Court - Centre

constituted Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) on
1 June 2018 to address the dispute over sharing of river water
among Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry.

• Cauvery Water Regulation Committee (CWRC) – 3 weeks later.

Parcham Classes 33
•Left Bank Tributaries -
Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathy

•Right Bank Tributaries – Lakshmana

Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani, Noyyal, Amravati, Moyar
Parcham Classes 34
 Subarnarekha River
• Source - Near Ranchi (Jharkhand)
• Flows through West Bengal - Odisha.
• Drains - into Bay of Bengal near Talsari, Odisha

Parcham Classes 35
 Brahmani River
• Source - Near Rourkela, Odisha
• Major seasonal river in the Odisha
• Drains into the Bay of Bengal at
Dhamra.

Parcham Classes 36
 Pennar River
• Source - rises in the Nandi
Hills in Karnataka
• Flows - runs north and east ANDHRA PRADESH
through the states of
Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh
• Drains into Bay of Bengal KARNATAKA

Nellore district of Andhra

Pradesh.

Parcham Classes 37
 Vaigai River
• Source – Varusanadu Hills,
Tamil Nadu
• The Vattaparai Falls are
located on this river.
• Madurai is the largest city
that lies on Vaigai.

• Drains - into the Palk Strait , close to Pamban

bridge in Ramanathapuram District.
Parcham Classes 38
 Palk Strait
• The Palk Strait is
a strait between the Tamil
Nadu and the Jaffna
District of Sri Lanka.
• It connects the Bay of
Bengal in the northeast
with Palk Bay in the
southwest
• Several rivers flow into it,
including the Vaigai River of
Tamil Nadu.

Parcham Classes 39
 FOLK
DANCES
IN INDIA
LADAKH
• Jabro - Done by Changpas. Integral part of Losar (Tibetan New Year)
• Cham - Component of Buddhist celebrations in Ladakh
• Shondol - Royal dance of Ladakh; (Guinness book of world records as the largest Ladakhi
dance on the occasion of the annual Naropa Festival.)
• Spao, Koshan, Lharna, Surahi Dance

JABRO CHAM SHONDOL

JAMMU AND KASHMIR
• Rauf – by women folk of the Kashmir valley
• Damali/Dhambali - By men; Fading away except special occasions of few Sufi saints
• Dumhal - By men of Wattal tribe
• Hikat
• Hafiza, Kud, Mandjas

RAUF DAMALI DUMHAL

HIMACHAL PRADESH
• Charba - during Dussehra
• Chham - by Buddhist monks
• Thoda - based on martial arts, dance of archery
• Nati, Dangi, Chapeli, Jhora, Jhali, Jhamakhra
• Namgen

NATI DANGI
 UTTARAKHAND
• Bhotia Dance, Dandala, Chamfuli, Dhusaka and Dhurang, Badra Nati
• Chholia Dance - by boys and men at marriage processions
• Pandava dance - during Dussehra and Deepawali
• Tharu dance - to welcome newly-married couple
• Chanchari - related to Garhwal and Almora region
• Jhoda dance - specially during Holi
• Hurkiya baul - community dance during sowing season
• Shotiya, Langvir Nritya

Chholia Chanchari Pandava

PUNJAB
Bhangra
Giddha – Female counterpart of male bhangra
Jhoomar – by tibal Sikhs. Harvest dance. Movement of arms most important. Brought in India
by traders from Balochistan
Kikkli
Karthi, Sammi, Jindua, Dandass, Viyahula Giddha

Bhangra Giddha Kikkli

HARYANA
• Loor – by girls
• Phag – by agricultural folk
• Gugga – devotional – Gugga Pir
• Jhumar, Daph, Dhamal, Khoria
LOOR
 UTTAR PRADESH
• Raslila – around Radha Krishna and Gopis
• Nautanki, Kajri
• Dadra – semi classical form; popular in
coutesans of Lucknow region
• Charkula Raslila

MADHYA PRADESH
• Jawara – harvest dance, Bundelkhand region. Includes balancing Jawar basket on head.
• Matki – women solo dance – balancing earthen pots on head. Variants – Aada Nach, Khada
Nach
• Phul Pati – unmarried girls
• Grida, Charkula

Jawara Matki

RAJASTHAN
• Ghoomar – Initially by women of Bhil tribe
• Kalbeliya – moves similar to serpents. ‘Been’ popular instrument. Inscribed in 2010 on the
UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
• Terah Taali, Kachhi Ghodi, Chari, Gair, Kathputli, Neja, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Ghapal, Suisini,
Bhavai

Ghumar Kalbeliya Kachhi Ghodi

GUJARAT
• Garba – during Navratra; Garba
refers to ’Garbha Deep’ – earthern
pot with holes in which lamp is lit
and women dance around in a
circle
• Dandiya Ras – Sticks used; depicts
mock fight between Durga and
Mahishasur
Garba Dandiya Ras
• Bhavai , Tippani Juriun, Hudo
• Padhar dance
 MAHARASHTRA
• Lavani,
• Koli – by Koli fisher folk
• Lezim, Gafa, Nakata, Dahikala,
Dasavtar or Bohada
• Tamasha
Lezim Lavani

GOA
• Tarangamel – during Dussehra &
Holi. Use of rainbow like costumes
and colorful flags
• Fugdi – in Konkan region, during
festivals by women
• Dhangar – during Navratri
• Dekhni, Dhalo, Kunbi, Romta Mel,
Corredinho, Bhandap, Ghode
Modni, Ranmale, Goff, Dashavatara Fugdi Dekhni

BIHAR
Jat-Jatin – especially in Mithila region. Represents
affection and quarrel of married couple
Bidesia – on social evils
Jumari – similar to Gujarati garba
Fagua, Paniki, Bakho-Bakhain, Biraha
Sohar – on child birth
Jhijiya - for rain Jat-Jatin

JHARKHAND
Paika , Saraikella Chhau
Mundari Dance – usually to celebrate newly married, Mundari tribe
Damkach Jhumta, Damkach
Janani Jhumar – during cultivation
Mardana Jhumar – after harvest
Karam Naach – Kadam Tree worship, Chhota Nagpur Plateau
Jhika, Danga, Baroa
Jadopatiya

Mardana Jhumar Karam Naach Mundari Dance

 CHHATTISGARH
• Gaur Maria - men & women of Bison Horn Maria tribe. Imitates movement of Bison.
• Raut Naach – by Yadav community, during Diwali
• Panthi – by Satnami Community, devotees of Guru Ghasidas
• Saila, Sua, Gendi

Gaur Maria Raut Nacha Panthi

ODISHA
Chhau
• Sangeet Natak Academy recognises 8 classical dances,
while Ministry of Culture recognises Chhau dance also
in that list.
• Semi classical with martial, tribal and folk traditions
• Originates from Chhaya meaninig shadow. Vigorous
martial movements. Usually mask in used and based on
mythological stories. 3 main styles:
• Mayurbhanj Chhau – Odisha
• Saraikella Chhau – Jharkhand
• Purulia Chhau – West Bengal
• Got inscribed in UNESCO Representative List of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010

ODISHA

Paika – Martial folk dance of Southern Odisha. Word Paika signifies Battle
Danda-Jatra (Danda Nata) – one of oldest folk arts of India. Only by males. Pray Goddess Kali
and Lord Shiva during Danda period
Dalkhai – mostly during Dussehra
Munari, Savari, Ghumara, Jhumar
Nachni, Gotipua

Danda-Jatra Paika
 WEST BENGAL
• Gambhira, Kirtan Dance, Alkap,
Dhali, Jatra, Domni, Dhunachi,
Purulia Chhau
• Kalikapatadi, Nachni

Purulia Chhau Alkap

TELANGANA

• Perini Sivatandavam – typical war

dance by males
• Burrakatha/ Jangam Katha – dance
narration
• Chindu Bhagvatam
Perini Sivatandavam
• Dappu Nritya, Lambadi, Mayuri
• Gusadi – by Gondulu tribes
• Tholu Bommalata – shadow puppet
• Bathukamma

Lambadi

ANDHRA PRADESH
• Burrakatha/ Jangam Katha – dance narration
• Butta Bommalu – Butta means basket toys. Dancers wear toy like masks. West Godavari
district.
• Kolattam/ Kolannalu - Stick dance
• Andhra Natyam, Veera Natyam (veerabhadra)
• Mathuri – by Mathuri tribe of Adilabad district
• Garalu, Bathkampa (marriages), Bhamakalpam, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Dappubagham

Burrakatha Andhra Natyam

Kolattam
 KARNATAKA
• Yakshagana - traditional theatre form of dance drama based on mythological stories and
Puranas
• Dollu Kunitha – Kunitha means ritual dance. By shephard community called Kuruba
• Pata Kunitha – Mysore region. Religious dance by men. Use of long bamboo poles decorated
with ribbons (pata)
• Suggi Kunitha, Puja Kunitha (Bangalore)
• Veeragase, Bhootha Aradhane, Kamsale (Mysore)
• Bedara Vesha (Hunter dance), Bolak-aat

Yakshagan Kunitha

KERELA
Mudiyettu (मुडीयेट्टू )
• Ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala
• Based on mythological tale of a battle between the
goddess Kali and the demon Darika

UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible

Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010

युनेस्को की मानवता की अमूतत साांस्कृ ततक ववरासत

की प्रतततनति सूची

Mayilattam – Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Mayil means

peacock (peacock dance)
Kummi – Kerala & Tamil Nadu. By women during Mayilattam
Pongal & festivals. No music, dance on Rhythmic
clapping.
Kaikottikali – temple dance at Onam to celebrate
harvest
Padayani – martial dance in temples of South Kerala.
Padayani means rows of Infantry/soldiers. Dancers
wear huge masks (Kolam).
Kolkali-Parichakali – martial dance in South Kerala &
Lakshadweep. Kol- stick, Paricha – shield. Enact fight
sequence with mock weapons
Theyyam, Koodiyattam, Oppana, Ottam Thulal,Velakali Kummi
Thullal
Padayani
Margamkali (ancient Indian round dance of the St.
Thomas Christians community)
 TAMIL NADU
• Mayilattam, Kummi, Bommai Attam (Puppet Show)
• Thol Pavai Koothu – 400 year old art, Deerskin/goat skin puppets perform this dance
• Karakattam - Rain goddess Mariamman is praised
• Puliyattam (Tiger dance)
• Poikkal Kudirai Aattam (dummy horse dance)
• Kai Silambu Attam, Devaraattam, Parai Attam, Kavadi attam, Oyilattam
• Paampu attam (Snake dance)

Pavai Koothu Karakattam Parai Attam

PUDUCHERRY
Garadi dance : In this dance form, dancers make movements and postures of that of a monkey.

LAKSHADWEEP
Lava dance

SIKKIM
• Singhi Chham (Snow Lion Dance) – tribute to Kanchenjunga peak
• Chu Faat – Chu means snow range, Faat means worship
• Yak Chham, Richunma, Maruni

Singhi Chaam Yak Chham

ASSAM
• Bihu – men & women in group.
Rapid hand movement.
• Bagurumba (Butterfly dance) –
Bodo community
• Deodhani – worship of the snake
goddess Manasa
• Bhor Tal Nritya, Jhumur (tea
folks), Natpuja, Bichhua, Bihu Bagurumba
Hobjanai
 MEGHALYA
• Laho, Shad Suk Mynsiem, Baglaa, Nongkrem Dance, Wangala Dance (100 Drums)

Laho Nongkrem Wangala

TRIPURA
• Bijhu - Bijhu means 'Chaitra-Sankranti’-
denotes end of Bengali calendar year
• Garia – for happy harvest
• Lebang Boomani, Hojagiri, Hik-Hak Hojagiri

MIZORAM
• Cheraw Dance – very old, bamboo sticks used
• Zangtalam, Sarlamkai/Solakia, Chailam

Cheraw Dance
MANIPUR
• Thang Ta – Martial dance. Thang – Sword, Ta - spear
• Pung Cholom or Dhol Cholom (Drum Dance)
• Luivat Pheizak Dance
• Shim Lam Dance (fly dance)
• Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat

Luivat Pheizak Dance Shim Lam Dance Thang Ta Pung Cholom

NAGALAND
• Chang Lo (Sua Lua), Khamba
Lim
• Rangma (bamboo dance) – war
dance of Nagas
• Zeliang, Khaiva
• Aaluyattu Chang Lo Zeliang
 ARUNACHAL PRADESH
• Aji Lamu, Chalo, Hiirii Khaniing, Popir,
Ponung, Pasi Kongki, Rekham Pada, Roppi
• Bardo Chham, Ponu Yoksi, Lion & Peacock
Dance
Aji Lamu

Classical Dance Forms

List of Classical dances in India State of Origin

Kathak Uttar Pradesh
Odissi Odisha
Sattriya Assam
Manipuri Manipur
Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
Mohiniyattam Kerala
Kathakali Kerala
Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

PYQ
Siddhendra Yogi, a doyen of the ______ dance form, was lauded as Adi
Guru.
1. Kuchipudi
2. Kathakali
3. Bharatanatyam
4. Kathak
Correct answer : 1. Kuchipudi

Which dance performed by Buddhists to ward off evil spirits, is a dance

form of Himachal Pradesh.
1.Chham
2. Natya
3. Dham
4. Gogra
Correct answer : 1.Chham
PYQ
____ is a group folk dance of Sikkim performed in honour of Mount
Khangchendzonga, the guardian deity of the Sikkimese people.
1. Zo-Mal-Lok
2. Tendong Lo Rum Faat
3. Chu-Faat
4. Kinchum-Chu-Bomsa
Correct answer : 3. Chu-Faat

Which tribe of Pakistan performs a traditional dance form called 'Waziri

Dance'?
1. Sindhi
2. Baloch
3. Pashtun
4. Brahuis
Correct answer : 3. Pashtun

In which state is Ponu Yoksi, a sword-like instrument, used during

ceremonial dances performed by priests?
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Himachal Pradesh
3. Arunachal Pradesh
4. Madhya Pradesh
Correct answer : 3. Arunachal Pradesh
FESTIVALS OF INDIA
STATE WISE
 FESTIVALS OF ASSAM
• Assam Majuli Festival
• Elephant Festival
• Dehing Patkai Festival
• Bihu
• Ambubachi Mela
• Assam Tea Festival
 FESTIVALS OF ASSAM
• Assam Majuli Festival
– One of the modern festivals
– Held in Majuli - the largest river island in the
world
– Located on the river Brahmaputra in Assam
– It has been a center of Vaishnavite culture in
Assam since the 16th century.

• Assam Elephant Festival

– For the purpose of conservation and
safeguard of Asiatic elephants.
 FESTIVALS OF ASSAM
• Bihu Festival
– Traditionally associated with changing seasons & harvest
– Assamese celebrate Bihu thrice in a year:
1. Bohag or Rongali Bihu - Celebrated in Spring to mark the beginning
of Assamese New Year
2. Kati or Kongali Bihu
3. Maagh or Bhogali Bihu - marks the
end of the harvesting season
 FESTIVALS OF ASSAM
• Ambubachi Mela
– Most important festival of Kamakhya Temple of Guwahati.
– Also known as Mahakumbh of the East
– Ambubachi Mela is associated with Fertility rituals and alleged “Tantrik
means”.
– Belief: Devi Kamakhya (Mother Shakti) goes through her annual cycle of
menstruation during this time stretch.
– Doors of theTemple remain closed for
three days.
– Belief: Mother Earth becomes unclean
for three days.
– During this time any kind of farming work
is not taken on
 FESTIVALS OF ASSAM
• Assam Tea Festival
– Held in Jorhat district in Assam.
– Jorhat is well-known for its extensive tea gardens, and is the nerve centre
of the tea industry.
– Jorhat has the world famous Teklai Experimental Centre - research
work is carried out to find new varieties of tea and also the curative effects
of green tea.
FESTIVALS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
• Siang River Festival
• Ziro Festival of Music
• Dree Festival
• Solung
• Losar Festival – celebrated as Tibetan New Year.
• Murung
• Reh
• Mopin
• Boori Boot
• Monpa Festival
FESTIVALS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
• Ziro Festival of Music
– Hosted by Apatani people in Ziro Valley
– Biggest and also the most happening outdoor festivals in Arunachal
Pradesh.
– This four-day festival is for all music lovers to enjoy both international
and local music artists
FESTIVALS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
• Dree Festival
– Primarily celebrated by Apatani Tribe in Ziro Valley; now by others
too
– Offerings made to 4 main Gods – Tamu, Metii, Danyi, Harniang
– Unique feature: cucumber is distributed to all attendees as a symbol
of good harvest
 FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND
• Hornbill Festival
– Major agricultural festival of Nagaland
– Begins on 1st December each year
– Attended by all major tribes in Nagaland

• Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival
– Post harvest festival Celebrate dby Naga Tribes in Nagaland and
Manipur
FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND
FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND
FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND
FESTIVALS OF NAGALAND
FESTIVALS OF MEGHALAYA

• Nongkrem Dance Festival

• Wangala Festival
• Bob Dylan Festival
• Ahaia Festival
 FESTIVALS OF MEGHALAYA
• Nongkrem Dance Festival
– Religious dance festival, also called Shad Nongkrem
– Important festival of Khasi tribe of Meghalaya.
– Celebrated in November
– Nongkrem Dance performed to seek blessings of Goddess ‘Ka Blei
Synshar’ for welfare of the people and a bulky agricultural yield
 FESTIVALS OF MEGHALAYA
• Wangala Festival
– Also called festival of "The Hundred Drums”
– Celebrated by the Garo tribe
– Post harvest festival, marks beginning of Winter
– Garos give thanks to ‘Misi Saljong’ the sun god,
for blessing people with a rich harvest

• Bob Dylan festival

– For several decades now, Shillong
has hosted an informal celebratory concert
every year on his birthday: 24 May.
 FESTIVALS OF MANIPUR
• Sangai Festival
– Annual Cultural Festival in November.
– Started in 2010
– Named after State animal Sangai –
brow antlered deer found only in Manipur

• Cheiraoba Festival
– Celebrated in April, on New Year according to Manipuri Tribes
– Worship of domestic deity ‘Sanamahi’
– Peculiar traditions:
• a person is selected to be the ‘Chahitaba’,
one who is responsible for all good & ill luck to the community
• People climb to nearest hills
 FESTIVALS OF MANIPUR
• Kang Chingba
– One of the biggest Hindu festivals in Manipur
– Similar to Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra
– Enacts journey of Lord Jagannath with brother Balabhadra & sister
Subhadra
– 8 day long celebration in July;

Rath Yatra begins from Sri Govindajee

Temple in Imphal

‘Kang’ means massive chariot on which

the idols are taken on yatra
 FESTIVALS OF MIZORAM
• Chapchar Kut
– It is a spring festival
– Celebrated during March after completion of their most arduous task
of jhum operation i.e., jungle-clearing.
– Traditional bamboo dances such as Cheraw are also performed.
– Chapchar Kut is named after bamboo that has been cut and is drying.
 FESTIVALS OF TRIPURA
Kharchi Puja
– Originally began as a festival of the Royal Family of Tripura
– Hindu festival performed for 10 days in July or August
– Celebrated in honour of Lord Shiva who had order the people to
worship 14 other deities
– These 14 deities housed in Puran Haveli in Agartala
– People trek to this temple
 FESTIVALS OF SIKKIM
•Saga Dawa
– Celebrated by Buddhist communities living in Sikkim
– Celebrated on the full moon of the 4th month of the Tibetan calendar
called Saga Dawa or the Month of Merits [celebrated as Buddha Purnima
in the rest of India]
– Celebrated to commemorate the birth, enlightenment and death (par
nirvana) of Buddha
 FESTIVALS OF SIKKIM
• Losoong Festival
– Celebrated in honour of Sikkimese New Year & harvest season
– Traditionally celebrated by Bhutia tribe, now even by Lepchas
– People drink locally brewed wine called Chaang
 FESTIVALS OF LADAKH
• Hemis Festival
– Hemis is the largest monastery (gompa) located in Ladakh
– Hemis Festival is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of
Padmasambhava who is known as the founder of Tibetan Buddhism
– Celebrated for two days in the fifth month of the year, also called Tibetan lunar
month
 FESTIVALS OF JAMMU & KASHMIR
Tulip Festival
• Srinagar hosts the great Tulip Festival every year
• Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden in Kashmir
is Asia's largest tulips garden.

Shikara Festival
•Celebrated once in a year on Dal Lake in Kashmir
•Kashmir's government began this festival in 2016.
•Shikaras are painted and dressed beautifully.
•Shikaras participate in Shikara Race, Dragon Boat
Race and Canoe Polo Match.
 FESTIVALS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Kullu Dussehra
• One of the most significant festivals in Himachal
Pradesh.
• Grand fair is organised in October in the Kullu
valley.
• Fair commences on Vijaya Dashmi and continues
for the next seven days

Losar
• Religious festival of Buddhists in Himachal Pradesh
• The new year according to the Tibetan calendar.
 FESTIVALS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Halda
• One of the beautiful festivals in Himachal Pradesh closely
resembles Diwali, the festival of lights.
• 2-day grand carnival celebrated in the secluded region of
Lahaul valley.
• It is dedicated to Shiskar Apa, the Goddess of wealth.

Chaitraul Festival
• Celebrated in Sirmaur Area in the month of Chaitra on a bright fortnight of moon.
• Also known as festival of pictures - walls in the house are cleared, painted and
decorated with figures of male animals and crops symbolising plenty.
 FESTIVALS OF PUNJAB
• Hola Mohalla
• An annual event at Anandpur Sahib that spans
three days.
• Celebrations include displays of bravery and
military prowess by the Nihang Sikhs.

Gurupurab
• A celebration related to the lives of the Sikh Gurus, typically their
birth or death anniversary.
• A number of gurupurabs are observed through the year, with Guru
Nanak Dev Ji’s birth anniversary being amongst the major
celebrations.
 FESTIVALS OF PUNJAB
Baishakhi
• Also called Vaisakhi - marks the first day of the month of Vaisakha
• Marks the end of peak winter & beginning of Punjabi New Year, birth of the Khalsa
• A harvest festival of northern India

Lohri
• Marks the end of peak winter; celebrates the harvest of crops.
• It is a popular festival in Punjab and Jammu.
 FESTIVALS OF UTTARAKHAND
Kumbh Mela
• One of the biggest and the most popular festival of Uttarakhand.
• Although technically it is a mela or fair, it is a significant occasion for the
people of this northern state.

Phool Dei
• Is the harvest festival of Uttarakhand that is celebrated in the month of
Chaitra (March-April) in the Hindu calendar.
• On this occasion, girls decorate their houses with flowers.

Harela
• Harela is a Hindu festival celebrated basically in the Kumaon region of
Uttarakhand and some regions of Himachal Pradesh.
 FESTIVALS OF TAMIL NADU
Pongal
• The most famous festival in Tamil Nadu. It is the
harvest festival that lasts for four days and is
celebrated in the middle of January.

Jallikattu (or sallikkattu),

• A traditional event in which a bull is released into a
crowd of people, and multiple human participants
attempt to grab the large hump on the bull’s back with
both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to
escape.
 FESTIVALS OF TAMIL NADU
Thaipusam
• It is celebrated by the Tamil and Malayali Hindu community to
mark the victory of good over evil.

Natyanjali Festival
• It is an annual dance festival devoted to Lord Shiva.

Chithirai Thiruvizha
• Annual celebration of the city of Madurai

Mahamaham Festival
• Celebrated once in twelve years in the holy Mahamaham pond in
the Kumbakonam town in Tamil Nadu.
 FESTIVALS OF KERALA
Onam
• It is the most important harvest festival of Kerala celebrated in the
month of September.

Vishu
• New year of Kerala

Alpashi Utsavam
• Celebration of the annual bathing ritual of deities in the Sree Padmanabhaswamy
temple.

Thrissur Pooram
 FESTIVALS OF KARNATAKA
Mysore Dasara
• Spans over a period of ten days.
• The festival celebrates the victory of Goddess Chamundeshwari who killed the
demon Mahishasura on the day of Vijay Dashmi
Hampi Utsav
• Celebrated over three days in the first week of November. This festival, also
called the Vijay Utsav
Karaga
• One of the oldest festivals of Karnataka & auspicious festival of the Thigala
community
• Karaga is celebrated in honour of Goddess Shakti at the famous
Dharmarayaswamy temple in Bangalore.
 FESTIVALS OF TELANANA
Bonalu
• Hindu festival dedicated to Goddess Mahakali.

Batukamma
• Nine days long floral festival which starts on the first day of
Navratri and ends on Durgashtami.
 FESTIVALS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
Brahmotsavam
• Nine days long festival celebrated at the Venkateshwara
Temple, Tirupati.

Ugadi
• Telugu New Year

Dasara
 FESTIVALS OF MAHARASHTRA
Gudi Padwa
• Maharashtrian New Year

Khandoba Festival/ Champa Shashthi

• Six-day festival for worshipping Lord Shiva.
• Prayers are offered to Khanderao or Khandoba who is an
incarnation of Lord Shiva.
 FESTIVALS OF ODISHA
Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra
• It is also known as Gundicha Yatra, Chariot festival, Dasavatara or
Navadina Yatra.
• The festival is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, his sister Subhadra
and his elder brother Balabhadra.
 FESTIVALS OF ODISHA
NuAkhai Festival
• Nukahai or Nabanna is the harvesting festival held in the
months of August and September.

Raja Praba
• Three days long harvest festival where the first day is called
Pahili Raja, second day is called Raja Sankanthi and third day
is called Basi Raja.
 FESTIVALS OF WEST BENGAL
Durga Pooja
• One of the oldest traditions of the Hindu community in Bengal.
• They worship Goddess Durga during the festival. Women put red powder on
each other’s faces.
 FESTIVALS OF BIHAR
Bihula
• People worship Devi Mansa for the welfare of their families.

Chhath Pooja
• Sun God, along with His wife Usha, is worshipped to thank them for
bestowing life on Earth.

Madhushravani
• Mainly celebrated by the Maithil Brahmins of Bihar. It marks the
arrival of Monsoon in the region.
 FESTIVALS OF JHARKHAND
Hal Punhya
• Also known as Akhain Jatra- marks the beginning of the ploughing.

Rohini
• Harvest festival and marks the start of the
sowing season.

Tusu
• Harvest festival - celebrated in Jharkhand, West
Bengal and Odisha.
 FESTIVALS OF CHATTISGARH
Bastar Dussehra
• It is the longest celebrated Dussehra in the world. It is
celebrated for 75 days from August to October.
OTHER FESTIVALS:
• Bhoramdeo Festival
• Goncha Festival
• Madai Festival
• Pola
• Hareli
• First fruit Festival
• Earth Festival
 FESTIVALS OF MADHYA PRADESH
Bhagoria Haat Festival
• Tribal Festival of Malwa Region
• Young girls and boys try to entice each other and if both like
each other, then they put red powder on their partner’s face.
 FESTIVALS OF MADHYA PRADESH
Malwa Utsav
• Malwa Utsav Malwa Utsav is one of the biggest, largest and most
spectacular events in Madhya Pradesh. Dance and music
performances are the most integral part of the festival.

OTHER FESTIVALS
• Khajuraho Dance Festival
• Ujjain Kumbh Mela
• Lokrang Festival
• Nagaji Fair
• Tansen Music Festival
• Pachmarhi Utsav
 FESTIVALS OF UTTAR PRADESH
Kumbha Mela
• Mass Hindu pilgrimage - Hindus bathe in holy river of Ganges.

Kicheri
• Makar Sankranti is called Kicheri or Khichdi in Uttar Pradesh
• It is a harvest festival and involves ritual bathing.
 FESTIVALS OF RAJASTHAN
Gangaur
• Celebrated by females and dedicated to Lord Shiva and Parvati as
the symbol of love and successful marriage.

Rajasthan International Folk Festival

• An annual music and art festival organized to promote traditional
folk music and arts held at Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur

Summer Festival:
• Held in Mount Abu every year
 FESTIVALS OF RAJASTHAN
Camel Festival:
• Held in Bikaner, the Camel Festival and Fair is one of the biggest
fairs and festivals of Rajasthan celebrated in winters.

elephant Festival:
• Celebrated in Jaipur. It is held on the day of Holi festival, usually in the
month of March. The festival features Elephant polo and Elephant Dance.

International Kite Festival

• celebrated around Makar Sankranti every year.
 FESTIVALS OF GUJARAT
Uttrayan
• Celebrated to mark the transit of Sun northwards from tropic of
Capricorn to tropic of Cancer.

Rann Utsav
Major Mountain
Peaks
of the World
SEVEN SUMMITS
14 Eight Thousanders
 SEVEN SUMMITS
Highest Peaks of the Seven Continents

Mount Everest - Asia - Himalayas Mountains

• Highest Peak in the world (8848.86m above

sea level)
• Located in - Nepal-China border
• Parent range – Mahalangur Himal
• Local Names –
• Sagarmatha
• Chomolungma

Aconcagua – South America - Andes Mountains

• Highest Peak in Western Hemisphere

(6,959 m)
• Highest Peak outside Asia
• Highest Peak outside Himalaya &
Karakoram
• Located in Argentina, near Chile border
• Parent range - Andes - Longest mountain
range in world (7000 km)
 Mount McKinley – North America – Alaska Range

• Highest Peak in North America (6,194 m)

• Also called Mt. Denali
• Located in – Alaska
• Parent Range – Alaska Range
• Longest Mountain Range in North America –
Rocky Mountains

Mount Elbrus – Europe – Caucasus Mountains

• Highest peak in Europe (5,642 m)

• Located in - Russia
• Parent Range – Caucasus Mountains
• Caucasus Mountains form part of
the conventional boundary between
Europe and Asia.
Mt. Kilimanjaro – Africa

• Highest peak in Africa (5,895 m)

• Located in - Tanzania
• Highest single free-standing mountain in the
world
• Parent Range – none

Vinson Massif – Antarctica - Ellsworth Mountains

• Highest peak in Antarctica (4,897 m)

• Parent Range – Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth
Mountains
 Mount Kosciuszko – Australia – Australian Alps

• Highest peak in Australian Mainland (2,228 m)

• Located in – New South Wales, Australia
• Parent Range – Snowy Mountains of the
Australian Alps

14 Eight Thousanders

• International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation recognises eight-thousanders as the

14 mountains that are more than 8,000 metres (26,247 ft) in height above sea level.

•All 14 are located in Himalaya or Karakoram ranges in Asia.

 Positioning of the14 Eight Thousanders

10 Highest Peaks in the World

Rank Mountain Range Country

1. Everest Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
2. K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) Karakoram POK/China
3. Kanchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal
4. Lhotse Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
5. Makalu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
6. Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet
7. Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal
8. Manaslu Himalayas Nepal
9. Nanga Parbat Himalayas POK
10. Annapurna Himalayas Nepal
 Other
Important
Mountains
Longest Mountain Ranges In Asia

Rank Mountain Range Country Length (Km)

1 Kunlun Mountains China 3,000
2 Tian Shan China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan 2,900
3 Ural Mountains Russia 2,500
Nepal, Bhutan, China, India,
4 Himalaya 2,400
Pakistan
5 Lower Himalayan Range India, Nepal, Bhutan 2,400
6 Siwalik Range India, Nepal, Bhutan 2,400
Russia, China, Mongolia,
7 Altai Mountains 2,000
Kazakhstan
8 Zagros Mountains Iran, Iraq 1,800
 Important Mountains of North America
Range Countries Highest Point
Alaska Range US (Alaska) Denali (6,200m)
Brooks Range US (Alaska) Mount Isto (2,736 m)
Appalachian Mountains US Mount Mitchell (2,037m)
Cascade Range US / Canada Mount Rainier (4,392m)
Olympic Mountains US (Washington) Mount Olympus (2,432m)
Rocky Mountains Canada / US Mount Elbert (4,401m)

Sierra Madre Mexico Cerro Potosi (3,700m)

Sierra Nevada US (California and Nevada) Mount Whitney (4,421m)

White Mountains US Mount Washington (1,917m)

Range Countries
Alaska Range US (Alaska)
Appalachian
US
Mountains
Cascade Range US / Canada

Olympic Mountains US (Washington)

Rocky Mountains Canada / US

Sierra Madre Mexico

US (California and
Sierra Nevada
Nevada)
White Mountains US
 Important Mountains of Europe

Range Countries Highest Point

Mount Elbrus
Caucasus Mountains Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
(5,642m)
France, Switzerland, Italy,
Alps Mount Blanc (4,810m)
Austria, Germany, Slovenia

Pyrenees Spain and France Aneto (3,404m)

Corno Grande
Apennine Mountains Italy
(2,912m)
Balkan Mountains Bulgaria and Serbia Botev Peak (2,376m)
Black Forest Germany Feldberg (1493m)

Imp. Mountains of Africa

Range Countries Highest Point

Atlas Morocco, Mount Toubkal

Mountains Algeria, Tunisia (4,167m)

Thabana
Drakensberg South Africa Ntlenyana
(3,482m)

Ethiopian Mount Abuna

Ethiopia
Highlands Yosef (4,550m)

Nuba
Sudan Unknown
Mountains
Mountain Ranges
of India
(Pt. 1)
Himalayan Range
• youngest and highest mountain range in the world, the
Himalayan range is the abode of mountains. The Himalayan
ranges are spread across over 2500 km in length, stretching
from Jammu and Kashmir in the North to the state of Arunachal
Pradesh in the east.
• Includes the Himalayas, Purvanchal, and their extensions
Arakan Yoma (Myanmar) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(but we will consider these as islands only).

Division of the Himalayas

• Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas
• Lesser or Middle Himalayas
• The Greater Himalayas
• The Trans-Himalayas – Tibetan Himalayas.
• The Eastern Hills – Purvanchal: A chain of hills in North-East India.

The Trans Himalayas

• The Himalayan ranges immediately north of the Great Himalayan range.
• Also called the Tibetan Himalaya because most of it lies in Tibet.
• The Zaskar, the Ladakh, the Kailas and the Karakoram are the main ranges.
• It stretches for a distance of about 1,000 km in the east-west direction.
• The average elevation is 3000 m above mean sea level.

Karakoram Range
• A sub range of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Range
• Famous Glaciers : Siachen Glacier
• Karakoram range span the borders between Pakistan, India and China
• Located in the regions of Gilgit –Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (India), and Xinjiang region (China)
• The northernmost range of the Trans-Himalayan Ranges in India is the Great Karakoram Range
also known as the Krishnagiri range.
• K2 (8,611 m)[Godwin Austen or Qogir] is the second highest peak in the world and the highest
peak in the Indian Union.
Ladakh Range
• From the mouth of the Shyok River in Ladakh to the
border with Tibet
• Extension of the Ladakh Range into China is known
as Kailash Range
• Lies here India’s cold desert named as ‘ LEH
• The Nanga Parbat (8126 m) is an important
range which is in The Zaskar Range.
• The Kailas Range (Gangdise in Chinese) in
western Tibet is an offshoot of the Ladakh
Range. The highest peak is Mount Kailas (6714
m). River Indus originates from the northern
slopes of the Kailas range.

The Great Himalaya

• Also known as Inner Himalaya, Central Himalaya, or Himadri.
• The average elevation of 6,100 m above sea level and an average
width of about 25 km.
• It is mainly formed of the central crystallines (granites and gneisses)
overlain by metamorphosed sediments [limestone].
• Terminates abruptly at the syntaxial bends. One in the Nanga Parbat
in the north-west and the other in the Namcha Barwa in the north-
east.
Regional name of
Region
Mount Everest

Sagarmatha (The
Nepal
Goddess of the Sky)

Chomlungma
(Mother of the China (Tibet)
World)

• Kanchenjunga
• Height - 8,586 m
• This is the third highest peak in the world.
• It is located in the Himalayan region of Sikkim, situated at the border of Nepal and
India.
• It is often also regarded as the 'five treasures of snow'. The name represents the five
distinct peaks of the entire group of mountains.
• Nanda Devi
• Height - 7,816 m
• It is located in the Indian Garhwal region of the Himalayas.
• It is the highest peak which is located all inside the boundaries of India.
• It is known to be the 23rd highest peak in the whole world.

Passes in the Greater Himalayas

State Passes of Greater Himalayas

Burzil Pass
Jammu and Kashmir
Zoji La [La means pass]

Bara Lacha La
Himachal Pradesh
Shipki La
Thaga La
Uttarakhand Niti Pass
Lipu Lekh
Nathu La
Sikkim
Jelep La
Middle or the Lesser Himalaya
• In between the Shiwaliks in the south and the Greater Himalayas in the north.
• Runs almost parallel to both ranges.
• It is also called the Himachal or Lower Himalaya.
• Lower Himalayan ranges are 60-80 km wide and about 2400 km in length.
• Elevations vary from 3,500 to 4,500 m above sea level.
• The Middle Himalayan ranges are more friendly to human contact.
• The majority of the Himalayan hill resorts like Shimla, Mussoorie, Ranikhet, Nainital,
Almora, and Darjeeling, etc. are located here.

Important ranges of Lesser

Region
Himalayas
Jammu and Kashmir (They are
The Pir Panjal Range
to the south of Kashmir Valley)
The Dhaola Dhar Range Himachal Pradesh
The Mussoorie Range and The
Uttarakhand
Nag Tiba Range
Mahabharat Lekh Nepal

The Pir Panjal range

• The Pir Panjal range in Kashmir is the longest and the

most important range.
• It extends from the Jhelum river to the upper Beas
river for over 300 km.
• Pir Panjal Pass (3,480 m), the Bidil (4,270 m),
Golabghar Pass (3,812 m) and Banihal Pass (2,835 m).
• The Banihal Pass is used by the Jammu-Srinagar
highway and Jammu-Baramula railway.

Important Valleys
• Between the Pir Panjal and the Zaskar Range of the main Himalayas, lies the valley of
Kashmir.
• In Himachal Pradesh, there is Kangra Valley. It is a strike valley and extends from the foot
of the Dhaola Dhar Range to the south of Beas.
• On the other hand, the Kulu Valley in the upper course of the Ravi is a transverse valley.
Dhauladhar Range (White Range)
• Spread in J & K and Himachal, with home to major hill stations like Kullu, Manali & Shimla
• Highest peak : Hanuman ji Ka Tiba, or ‘White Mountain‘

Shiwalik Range

• Also known as Outer Himalayas.

• Located in between the Great Plains and Lesser Himalayas.
• The altitude varies from 600 to 1500 meters.
• Runs for a distance of 2,400 km from the Potwar Plateau to the Brahmaputra valley.
• The southern slopes are steep while the northern slopes are gentle.
• The width of the Shiwaliks varies from 50 km in Himachal Pradesh to less than 15 km in
Arunachal Pradesh.
• Southernmost & outer Himalayas also known as Manak Parbat in ancient times, literally
means ‘tresses of Shiva’

Region Name of Shiwaliks

Jammu Region Jammu Hills

Dafla, Miri, Abor and
Arunachal Pradesh
Mishmi Hills
The Dhang Range, Dundwa
Uttarakhand
Range
Churia Ghat Hills Nepal

Formation of Duns
• Shiwalik Hills were formed by the accumulation of conglomerates (sand, stone, silt, gravel,
debris, etc.).
• These conglomerates, in the initial stages of deposition, obstructed the courses of the rivers
draining from the higher reaches of the Himalayas and formed temporary lakes.
• With the passage of time, these temporary lakes accumulated more and more
conglomerates. The conglomerates were well settled at the bottom of the lakes.
• When the rivers were able to cut their courses through the lakes filled with conglomerate
deposits, the lakes were drained away leaving behind plains called ‘duns’ or ‘doons’ in the
west and ‘duars’ in the east.
• Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand is the best example.
 Purvanchal or Eastern Hills
• At the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas take a sudden
southward bend and form a series of comparatively low
hills which are collectively called as the Purvanchal.
• Purvanchal hills are convex to the west.
• They run along the India-Myanmar Border extending from
Arunachal Pradesh in the north to Mizoram in the south.
• Patkai Bum hills are made up of strong sandstone;
elevation varying from 2,000 m to 3,000 m; merges into
Naga Hills where Saramati (3,826 m) is the highest peak.

• Patkai Bum and Naga Hills form the watershed between

India and Myanmar.
• Barail Range swings to the west into Jaintia, Khasi, and
Garo hills which are an eastward continuation of the
Indian peninsular block. They are separated from the
main block by Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.
• South of the Manipur Hills is the Mizo Hills (previously
known as the Lushai hills) which have an elevation of less
than 1,500 meters.

Longitudinal Division of the Himalayas

• The Kashmir /Punjab/ Himachal Himalayas

• The Kumaun Himalayas
• The Central/ Nepal Himalayas
• The Assam/ Eastern Himalayas
• The Kashmir/Punjab/Himachal Himalayas
• Kashmir Himalayas lie between the Indus River and
Sutlej. A basic piece of the Himalayas lies in Jammu
and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. This is generally called Punjab Himalayas.
• The Kumaun Himalayas
• This division lies between the Satluj and Kali River. The most elevated top in this
division is Nanda Devi. Significant tops in this area are Nanda Devi, Trisul, Kedarnath,
Dunagiri, Kamet, Badrinath, Jaonli, Gangotri, and Bandarpunch. Pindari, Gangotri, and
Milam are significant ice sheets in this division. The significant slope stations are
Mussoorie, Nainital, Ranikhet, Almora, and Bageshwar. The significant passes are Thaga
La, Muling La, Mana, Mangsha Dhura, and Lipu Lekh.
• The Central/Nepal Himalayas
• This division extends from the Kali River to the Tista River. A significant piece of it lies in
Nepal aside from the outrageous eastern part-Sikkim Himalayas. The huge zeniths are the
Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaula Giri, Annapurna, Manaslu, and Gosainath.
Nathu La and Jelep La are the critical passes in this district.
• The Assam/Eastern Himalayas
• This division lies among Tista and the Brahmaputra River (Dihang). It involves the territory of
Arunachal Pradesh in India and Bhutan
• The Himalayas rise quickly in the fields of Assam and thin in the lower regions of Shiwaliks. It
involves numerous slopes called Aka slopes, Dafla slopes, Miri slopes, Abor slopes, Mishmi
slopes, and Namcha Barwa. The significant slopes of the eastern Himalayas are Pakai bum,
Manipur slopes, Blue Mountain, Tripura reach, and Brail range. The critical passes in this area
are Bomdi La, Yonggyap, Diphu, Pangsau, Tse La, Dihang, Debang, Tunga, and Bom La.

Mountain Ranges in North India – North to South

Mountain Ranges States Highest Peak

Godwin-Austen or K2
Karakoram PoK, Ladakh
8,611 m
Ladakh Range J&K
Kamet Peak
Zanskar Range J&K
7,756 m
J&K, Indrasan
Pir Panjal Range
Himachal Pradesh 6,221 m
Dhauladhar Range J&K
Kishtwar Himalaya J&K Bharanzar
Garhwal Himalaya Uttarakhand

West to East North to South

Garo Hills Meghalaya Arunachal
Patkai Bum
Shillong city Pradesh
Khasi Hills Meghalaya
situated on it Naga Hills Nagaland

Jaintis Hills Meghalaya Assam

Barail Range
Nagaland
Mikir Hills Assam Assam
Bhuban Hills
Mizoram

Rengma Hills Assam Lushai Hills or

Mizoram
Mizo Hills
(WETLANDS)
 Ramsar Convention: Introduction

•Intergovernmental treaty established by UNESCO - provides the

framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their
resources.

•Adopted on 2nd February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran

•Came into force from 21st December, 1975.

 Wetland
• Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems
where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the
land is covered by shallow water

• Wetlands must have one or more of the

following three attributes:
1) at least periodically, the land supports
predominantly hydrophytes;
2) the substrate is predominantly undrained
hydric soil; and
3) the substrate is saturated with water or
covered by shallow water at some time during
the growing season of each year.
 Wetlands as per the Ramsar Convention
Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether
natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is
static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine
water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.

For example, marine and coastal areas; Estuaries; Lakes and

rivers; Marshes and peatlands; Groundwater and human-made
wetlands such as rice paddies, shrimp ponds, and reservoirs.
 OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION

•Designation of wetlands for inclusion in the list of Wetlands of

International Importance.

•Maintenance & sustainable use of the Ramsar wetlands.

•Promotion of International Cooperation with regard to trans

boundary wetlands, shared water systems, and shared species.
 The Ramsar Sites Criteria
Group A : Sites containing representative, rare or unique wetland types

Criterion 1:- Wetland must contain a representative, rare or unique example of

natural or near natural wetland type found within the appropriate bio-geographic
region.

Group B: Sites of international importance for conserving biological diversity

Criterion 2:- The wetland must support vulnerable, endangered, or critically

endangered species or threatened ecological communities.

Criterion 3:- The wetland must support populations of plant and or animal species
important to maintain the biodiversity of a particular bio-geographic region.
 The Ramsar Sites Criteria
Criterion 4:- The wetland must support plant and or animal
species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge
during adverse conditions.

Criterion 5:- The wetland must support 20,000 or more water

birds.

Criterion 6:- The wetland must regularly support 1% of the

individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of water
bird.
 The Ramsar Sites Criteria

Criterion 7:- The wetland must support a significant proportion of

indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages

Criterion 8:- The wetland must be an important source of food for

fishes, spawning ground, nursery.

Criterion 9:- The wetland must support 1% of the individuals in a

population of one species of wetland dependent non-avian animal
species.
 Important facts about Ramsar sites
vTamil Nadu has the largest number of Ramsar Sites in India
with 14 Indian Wetlands.

vChilika Lake (Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)

were recognized as the first Ramsar Sites of India [Designation
date : 01.10.1981]

vMontreux Record is maintained as part of the Ramsar List. It

includes those sites where changes in ecological character have
occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of
technological developments, pollution or other human
interference.
 New Ramsar Sites in India - 2021
üIn April 2021:
§Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat
§Wadhvana Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat
§Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat
§Haiderpur Wetland in Uttar Pradesh

üIn May 2021:

§Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary in Haryana
§Sultanpur National Park in Haryana

üIn June 2021:

§Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh
 Ramsar Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation
1 Hokera Wetland होकेरा वेटल-ड Jammu and Kashmir 8.11.2005

2 Wular Lake वल
ु र झील Jammu & Kashmir 23.3.1990

3 Surinsar-Mansar Lakes स8ू रंसार-मानसर झील< Jammu and Kashmir 8.11.2005

4 Tsomoriri Lake =सो-मोर>र> Ladakh 19.8.2002

!सो कार आ@भBू म
5 Tso Kar Wetland Complex Ladakh 17.11.2020
प8रसर
6 Chandertal Wetland चं@ताल वेटल-ड Himachal Pradesh 8.11.2005
7 Pong Dam Lake पFग बांध झील Himachal Pradesh 19.8.2002
8 Renuka Wetland रे णक
ु ा वेटल-ड Himachal Pradesh 8.11.2005
9 Asan Conservation Reserve आसन संरKण 8रजवM Uttarakhand 21.7.2020
 Ramsar Sites in India (Uttar Pradesh)
Date of
S. No. Name of Site रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स)
Designation
10 Upper Ganga River ऊपर> गंगा नद>, 8.11.2005
(Brijghat to Narora Stretch) Qजघाट से नरौरा Tखंचाव
11 Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary नवाबगंज पKी अभयारXय 19.9.2019

12 Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary पावMती अरगा पKी अभयारXय 2.12.2019

13 Saman Bird Sanctuary समन पKी अभयारXय 2.12.2019

14 Samaspur Bird Sanctuary समसपरु पKी अभयारXय 3.10.2019

15 Sandi Bird Sanctuary साXडी पKी अभयारXय 26.9.2019

16 Sarsai Nawar Jheel सरसई नावर झील 19.9.2019

17 Sur Sarovar सरु सरोबर 21.8.2020

 Ramsar Sites in India (Uttar Pradesh)
Date of
S. No. Name of Site रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स)
Designation
18 Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary ब"खरा व'यजीव अभयार-य 29.06.2021

19 Haiderpur Wetland है दरपरु वेटल-ड 13.04.2021

 Ramsar Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation

20 Beas Conservation Reserve [यास संरKण 8रजवM Punjab 26.9.2019

21 Harike Lake ह8रके झील Punjab 23.3.1990

22 Kanjli Lake कंजल> झील Punjab 22.1.2002

Keshopur-Miani Community
23 केशोपरु Bमआनी क]य^ु नट> 8रजवM Punjab 26.9.2019
Reserve
24 Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary नांगल व_यजीव अभयारXय Punjab 26.9.2019

25 Ropar Lake रोपड़ झील Punjab 22.1.2002

26 Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary BभXडावास व_यजीव अभयारXय Haryana 25.05.2021

25.05.2021
27 Sultanpur National Park सa
ु तानपरु नेशनल पाकM Haryana

28 Keoladeo Ghana NP केवलादे व राbc>य उeयान Rajasthan 1.10.1981

 Ramsar Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation

29 Sambhar Lake सांभर झील Rajasthan 23.3.1990

30 Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary नालसरोवर पKी अभयारXय Gujarat 24.09.2012

31 Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Tखजाfदय व_यजीव अभयारXय Gujarat 13.04.2021

32 Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary थोल झील व_यजीव Gujarat 05.04.2021

अभयारXय
33 Wadhvana Wildlife Sanctuary वाधवाना वेटल-ड व_यजीव Gujarat 05.04.2021
अभयारXय

34 Bhoj Wetlands भोज वेटल-ड Madhya Pradesh 19.8.2002

35 Bhitarkanika Mangroves Bभतरक^नका म-gोव Orissa 19.8.2002

36 Chilka Lake hचBलका झील Orissa 1.10.1981

 Ramsar Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation

37 Kabartal Wetland काबर तल Bihar 21.07.2020

38 Sunderbans Wetland संद

ु र वन डेaटा West Bengal 30.1.2019

39 East Kolkata Wetlands पव

ू M कलकiा वेटल-.स West Bengal 19.8.2002

40 Deepor Beel द>पोर बील Assam 19.8.2002

41 Loktak Lake लोकतक झील Manipur 23.3.1990

42 Rudrasagar Lake j@सागर झील Tripura 8.11.2005

43 Lonar Lake लोनार झील Maharashtra 22.7.2020

44 Nandur Madhameshwar नंदरू मधमेkवर Maharashtra 21.6.2019

45 Kolleru Lake कोलेj झील Andhra Pradesh 19.8.2002

 Ramsar Sites in India
रामसर &थल (वेटल-.स) Date of
S. No. Name of Site State Designation
46 Asthamudi Wetland अbटमड
ु ी वेटल-ड Kerala 19.8.2002

47 Sasthamkotta Lake स&थमकोlटा झील Kerala 19.8.2002

48 Vembanad Kol Wetland वे]बनाड-कोल वेटल-ड Kerala 19.8.2002

49 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird mवाइंट कैBलमेरे व_यजीव Tamil Nadu 19.8.2002
Sanctuary और पKी अभयारXय
 Designation date:17-11-2020
Tso Kar Wetland , Ladakh

High-altitude wetland complex, consisting of two principal waterbodies, Startsapuk Tso, a

freshwater lake of about 438 hectares to the south, and Tso Kar itself, a hypersaline lake of
1800 hectares to the north.
§It is situated in the Changthang region of Ladakh.
§It is called Tso Kar, meaning white lake, because of the white salt efflorescence found on the
margins due to the evaporation of highly saline water.
 Tso Kar Wetland , Ladakh

• Endangered saker falcon (Falco cherrug) and Asiatic wild

dog or dhole (Cuon alpinus laniger)

• One of the most important breeding areas in India for the

black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis).
 Designation date: 22-07-2020
Lonar Lake, Maharasthra

•Created by a meteorite collision impact during the Pleistocene Epoch.

•Water in the lake is both saline and alkaline.
•The colour of Lonar lake water turned pink due to a large presence of 'Haloarchaea' microbes
 Designation date: 21-08-2020
Keetham lake, Uttar Pradesh

•Sur Sarovar, also known as Keetham Lake, is a human-made reservoir; originally created to
supply water to the city of Agra in summer.
•Threatened species include the vulnerable greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga), sarus crane
(Grus antigone) and catfish Wallago attu.
 Designation date: 21-07-2020
Kabartal Wetland (Bihar)

•Kanwar Jheel, covers parts of Indo-Gangetic plains in the northern Bihar.

•Five critically endangered species (3 of vultures, 2 of waterbirds) :
•the red-headed vulture, white-rumped vulture and Indian vulture (Gyps indicus)
•the sociable lapwing and Baer’s pochard
 Designation date: 21-07-2020
Asan Conservation Reserve (Uttarakhand)

•It is a 444-hectare stretch of the Asan River running down to its confluence with the Yamuna
River in Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
•Critically endangered red-headed vulture, white-rumped vulture and Baer’s pochard
 Designation date:29.06.2021
Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary
(Uttar Pradesh)

• Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary is a freshwater marsh in the Sant Kabir Nagar district.
• It is the largest natural floodplain wetland of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
• The wetland is internationally important for its birdlife as it supports over 80 species.
• It provides a wintering ground for over 25 species that migrate on the Central Asian Flyway.
Haiderpur Wetland Designation date:13.04.2021

(Uttar Pradesh)

• Haiderpur Wetland is located within the boundaries of Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary.

• Haiderpur Wetland provides habitat for numerous animal and plant species, including more
than 30 species of plants, over 300 species of birds including 102 waterbirds, more than 40
fish and more than ten mammal species.
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Designation date:25.05.2021
(Haryana)

• Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary is a human-made freshwater wetland, and is the largest

wetland in Haryana State.
• Over 250 species use the Sanctuary throughout the year as a resting and roosting site.
• The Site supports more than ten globally threatened species including the endangered
Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Pallas’s fish eagle
(Haliaeetus leucoryphus) and black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda).
Sultanpur National Park Designation date:25.05.2021
(Haryana)

• The shallow lake at the core of the Sultanpur National Park is fed by the overflow from
neighbouring canals and fields, and replenished by saline groundwater.
• The wetland harbours a rich plant and animal life: it supports more than 220 species of
resident, winter migratory and local migratory waterbirds at critical stages of their life cycles.
Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Designation date:13.04.2021
(Gujarat)

• Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary is a freshwater wetland near the coast of the Gulf of Kutch.
• The sanctuary is now part of Marine National Park, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
• More than 180 plant species are present, including the critically endangered Indian bdellium-
tree (Commiphora wightii), commonly called guggal.
• The Site contributes to the maintenance of hydrological regimes, erosion protection and
nutrient cycling.
 Designation date:05.04.2021
Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
(Gujarat)

• Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary is on the Central Asian Flyway and more than 320 bird species
can be found, making up some 57% of all the bird species of Gujarat.
• The area falls within the administrative jurisdiction of Mehsana district of Gujarat state.
 Designation date: 05.04.2021
Wadhvana Wildlife Sanctuary
(Gujarat)

• Wadhvana Wetland is located in Dabhoi Tehsil (Taluka), Vadodara district, Gujarat.

• The wetland is internationally important for its birdlife as it provides wintering ground to
migratory waterbirds, including over 80 species that migrate on the Central Asian Flyway.
The Ramsar Convention works with the collaboration of the
following organizations:

üInternational Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

üBirdlife International
üInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI).
üWetlands International
üWildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)
üWWF International
Ramsar Sites 2022
 Introduction to Ramsar Convention
• Intergovernmental treaty established by UNESCO - provides the framework
for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

• Adopted on 2nd February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. Came into force from 21st
December, 1975. February 2 is celebrated as the International Wetlands
Day

• India is one of the Contracting Parties to Ramsar Convention, signed it on

1st Feb 1982.
Introduction to Indian Ramsar Sites
• India has a total 75 Ramsar sites, covering an area of 13,26,677 hectares.

• India’s first Ramsar site were Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in
Rajasthan.

• Vembannur Wetland Complex (Tamil Nadu) with 19.7 hectares is the smallest
Ramsar Wetland site in India. Renuka wetland in Himachal Pradesh has an area of
20 hectares.

• Tamil Nadu has maximum Ramsar sites (14), followed by UP (10)

Year wise designation of 75 Ramsar sites (source: PIB)
S. No. Year of No of site Sites designated upto Area covered
Designation designated 2013 in Ha
(As per date of and
designation) after 2014 to till date
1 1981 2 26 633871
2 1990 4 (1981 to 2013)
3 2002 13
4 2005 6
5 2012 1
6 2019 11 49 692807
7 2020 5 (2014 to 2022)
8 2021 14
9 2022 19
Total 75 75 1326678
5 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (26th July, 22)
5 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (26th July, 22)
S.No Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State/UT

1 Karikili Bird Sanctuary कर#$कल# प(ी अ+यार.य

2 Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve प/ल#करनई माश4 5रजव4

Forest फॉरे ;ट Tamil Nadu

3 Pichavaram Mangrove =पचवरम म?@ोव

4 Pala wetland पाला आC4 भFू म Mizoram

5 Sakhya Sagar साHय सागर Madhya Pradesh

10 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (3rd Aug, 22)
10 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (3rd Aug, 22)

S.No Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State

1 Satkosia Gorge सतको%सया गॉज, Odisha

2 Nanda Lake नंदा झील Goa

3 Ranganathituu BS रं गना4थतु बी एस Karnataka

4 Sirpur wetland %सरपरु आ;, भ%ू म Madhya Pradesh

10 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (3rd Aug, 22)
S.No Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State

5 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary वेदाKथंगल प(ी अ+यार.य

Udhayamarthandapuram Bird
6 उदयमाथOदपरु म प(ी अभयार.य
Sanctuary
Koonthankulam Bird
7 कूनथनकुलम प(ी अ+यार.य
Sanctuary Tamil Nadu
Gulf of Mannar Marine मKनार कQ खाड़ी समC
ु #
8 बायो;फQयर 5रजव4
Biosphere Reserve
9 Vembannur Wetland Complex वेUबKनरू वेटल?ड कॉUWलेXस

10 Vellode Bird Sanctuary वेलोड प(ी अ+यार.य

11 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (13th Aug, 22)
11 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (13th Aug, 22)
S.No. Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State/UT

1 Tampara Lake टाUपरा झील

2 Hirakud Reservoir ह#राकंु ड जलाशय

Odisha
3 Ansupa Lake अंसप
ु ा झील

4 Yashwant Sagar यशवंत सागर Madhya Pradesh

5 Thane Creek ठाणे ^Qक Maharashtra

11 wetlands added as Ramsar sites (13th Aug, 22)
S. No. Name of wetland आ"# भ&ू म का नाम State/UT

6 Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary _च`ांगडु ी प(ी अ+यार.य

7 Suchindram Theroor स_ु चKCम थेaर वेटल?ड कॉUWलेXस

Wetland Complex
Tamil Nadu
8 Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary वडुवरु प(ी अ+यार.य

9 Kanjirankulam Bird कांजीरं कुलम प(ी अ+यार.य

Sanctuary
10 Hygam Wetland हाइगम वेटल?ड कंजवcशन 5रजव4
Conservation Reserve Jammu &
11 Shallbugh Wetland शालबग
ु वेटल?ड कंजवcशन 5रजव4 Kashmir
Conservation Reserve
 Important info about the newly added wetlands
• Sakhya Sagar Lake is an integral part of the Madhav National Park in
Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh.

• Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary (कूनथनकुलम प?ी अAयारBय)

• man-made wetland & is the largest reserve for breeding water birds in South India.

• Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve

• This is the first Marine Biosphere Reserve in South & South -East Asia.

• Vembannur Wetland Complex

• human-made inland tank, believed to have been constructed during Pandyan king
Veeranarayana.
• forms the southernmost tip of peninsular India.
Important info about the newly added wetlands
• Hirakud Reservoir is the largest earthen dam in Odisha
• Ansupa Lake is the largest freshwater lake of Odisha and is an oxbow lake
formed by River Mahanadi
• Vaduvur bird sanctuary is a large human-made irrigation tank
• Thane Creek has been declared as Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary.
• Hygam Wetland falls within the River Jhelum basin in Baramulla district.
• Shallabug Wetland Conservation Reserve is in Srinagar
Important Ramsar sites around the world
• World’s first Ramsar Site - Cobourg Peninsula in Australia, designated in 1974.

• World’s largest Ramsar Site - Rio Negro in Brazil (1,20,000 km2)

• Country with maximum Ramsar Sites - United Kingdom (175 sites)

• Largest area under the Ramsar Convention protection - Bolivia (1,48,000 km2)
Identify the incorrect option:
A) Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
B) Nanda Lake – Goa
C) Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve – Tamil Nadu
D) Satkosia Gorge – Tamil Nadu

Ans: D
Sirpur wetland is located in which state?
A) Madhya Pradesh
B) Karnataka
C) Goa
D) Tamil Nadu
Ans: A
Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary is in which state?
A) Karnataka
B) Odisha
C) Kerala
D) Tamil Nadu
Ans: D
Which is the first Ramsar Wetland from Goa?
A) Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary
B) Pala wetland
C) Nanda Lake
D) Ansupa Lake
Ans: C
Which state has the largest number of Ramsar Wetlands in India?
A) Karnataka
B) Tamil Nadu
C) Uttar Pradesh
D) Maharashtra
Ans: B
Indian Folk Paintings
& Folk Art

Folk Paintings
Folk Art & Handicrafts
Folk Art & crafts & Traditions
UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE
SITES IN INDIA
 INTRODUCTION
•World Heritage Sites are important places of cultural or natural heritage - as described in UNESCO World
Heritage Convention (an international treaty) - established in 1972.

•UNESCO encourages identification, protection and preservation of such heritage sites which are considered
to be of outstanding value to humanity.

•India is an active Member State on the World Heritage from 1977

•40 World Heritage Sites in India - 32 cultural sites, 7 natural sites and 1 mixed-criteria site.

•India has the sixth largest number of sites in the world.

•Italy 58 sites
•China 56 sites
•Germany 51 sites
•Spain 49 sites
•France 49 sites

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Cultural )

Agra Fort (1983) Ajanta Caves(1983)
Ellora Caves (1983) Taj Mahal (1983)
Sun Temple, Konark (1984) Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
Churches and Convents of Goa (1986) Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
Elephanta Caves (1987) Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) Great Living Chola Temples (1987,2004)
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993) Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)

Mountain Railways of India (1999,2005,2008) Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya(2002)

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Cultural)

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria
Terminus) (2004)

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004) Red Fort Complex (2007)

The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010) Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at
Gujarat (2014) Nalanda, Bihar (2016)

The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (2016) Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017)

Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)
(2018)

Dholavira, Gujarat (2021) Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple,

Telangana (2021)
 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Natural)
Kaziranga National Park (1985)
Keoladeo National Park (1985)
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
Sundarbans National Park (1987)
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park (1988,2005)
Western Ghats (2012)
Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014)

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES, INDIA (Mixed)

Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)

HIMACHAL PRADESH
•Located in the Kullu region of
Northern Himachal Pradesh.

•Part of the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspots

•Snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear,

Himalayan Tahr, musk deer spruces, horse
chestnuts and vast alpine meadows
Great Himalayan National Park
Declared - 2014

UTTARAKHAND
World Network of Biosphere Reserves
Famous for Asiatic Black Bear, Snow
Leopard, Brown Bear, Blue Sheep and
Himalayan Monal,
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
Declared – 1988 & 2005 respectively
 CHANDIGARH
The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier
Declared – 2016

The Capitol Complex in Chandigarh, hosts the legislative assembly for

both the states of Haryana and Punjab, High Court and the Secretariat

DELHI
Qutub Minar and its Monuments , 1993
Includes Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Alai Minar, Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb
of Iltumish, and Iron Pillar.
Built in 1193 by the first Muslim ruler of Delhi, Qutub-ud-din Aibak.

Humayun's Tomb, 1993

It’s a tomb complex consisting of several smaller monuments.
Built by Begum Bega, the first wife of Humayun

Red Fort Complex , 2007

Built by Emperor Shah Jahan when he shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi
Famous for/as: Shahjahanabad, Persian, Timuri and Indian Architectural Styles,
Red Sandstone Architecture, Moti Masjid
 UTTAR PRADESH

Agra Fort, 1983

Includes a number of monuments like Khas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Muhamman
Burie (an octagonal Tower)

Taj Mahal, 1983

One of Seven Wonders of the World, White Marble Mughal Architecture
Considered “Jewel of Muslim Art in India”.

Fatehpur Sikri, 1986

Consitutes: Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza (the most significant door of
Asia), Panch Mahal or Jada Baai ka Mahal (considered as the origin place of
the Navaratnas -Birbal, Tansen, etc. Interior to the Buland Darwaza lies the
Tomb of Salim Chishti.

RAJASTHAN

The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 2010

It is an astronomical observatory.
It is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments including the world’s
largest stone Sundial. All these instruments are man-made.

Jaipur city, 2019

Known as pink city, home to a few other UNESCO World Heritage sites
including Amer Fort and Jantar Mantar

Keoladeo National Park , Bharatpur, 1985

Also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary
Famous for/as Man-Made Wetland Bird Sanctuary, Siberian Cranes,
Hotspot for Ornithologists.
 RAJASTHAN Hill Forts of Rajasthan, 2013

Ranthambore

Jaisalmer

Kumbhalgarh

Chittorgarh
Amer
Gagron

GUJARAT

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, 2004

Located in the Panchmahal district
It includes 11 different types of heritage monuments that are- Mosques,
Temples, Tombs, Gateways, Fortresses and walls, Palaces and Pavilion, Helical
Wells, Custom house all belonging to the 16th century

Rani ki vav (The Queen's Stepwell), 2014

Known for its Stepped Corridors, Sculptures and Stone Carvings in the Well.
Most of the sculptures in the well are devoted to Lord Vishnu in the form of his
ten avatars

Historic City of Ahmedabad, 2017

Walled city on the banks of Sabarmati
The city of Ahmedabad has around 25 ASI (Archaeological Survey of India)
protected structures

Dholavira: a Harappan City, 2021

The ancient city is sited on the arid island of Khadir in the State of
Gujarat.
 MAHARASHTRA

Ajanta Caves, 1983

Ajanta Caves: Famous for/as Buddhist Rock-cut Cave Monuments,
Richly Decorated Paintings similar to Sigiriya Paintings of Sri Lanka

Ellora Caves, 1983

Ellora Caves: Famous for/as Buddhist, Jain and Hindu Temples and
Monasteries, Caves Excavated out of Hills, Rock-cut Architecture.

Elephanta Caves, 1987

Located on an island in Arabian Sea, close to Mumbai.
Famous for their rock-cut sculptures and carvings depicting Shiva as the
Creator and the Destroyer of the Universe.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, 2004

Famous for/as Central Railways Headquarter, Terror Attacks
on Mumbai in 2008, Gothic Style (or pointed ) Architecture

The Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, 2018

Collection of 94 buildings, located in the Fort Area of Mumbai.
They are the Bombay High Court, Rajabai Clock Tower, Eros
Cinema and Convocation Hall, University of Mumbai, etc.

MADHYA PRADESH

Khajuraho Group of Monuments , 1986

Well known for their Nagara style symbolism and erotic figures and
sculptures. It consists of a total of 85 Temples
Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, 1989
One of the oldest stone structures in India
Its core was a hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of Buddha

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, - 2003

Famous for Rock Paintings within Natural Rock Shelters, Stone Age
Inscriptions, Sitting Place of Bhima (Mahabharata)
Located at the foothills of the Vindhya Mountains in the Deccan Plateau
 BIHAR

Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, 2016

Was a centre of learning and a Buddhist monastery from 3rd
century BCE to the 13th century CE

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, 2002

Bodh Gaya is considered to be the holiest pilgrimage spot for the
Buddhists.
The holy Bodhi Tree is the site where Siddhartha gained
Enlightenment and became Gautam Buddha.

GOA

Churches and Convents of Goa, 1986

•These monuments were influential in spreading forms of
Manueline, Mannerist and Baroque art in all the countries
of Asia where missions were established.

•Includes - Saint Catherine’s Chapel, Church and Convent

of Saint Francis of Assisi, Basílica do Bom Jesus, Igreja de
São Francisco de Assis, Church of Saint Cajetan and its
seminary, Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Church of
Saint Augustine.

ODISHA
Sun Temple, Konârak, 1984
Famous for Black Pagoda, Chariot of the
Sun, Kalinga Architecture, Included in Seven
Wonders of India.

The Sun Temple is in the shape of a gigantic

chariot with carved stone wheel, pillars and
walls and is led by six enormously carved horses.
 WEST BENGAL
Sunderbans National Park, 1987
Famous for Royal Bengal Tigers,
the Sunderban National Park is a known Tiger
reserve and a Biosphere Reserve

It’s the world’s largest mangrove forest

reserve

SIKKIM
Khangchendzonga(Kangchenjunga) National
Park, 2016
Located in the Himalayan Ranges part of North
and West Sikkim
Includes the Kanchenjunga Peak, 3rd highest
peak in the world
The only mixed World Heritae Site in India

ASSAM

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, 1985

Famous for/as Project Tiger Reserve, Elephant Reserve and
Biosphere Reserve, Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden
Langur and Pygmy Hog.

Kaziranga National Park, 1985

Famous for/as Worlds 2/3 rd Great One-Horned Rhinoceroses
This park lies on the flood plains of the river Brahmaputra and
consists mainly of dense grasslands, forests
 WESTERN GHATS
Declared in 2012

Sahyadri Sub-Cluster (Maharashtra)

Talakaveri Sub-Cluster(Karnataka)

Kudremukh Sub-Cluster (Karnataka)

Agasthyamalai Sub-Cluster (Kerala)

Periyar Sub-Cluster (Kerala)

Anamalai Sub-Cluster (Kerala)

Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (Tamil Nadu)
•Famous for/as Among World’s Ten “Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots”,

•Includes many National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserve Forests.

MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS OF INDIA

Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himachal Pradesh (2008)

Darjeeling Himalayan
Railway (1999), Darjeeling, West Bengal
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
(2005) Ooty, Tamil Nadu

KARNATAKA
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, 1987
Cover a series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary in
northern Karnataka
It is famous for its Chalukya style of architecture
 TAMIL NADU

Great Living Chola Temples, 1987

Built by kings of the Chola Empire. The site includes three great 11th- and 12th-century
Temples: The Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara Temple at
Gangaikonda cholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, 1984

Founded by the Pallava kings
Carved out of rock along the Coromandel coast in the 7th and 8th centuries.
It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave
sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the
temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.

Telangana

Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, 2021

Rudreshwara, popularly known as Ramappa Temple, is
located in the village of Palampet approximately 200km
north-east of Hyderabad, in the State of Telangana.
It is the main Shiva temple in a walled complex built
during the Kakatiyan period (1123–1323 CE) under rulers
Rudradeva and Recharla Rudra.

6 Proposed UNESCO Heritage Site

• Satpura Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh)
• Ghats of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
• Megalithic Site of Hire Benkal (Karnataka)
• Maratha Military Architecture in Maharashtra
• Bhedaghat-Lametaghat in Narmada Valley- Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)
• Temples of Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)
 CurrentMUDDE

Art & Culture

Instruments & Vocalist related Personalities

Carnatic Music M.S. Subbalaxmi, Semmanguddi Srinivasa Iyer, M. Balamuralikrishna, Sudha Raghunathan,
Bombay Jaishri, K.J Yasudas, Aruna Sairam, A.G Subhramaniam, Ranjani Hebbar.
Dhrupad Ustad Rahim Fahim-ud-din Dagar, Uday Bhawalkar, Sayeedudin Dagar, Zahir-ud-din Dagar,
Indra Kishore Mehta, Wasif-ud-din Dagar, Bundecha Bandhu, Pt Abhay Narayan Mallick, Pt
Ritwik Sanyal.
Hindustani classical music Girija Devi, Kumar Gandharva, Vishwanath Rao, Pandit Jasraj, Balamurali Krishna, Ustad Bade
Gulam Ali Khan, Bhimsen Joshi, Gangubai Hangal.
Musical Instrument & related Personalities
Stringed Instruments
Been Asad Ali Khan, Zia Moin-ud-din Khan
Santoor Shiv kumar Sharma, Rahul Sharma, Satish Vyas.
Sarod Amjad Ali Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Tejendar Majumdar, Buddhadev Das Gupta, Bahadur Khan.
Sarangi Ustad Binda Khan, Sultan Khan, Sabri Khan, Dhruba Ghosh.
Sitar Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Imrat Khan, Hara Shankar Bhattacharya, Nikhil Banerjee
Veena Asad Ali khan, Jyoti Hedge, S Bala Chandran, KR Kumaraswamy, Jayanathi Kumaresh.
Violin Lalgudi Jayaraman, MS Gopal Krishnan, Ragini Shankar, L. Subhramaniam, L. Shankar.
Wind Instruments
Flute Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Pannalal Ghosh, N.Ramani, Raghunath Seth,T.R. Mahalingam.
Shehnai Bismillah Khan, Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan, Anant Lal, Raghunath Prasanna, S.Ballesh, Rajendra
Prasanna.
Striking / Percussion Instruments
Tabla Zakir Hussain, Annindo Chatterjee, Alla Rakha Khan, Anuradha Pal, Swapan Chaudhari, Kishan
Maharaj, Latif Khan, Sankar Ghosh, Kishan Maharaj.

*For full current affairs compilation E-Book for CGL.

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 Famous personalities related to Dance
Bharatanatyam Sonal Mansingh, Bala Saraswati, CV Chandrasekhar, Leela Samson, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Padma
Subramanyam, Rukmini Devi, Yamini Krishnamurti.
Kathak Shobhna Narayan, Bharti Gupta, Birju Maharaj, Durga Das, Gopi Krishna, Sambhu Maharaj,
Sitara Devi.
Kuchipudi Raja, Radha, Kaushalaya Reddy, Siddhendra Yogi, Josyula Seetharamaiah, Vempathi Chinna
Sathyam, yamini Krishnamurthy.
Manipuri Guru Bipin Singh, Endira Devi, Darshana Jhaveri, Rajkumar Singhajit Singh. Nirmala Mehta,
Savita Mehta.
Odissi Debaprasad Das, Dhirendra Nath Patnaik, Indrani Rahman, Kelucharan Mahapatra,
Priyambada Mohanty, Sanjukta Panigrahi, Mayadhar Raut, Ileana Citaristi, Gangadhar
Pradhan, Madhavi Mudgal, Sonal mansingh.
Kathakali Mrinalini Sarabhai, Guru Shankaran, Namboodripad, Thottam Shankaran, Kutti Nayyar,
Shankar Kurup, KC (Kavungal Chathunni) Panicker, TT Ram Kulti, Chemancheri Kunhiraman
Nair, Ragini Devi.
Mohiniattam Protima Devi, Sanyukta Panigrahi, Pankaj Charan Das, Kelucharan Mahapatra, Madhvi Mudgal,
Smitha Rajan, Sunanda Nair, Narayana Panikker, Gopika Verma, Pallavi Krishnan, Rema
Shrikant.

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Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbvbOQFuwvSbIVg7uWdIkoA

Famous Musicians
& Instruments
 Sitar stringed instrument
Name Name
Buddhaditya Mukherjee Nikhil Banerjee
Ustad Bande Hassan Khan Shahid Parvez
Ustad Vilayat Khan Uma Shankar Mishra
Nishaat Khan Pt. Ravi Shankar
Hint
Jaya Biswas Anoushka Shankar
Debu Chaudhuri Shujaat Khan

Name
Veena stringed instrument Hint
S. Balachander

Bahauddin Dagar

Kalyanakrishna Bhagavatar

Doreswamy Iyengar

Asad Ali Khan

Name Name
Sarod stringed instrument
Ustad Amjad Ali Khan Sharan Rani Hint: Bollywood
Ustad Ali Akbar Khan Mukesh Sharma

Ustad Alauddin Khan Vasant Rai

Hafiz Ali Khan Biswajit Roy Chaudhury

Name Name Sarangi stringed instrument

Pandit Inderlal Ashique Ali Khan

Hint
Pandit Ramnarayanji Shakoor Khan

Aruna Narayan Kale Ustad Bendu Khan

Santosh Mishra
Name Name
Violin stringed instrument
Dr. Smt. N. Rajam Malaikkottai Govindaswamy
Pillai
Vishnu Gobind Jog T. N. Krishnan

L. Subramaniam M. S. Gopalakrishnan

Sangeeta Shankar Lalgudi Jayaraman

Name Name
Tabla percussion instrument
Zakir Hussain Ustad Allarakha Qureshi

Ustad Shafat Ahmed Khan Kishan Maharaj Hint

Gudai Maharaj Faiyaz Khan

Swapan Chaudhury

Name Name Flute woodwind instrument

Pannalal Ghosh Rajendra Prasanna

Hint
Hari Prasad Rajendra Kulkarni
Chaurasia
Raghunath Seth Prakash Saxena

Sikkil Kunjumani Sikkil Neela

Name Shehnai wind instrument

Ustad Bismillah Khan

Daya Shankar Hint: Shaadi

Hari Singh
Ali Ahmed Hussain Khan
Shailesh Bhagwat
Name Santoor stringed instrument

Pandit Shivkumar Sharma Hint

Tarun Bhattacharya
Bhajan Sopori
Rahul Sharma

Name Harmonium
Shri Purushottam Walawalkar stringed instrument

Appa Jalgaonkar

Name Jal Tarang

percussion
Jagdish Mohan instrument

Ghasiram Nirmal
Ram Swaroop Prabhakar

Name
Mandolin
U. Srinivas stringed instrument

Khagen Dey
Snehashish Mozumder

Name
Mridangam
Thakur Bhikam Singh percussion instrument
Palghat R. Raghu
T. K. Murthy
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
Karaikudi Mani

Name Pakhavaj
Ustad Rehman Khan percussion instrument
Gopal Das
Chhatrapati Singh
Ramakant Pathak
 Others
Name Instrument
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Mohan veena
Imrat Khan Surbahar
Annapurna Devi Surbahar
T. H. Vinayakram Ghatam
Jnan Prakash Ghosh Harmonium and Tabla
Abdul Latif Khan Sitar, Santoor, Tabla and Sarangi
Zia Mohiuddin Dagar Rudra Veena
Sports Cups
and
Trophies
Golf

• Ryder Cup
• Walker Cup
• Solheim Cup
• Augusta Masters
• Eisenhower Trophy

Rowing
• Wellington Trophy

National Sports Day : 29th August

International Day of Sport for Development and Peace : 6th April

Polo
• Ezra Cup
• Maharaj Prithi Singh Baria Cup
• Radha Mohan Cup
• Winchester Cup

Basketball
• Basalat Jha Trophy
• William Jones Cup
• Todd Memorial Trophy
• BC Gupta Trophy
• Larry o'brien trophy

Weightlifting

• Burdwan Trophy

Boat Racing (Kerala)

• Nehru Trophy Boat Race

Horse Racing

Nizam Gold Cup

Beresford Stakes
Chess
• Khaitan Trophy

Billiards
• Arthur Walker Trophy

Athletics
• Charminar Trophy

Bridge
• Ruia Gold Cup
• Holkar Trophy

Tennis
• Australian Open
• French Open Grand
• Wimbledon Open Slam
• US Open Table Tennis
• Davis Cup
• Bama Belleck Cup
• Rajendra Prasad Cup
• Malaysian Open • Travancore Cup

• U Thant Cup • Swathling Cup

• Wightman Cup • Ramanujan
Trophy
Australian Open in January,
French Open (also known as Roland-Garros) from late May to early June,
Wimbledon in late June to early July, US Open in August–September

Hockey
• Aga Khan Cup • Sultan Azlan Shah
Cup
• Dhyanchand Trophy
• Beighton Cup
• Maharaja Ranjit
Singh Gold Cup • Lady Ratan Tata • Major Dhyan Chand was an Indian field
Trophy hockey player widely regarded as the
• Murugappa Gold Cup
• Rangaswamy Cup greatest field hockey player in history.
• Sindhia Gold Cup
He is known as The Wizard or The
• Stanley Cup
Magician of hockey.
Badminton
• Amrit Diwan Cup • Malaysia Open
• Chaddha Cup • Sophia Cup
• Harilela Cup • Thomas Cup (Men)
• Sudirman Cup • Uber Cup (Women)
• Ibrahim Rahimatillah • Yonex Cup
Challenger Cup
• Konica Cup

Football
• Bandodkar Gold Trophy • Kalinga Cup
• B.C. Roy Trophy • Merdeka Cup
• Confederation Cup
• Rovers Cup
• DCM Trophy (Delhi Cloth
Mills Trophy) • Santosh Trophy
• Durand Cup • Scissor Cup
• FIFA world Cup • Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Trophy
• Jules Rimet Trophy
• Subroto Cup
• Begum Hazrat Mahal Trophy
• Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy • UEFA Champions League

• Vittal Trophy • Euro Cup

• IFA Shield

Cricket

• Ashes Cup • ICC World Cup

• Asia Cup (Asian Cricket Council • Irani Trophy
Asia Cup)
• Rani Jhansi Trophy
• C.K. Naidu Trophy
• Deodhar Trophy • Rohinton Barcia Trophy
• Duleep Trophy • Gillette Cup
• Border–Gavaskar Trophy • G.D. Birla Trophy
• Mango Cup
• Vijay Hazare Trophy (also known
• Ranji Trophy as the Ranji One-Day Trophy)
• Titan Cup
• Wisden Trophy
• Vizzy Trophy
• Viiay Merchant Trophy
Questions
With which of the following sports is Ruia Gold Cup associated?
1. Bridge
2. Water polo
3. Badminton
4. Swimming

Lakshya Sen is associated with which of the following sports?

1. Lawn tennis
2. Table tennis
3. Basketball
4. Badminton

With which sport is Archana Kamath associated?

1. Squash
2. Table Tennis
3. Lawn Tennis
4. Badminton

Vijay Hazare was a famous Indian player associated with the sport of ______.
1. Football
2. Cricket
3. Rifle Shooting
4. Boxing
Sports Terminologies
Athletics

• Track and Field • Long Jump

• Relay • Triple Jump
• Sprint • Pole vault or Pole jumping
• Hurdles • Hammer Throw
• Steeplechase • Discuss Throw
• Lap • Javelin throw
• High Jump • Shot Put

Gymnastics

• Push-up
• Bridge
• Parallel bar
• Horizontal bar
• Uneven bar
• Floor exercise
• Sit up
• Handstand
• Headstand
Skiing
Skiing

Terminology Meaning
Black diamond steepest in the ski area, rides more narrow than other surrounding slopes

Dump huge snowfall

French Fries Pizza and french fries refer to the way you position your skis

Mashed Potatoes Mushy spring snow often found at busy trail crossings or near the base area at the end of a
warm day

Milk run The first run of the day.

Yard sale when a skier crashes and loses everything such as their outerwear, skies, poles, goggles,
beanies, and gloves.

Moguls a skiing event in which skiers descend a slope which is covered in mounds of snow, making two
jumps during the descent.

Football

• Kick
• Goal
• Head
• Move
Goal-post
• Stopper
• Defender
• Penalty
• Free-Kick
• Bicycle kick or Overhead kick or Scissors kick
• Off side
Bicycle kick
Football
Terminology Meaning
Dribble Dribbling is maneuvering a ball by one player while moving in a given direction,
avoiding defenders' attempts to intercept the ball.
Hand-Ball The act of touching the ball with your hand or arm.
Volley an air-borne strike
Trap to bring the football under control from a pass or when the ball is running loose.

Hattrick Term used when a player scores 3 goals in a single football match.
Throw-In A throw-in is a method of restarting play when the ball has exited the side of the
field of play.
Cross a medium- to-long-range pass from a wide area of the field towards the centre of
the field near the opponent's goal.
Punt certain kind of kick, like when a rugby player drops the ball and kicks it before it
hits the ground.

Shooting
• Rapid fire Pistol
• Standard rifle
• Free pistol
• Air rifle
• Shooting range

Terminology Meaning
Bull’s eye The bull's-eye is the small circular area at the centre of a
target.
caliber caliber of a gun refers to the diameter of the inside of
the gun's barrel, also known as the bore.

Polo
Terms Related to Polo Terms Related to Polo Horse or Pony
• Bump • Bits
• Bunder • Martingale
• Divot • Girth
• Hook • Reins

Terminology Meaning
Chukker Polo matches are divided into six periods of play
Malle
(Chukkas) or called chukkers (the English call them chukkas), t
Period each lasting seven minutes.
Mallet A mallet used to strike the ball in polo.
Bump to ride off another to spoil his shot or to remove him
from the play.
Boxing

• Knock out
• Jab
• Punch Boxing gloves
• Upper-cut
• Foot work
• Hook
• Ring Stoppage
• Bob & Weave
• Saved by the bell
• Southpaw
Boxing ring

Terminology Meaning
Kidney punch powerful punching technique that targets one of the two
kidneys & is illegal
Jab Straight punch from forwardmost hand
Hooks Punches thrown from the sides
Bob & Weave Defensive techniques
Hockey

• Hattrick Hockey
• Goal cones
• Penalty stroke or Penalty flick Hockey
• Push-in stick
• Scoop
• Dribble
• Astroturf
• Centre forward
• Half back Hockey
• Sudden death cleats
• Striking circle
• 16-yard hit Hockey ball

Terminology Meaning
Bully Restart the game after stoppage.
Short corner or Penalty A penalty given against the defending team.
corner
Under cutting one type of foul in which a player hits the ball on the underside so
that it pops into the air.
Striker The player who shoots the ball is called striker.
Tackle It is a defense action to take the ball from the opponent.
Sudden death when it's overtime and the first goal scored will end the game.

Tennis

• Grandslam
• Advantage Tennis ball
• Game Point
• Break point
• Shot Net Tennis racket
• Drop shot
• Ace
• Love
Tennis

Terminology Meaning
Serve (formally Service) A shot to start a point.
Deuce When both players have forty points. One player has to win two points
one after the other to win the game.
Smash A smash in tennis is a shot that is hit above the hitter's head with a
serve-like motion.
Fault If you miss a serve, it is called a fault.
Let If a serve hits the net but lands inside the service box, it is called a let,
and the server replays that serve.
Groundstrokes These are the shots that you hit from the baseline. There are two
kinds of groundstrokes -- the forehand and backhand.
Volley The volley is the shot that is hit closer to the net, typically out of the
air (before it bounces on the ground).

Types of tennis courts

1. Grass court (Wimbledon)

2. Clay court (French Open)
3. Hard court (Australian Open & US
Open)
4. Carpet court

Areas of the tennis court

• Serve • Penhold grip

• Topspin • Shakehand grip
• Backspin
• Sidespin • Dead ball Terminology Meaning
• Drive spin Volley Hitting the ball before it bounces on the
• Forehand table.
• Backhand Half volley A half volley in tennis is a shot that is hit
immediately after the ball bounces but
• Chop
before it reaches the apex of its bounce.
 Badminton
• Shuttlecock
• Service court
• Net
• Double fault
• Fore-hand Smash
• Back Hand
• Hit
• Drop

Terminology Meaning
Smash The smash shot is hit with power and speed downward into the opponent's
court
Love It means one player is in zero point.
The word Love comes from French word l’ouef, which means egg which is the
shape of zero.
Deuce If the score reaches 20-20, the game will be “deuce”.
This means that either one side must lead by 2 points to win the game.

Basketball

• Common foul • Frontcourt

• Under head • Held-Ball
• Technical foul • Rebound
• Over head • Steal
• Court

Terminology Meaning
Free throw Unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free throw line.
Dunk or Slam This is a method of scoring in basketball when a player puts the ball directly in the basket
dunk using one or both of their hands.
Layup A layup in basketball is a shot attempt made by leaping from below, laying the ball up near
the basket, and using one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the basket.
Pivot A Pivot is when a player maintains one foot having contact with the ground without
changing its position on the floor and utilizes the other foot to rotate their body to improve
position while in possession of the basketball.
Dribbling In basketball, dribbling is bouncing the ball on the floor continuously with one hand at a
time.
Cherry picking Cherry picking, in basketball and certain other sports, refers to play where one player (the
cherry picker) does not play defense with the rest of the team but remains near the
opponents' goal.
Weight Lifting
• Snatch : Lift the weight over head in one single motion.
• Clean and Jerk : Lift the weight in two stages :
The Clean : to get the lift at shoulder level
The Jerk : to lift the weight over head.
• Barbell : A piece of exercise equipment used in weight
training, bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights
attached at each end.

Swimming

Swimming Equipment
• Swimsuit Bathing caps and Goggles
Fin
• Bathing caps
• Goggles Kickboards
• Fin
• Kickboards
• Pull Buoys or Leg Float
• Hand paddles

Hand
Pull buoys paddles

Wrestling

Cross-Face

Chicken-Wing

Heave, Chicken-Wing, Cross-Face, Elbow-Drop, Attack Wrestling Mat

Wrestling

Terminology Meaning
Half-Nelson A ground hold used by a wrestler who places one arm
through their opponent’s corresponding armpit and
then around his neck.

Full-Nelson A ground hold used from a position behind the

opponent by putting both arms under their armpits
and fastening the hands or wrists on the back of his
neck.

Terminology Meaning
Bridge A movement by a wrestler to support himself/herself
on his/her head, elbows and feet. This prevents his/her
shoulders and back from touching the mat.
Cradle A ground hold used by a wrestler when applying a
cross-face hold with one arm, while bringing the other
arm through the opponent’s crotch/behind the knee.
Headlock It is a hold in wrestling in which a wrestler grips his
opponent's head between his elbow and the side of his
body.

Chess • Chess board

• E.L.O. Rating
• Grand Master
• International Master
• FIDE Master
• Candidate Master
• Gambit
• Move
• Resign
• Checkmate
Pawn Rook Knight Bishop Queen King
• Stalemate
Chess
Terminology Meaning
Checkmate A checkmate (also known as "mate") occurs when a king is placed in check and has
no legal moves to escape.
Checkmating the opponent wins the game
Stalemate It happens when the player who has to move is not in check but has no legal moves
available. The game then ends immediately in a tie, and each player is awarded
half a point.
Grand Master The highest title awarded in chess.
International The international master (IM) title is the second most difficult title to attain.
Master
Zugzwang One player is put at a disadvantage because of their obligation to make a move

Golf
• Hole • Albatross • Nib-Lick • Grain
• Bogey • Attend the flag • Iron • Half shot
• Putt • Ostrich • Bunker • In the leather
• Stymie
• Banana • Hazard • Mulligan
• Caddie
• Tee • Baseball grip • Wedge bounce • Gilligan
• Links • Divot • Bump and Run • Wiff
• Birdie
• Dog license • Eagle
• Amen Corner
• Attack Angle • Dogleg hole • Fairway
• Condor • Putting green • Four-Ball
• Chip

Cricket
• Bat • Gloves • Hook
• Ball • Dead ball • Pull
• Stumps or Wickets • Follow-on
• Sweep
• Cricket Bails • Spin-bowling
• Glance
• Helmet • Not out
• Arm guard • Googly • Chinaman
• Chest guard • Overthrow
• Elbow guards • Cover drive
Chinaman - a ball that spins from off to leg, bowled by a
• Jockstrap • Follow Through left-handed bowler to a right-handed batsman.
Cricket
Terminology Meaning
Caught Caught is a method of dismissing a batsman in cricket. A batsman is out caught if the
batsman hits the ball, from a legitimate delivery, with the bat, and the ball is caught
by the bowler or a fielder before it hits the ground.
Bowled It is the act of propelling the ball towards the wicket defended by a batsman.
Bowled out It is a method of dismissing a batsman, by hitting the wicket with a ball delivered by
the bowler.
Stumped or Stumped is a method of dismissing a batsman in cricket, which involves the wicket-
Stump out keeper putting down the wicket while the batsman is out of his ground
Run out A run out usually occurs when the batsmen are attempting to run between the
wickets, and the fielding team succeed in getting the ball to one wicket before a
batsman has crossed the crease line near the wicket.
Hit Wicket When batsman hits the wicket by himself while playing the ball he is considered
dismissed and this method is termed as Hit Wicket.
Terminology Meaning
L. B. W. Leg before wicket (lbw) is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in the
sport of cricket.
Timed out It occurs when an incoming batsman is not ready to play within three minutes of the
previous batsman being out.
Extras No ball, Wide ball, Byes and Leg byes.
Over In cricket, an over consists of six legal deliveries bowled.
Maiden over A maiden over is an over in which no runs are scored.
Boundary line In cricket, the boundary is the perimeter of a playing field.
Terminology Meaning
Throwing or It is an illegal bowling action.
Chucking
Cricket It is the main building within which the players usually change in dressing rooms and
pavilion which is the main location for watching the cricket match for members and others.
Sixer A shot in which the ball passes over the boundary without touching the ground, for
which the batting team is awarded 6 runs.
Four runs Four runs are scored if the ball bounces, or rolls along the ground, before touching or
going over the edge of the field.
Terminology Meaning
Toss The toss is the flipping of a coin to determine which captain will have the right to
choose whether their team will bat or field at the start of the match.
Run In cricket, a run is the unit of scoring.
Wicket Wicket in the game of Cricket is when a Batsman gets dismissed. For the batting team,
this phenomenon may also be known as “Losing a Wicket”.
Pitch The cricket pitch consists of the central strip (a rectangular area) of the cricket field
between the wickets. It is 22 yd (20.12 m) long (1 chain) and 10 ft (3.05 m) wide.
Crease The positions of a bowling crease, a popping crease and two return creases shall be
marked by white lines.
 Major Ports in India

INTRODUCTION
• Ports are strategic geographical locations which are situated at the edge of
ocean, seas, rivers, or lakes, where ships load and discharge cargo and
passengers.
• Indian Ports handle around 95% of EXIM Cargo by volume and 68% by
value.
• 12 major ports and more than 200 non-major ports in the country.
• Out of the 200 minor ports, around 65 ports are handling cargo and the
others are “Port Limits” where no cargo is handled.
• Major ports are under the jurisdiction of the Government of India (Ministry
of Ports, Shipping and Waterways).
• Non-major ports come under the jurisdiction of the respective state
Governments’ Maritime Boards (GMB).

• The Major Ports are governed under Major Port Trusts Act 1963, except
Ennore port, which is administered under the Companies Act 1956.
• All the Non-Major Ports (minor ports) are governed under the IPA Act, 1908
• Major Ports may be:
• Seaports - located in the coastal region
• Inland ports - located on a navigable water channel (river, lake, canal
etc.)
• Cabinet Minister of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways - Sarbananda Sonowal
Ports on Eastern Coast of India

West Bengal
• Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Riverine)
Odisha
• Paradip Port (Natural)
Andhra Pradesh
• Visakhapatnam Port (Natural)
Tamil Nadu
• Kamarajar Port (Artificial)
• Chennai Port (Artificial)
• V. O. Chidambaranar Port (Artificial)
Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port
(West Bengal)

• Also known as Kolkata Port.

• Oldest operating port in India
(constructed by British East
India Company).
• The only riverine Major Port in
India.
• Called the gateway to Eastern
India.
• It has two dock systems :
• Kolkata Dock System at
Kolkata
• Haldia Dock Complex at
Haldia
• Haldia Port is located at the
point where Hooghly river
meets Haldi river

Paradip Port (Odisha)

• The only major port of Odisha.
• Located in Jagatsinghpur
district of Odisha.
• At the confluence of river
Mahanadi and Bay of Bengal.
• Known as: India’s first major
post-Independence port on
the east coast. (1966).
Visakhapatnam Port
(Andhra Pradesh)
• Visakhapatnam – also called Vizag –
is a historic port city.
• The Dolphin's Nose Hill to the north
of the entrance channel protects
the harbour from cyclones that
strike the east coast
• Known as: India’s deepest
landlocked port, India’s oldest
shipyard.

Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu)

• Old name - Madras Port.
• It is an artificial and all-weather.
• Known as: Largest port in the Bay
of Bengal, Gateway to South
India.

V. O. Chidambaranar Port
Tamil Nadu)
• Old name - Tuticorin Port.
• Artificial port, located in Gulf of
Mannar.
• Famous for pearl fishery in the Bay
of Bengal.
• Thus, Thoothukudi (or Tuticorin) is
also known as the pearl city.
• World’s largest evacuation mission by Indian Navy to repatriate the Indian
nationals abroad, ‘Samudra Setu’ under the ‘Vande Bharat’ Mission, was
carried out through V.O. Chidambaranar Port in 2020
Kamarajar Port (Tamil Nadu)
• Old name - Ennore Port.
• First and only Corporatized Major Port (is registered as a company) under
the management control of Kamarajar Port Limited (KPL).
• This port is registered as a public company and 67% of its stake is owned by
Government of India.
• Was constructed to relieve pressure at Chennai Port

Ports on Western Coast of India

Gujarat
• Deendayal Port (Natural)
Maharashtra
• Mumbai Port Trust (Natural)
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
(Artificial)
Goa
• Mormugao Port (Natural)
Karnataka
• New Mangalore Port
(Natural)
Kerala
• Kochi Port (Natural)

Deendayal Port
• Old Name - Kandla Port.
• Situated in the Kandla Creek
on the Gulf of Kutch
• Constructed in the 1950s as the chief seaport serving western India, as after
the partition, Karachi port went to Pakistan
• India’s second busiest container Port after Mundra port (2020-21).
• India’s busiest Major Port (2020-21)
• The mainstay of Deendayal Port is crude oil imported for Essar Oil’s Vadinar
refinery. It accounts for half of the port’s cargo traffic.
Mundra Port in Gujarat (Private Port)

• Owned and operated by Adani

Port and Special Economic Zone
Limited (APSEZ), India’s largest
private port operator
• India’s busiest container port in
2020-21, as per the Annual
Report 2021 of the Ministry of
Ports, Shipping and Waterways
• Known as: India’s largest private
port, India’s largest commercial
port, largest coal import
terminal.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT)

Maharashtra
• Old name - Nhava Sheva.
• Situated along the eastern shore of Mumbai harbour off
Elephanta Island.
• This port is also the terminal of Western Dedicated
Freight Corridor.
• Known as: India’s largest container port, India’s top
container port, India’s largest artificial port.
Mumbai Port (Maharashtra)
• In operation since 1873, Mumbai Port is India’s second oldest port (Kolkata
being the oldest)
• This port has 3 enclosed wet docks:
• Prince’s Dock
• Victoria Dock
• Indira Dock
• Tags: India’s largest port (by size),
India’s largest natural port, India’s
second oldest port.

Mormugao Port (Goa)

• It is situated on the estuaries of the Juari
river.
• It is a leading iron ore exporting port in
India.

New Mangalore Port (Karnataka)

• Situated on the backwaters of the
Netravati and Gurpur rivers off the coast
of Mangaluru
• It is referred as ‘Gateway of Karnataka’.
• 100% powered by solar energy

Cochin Port or Kochi Port (Kerala)

• It is known as the ‘queen of Arabian
sea’.
• It is a natural port.
• Located on the Willington Island
Upcoming Major & PPP Ports
• Government has given in-principle approval for development of a Major
port at Vadhavan in Maharashtra, with the government holding 51 per
cent stake in the project.
• ‘Vizhinjam International Seaport Ltd (VISL)’, being developed by Adani
Group in collaboration with Kerala Government, will be operational by
December 2023
• In 2018-19 India invested approx. Rs. 10 Crore for development and
operations of Chabahar Port in Iran

Chabahar Port (Iran)

• Located in south-eastern Iran, on the Gulf
of Oman.
• Iran's only oceanic port
• Consists of two separate ports named:
• Shahid Kalantari and
• Shahid Beheshti
• Being close to Afghanistan and the
Central Asian countries
of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and others,
it has been termed the "Golden Gate" to
these landlocked countries.
• In October 2017, India's first shipment of wheat to Afghanistan was sent
through the Chabahar Port.
• In December 2018, India took over the port's operations.

Superlatives in Major Ports of India

• Oldest operating port - Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (150 years)
• Only riverine Major Port - Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port
• Gateway to South India - Chennai Port
• Largest port in the Bay of Bengal - Chennai Port
• Largest port in Arabian Sea - Mumbai Port
• First and only Corporatized Major Port - Kamarajar Port
• Busiest container port by cargo volume - Deendayal Port (2020-21)
• Largest container port of India - Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
New Names of various Major ports

Old Name New Name State

Kolkata Port Dr. Syama Prasad West Bengal

Mukherjee Port
Ennore Port Kamarajar Port Tamil Nadu

Tuticorin Port V.O. Chidambaram Port Tamil Nadu

Kandla Port Deendayal Port Trust Gujarat

Nhava Sheva Jawaharlal Nehru Port Maharashtra

 Airports Authority of India

• It is a statutory body, under the jurisdiction of Ministry of

Civil Aviation, Government of India.
• It is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and
managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.
• Established : 1 April, 1995
• Jyotiraditya Scandia is the Minister of Civil Aviation in
India.

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

1. Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport Srinagar, Jammu and
• It is also known as Srinagar Airport Kashmir
2. Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport Amritsar, Punjab
3. Chandigarh International Airport Chandigarh
• It serves the union territory of Chandigarh, and the cities
of Mohali (in Punjab) and Panchkula (in Haryana).
4. Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi
• It is the busiest airport of India in terms of passenger
traffic.
5. Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

6. Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport Lucknow, Uttar
• It was earlier known as Amausi Airport. Pradesh
7. Kushinagar International Airport Kushinagar, Uttar
Pradesh

8. Noida International Airport Noida, Uttar Pradesh

• under construction
• It is officially known as Noida International Greenfield
Airport. also known as Jewar Airport.
• Once completed, it is planned to be the country's largest
airport.
9. Gaya Airport Gaya, Bihar

10. Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport Patna, Bihar

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

11. Swami Vivekananda International Airport Raipur, Chhattisgarh

12. Biju Patnaik International Airport Bhubaneswar, Odisha

• also known as Bhubaneswar Airport

13. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata, West Bengal
• It is locally known as Kolkata Airport and Dum Dum Airport

14. Bagdogra International Airport Siliguri, West Bengal

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

15. Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport Guwahati, Assam

• It is also known as Guwahati Airport.
• It was formerly known as Borjhar Airport.

16. Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport Agartala, Tripura

• It is also known as Agartala Airport

17. Imphal International Airport Imphal, Manipur

18. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad, Gujarat

19. Vadodara Airport Vadodara, Gujarat

20. Surat International Airport Surat, Gujarat

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

21. Jaipur International Airport Jaipur, Rajasthan

22. Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport Indore, Madhya

Pradesh
23. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Nagpur, Maharashtra

24. Navi Mumbai International Airport Navi Mumbai,

(under construction - 2024) Maharashtra
25. Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport Pune, Maharashtra
• It is the second busiest airport in the country.
SL. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

26. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Mumbai, Maharashtra

27. Dabolim International Airport Goa

28. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad, Telangana

29. Visakhapatnam International Airport Visakhapatnam,

Andhra Pradesh
30. Tirupati Airport Tirupati, Andhra
Pradesh
31. Vijayawada Airport Vijayawada, Andhra
Pradesh

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

32. Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru, Karnataka
33. Mangalore International Airport Mangaluru, Karnataka
34. Cochin International Airport Kochi, Kerala
• In 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's
first fully solar powered airport

35. Trivandrum International Airport Thiruvananthapuram,

Kerala

36. Calicut International Airport Kozhikode, Kerala

• It is also known as Karipur Airport

37. Kannur International Airport Kannur, Kerala

S. NO. AIRPORT LOCATION

38. Chennai International Airport Chennai, Tamil Nadu

39. Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore, Tamil

Nadu
40. Tiruchirappalli International Airport Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
Nadu
41. Madurai International Airport Madurai, Tamil Nadu

42. Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair, Andaman

and Nicobar Islands
When something is
important enough,
you do it even if
the odds are not in
your favour!
 Atomic &
Nuclear Power
Plants in India
Introduction to Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear Power - Power produced by Nuclear Reactions

• Nuclear power is an efficient way of boiling water to create steam, this steam is used to
turn turbines, which creates electricity.
• Nuclear energy has smaller land footprint and the amount of waste it produces.
• Nuclear Reactions releases huge energy - fission and fusion
• Fission is the splitting of a heavy, unstable nucleus into two lighter nuclei, and
• Fusion - two light nuclei combine together (Sun, Atoms bombs)
• Three most relevant fissile isotopes are uranium-233, uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
• The architect of the Indian Atomic Energy programme, and the
father of nuclear research in India : Homi Jehangir Bhabha

Few Facts
• APSARA: The first experimental nuclear reactor (Research Reactor)
• At Trombay campus of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
• was indigenously built and commissioned in 1956.
• With APSARA, India became the first Asian country outside the erstwhile Soviet
Union, to have designed and built its own nuclear reactor.
• KAMINI: the first reactor in the world operating with 233U fuel.
• KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini reactor) is at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research
in Kalpakkam
• The first nuclear power project was commenced at Tarapur, Maharashtra, 1969.
• The first PHWR project is located at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan.
• The reactors are located on bank of Rana Pratap Sagar Lake on Chambal River.
• Pressurized heavy-water reactor (PHWR) is a nuclear reactor that uses heavy water
(deuterium oxide D2O) as its coolant and neutron moderator
• highest-capacity nuclear plant in India: Kudankulam Nuclear Power
 Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)

• fully owned company of the Government of India, Department

of Atomic Energy
• Started functioning from 17th September 1987.
• It is responsible for the generation of nuclear
power for electricity.
• Location : Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Chairman & Managing Director :
Shri Mukesh Singhal (in-charge)

Nuclear power in India

• Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source

of electricity in India after coal,
gas, hydroelectricity and wind power.

• India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in

7 nuclear power plants.

Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS)

Location : Narora, Uttar Pradesh

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS)

Location : Gujarat
(proximity of Surat and Tapi river)

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS)

Location : Rawatbhata, Rajasthan
(Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Chambal River)

Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)

Location : Tarapur, Maharashtra
Kaiga Generating Station (KGS)
Location : Kaiga, Karnataka
(Proximity of Kali River)

Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS)

Location : Kalpakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station (KKNPS)

Location : Tirunelveli, TN

Nuclear Power Plants in India - Under Construction

Power Plant Location nine nuclear reactors by 2024 and

a new nuclear project, the first in
Madras (Kalpakkam) Tamil Nadu northern India

Kakrapar Unit 4 Gujarat

Gorakhpur Haryana

Rajasthan Unit 7 & 8 Rajasthan

Kudankulam Unit 3 & 4 Tamil Nadu

Power Plant Location

Kaiga Karnataka
Jaitapur Maharashtra
Nuclear Power Plants in Kovvada Andhra Pradesh
India - Planned Projects Kavali Andhra Pradesh
Gorakhpur Haryana
Mahi Banswara Rajasthan
Chutka Madhya Pradesh
Kudankulam Unit 5 & 6 Tamil Nadu
Madras Tamil Nadu
Tarapur Maharashtra
www.byjusexamprep.com

Neighbouring Countries of India

India has a total land border of 15,200 Km. The total length of the Indian coastline is 7516.6 Km. Being this huge landmass, it shares
its border with 7 countries. Below is a table that represents the various neighbouring countries of India:

Border
Country Capital Bordering States
Length
Afghanistan Kabul 106 Km Jammu & Kashmir (PoK)

Bangladesh Dhaka 4096.7 Km West Bengal, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura & Assam

Bhutan Thimphu 699 Km West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh & Assam

Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim &

China Beijing 3488 Km
Arunachal Pradesh

Naypyidaw,
Myanmar 1643 Km Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram & Manipur
Yangon

Nepal Kathmandu 1751 Km Bihar, Uttarakhand, UP, Sikkim & West Bengal

Pakistan Islamabad 3323 Km Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan & Gujarat

In addition to this India shares maritime borders with Sri Lanka & Maldives.

Note: India has the third-largest international border in the world after Russia and China.

India & Afghanistan

Talking about the first neighbouring country of India, we have Afghanistan that India has its boundaries shared with. The following
overview of Afghanistan is as follows:

About Afghanistan

President Office abolished

Official language Dari and Pashto

State/Provinces 34 Provinces

Capital Kabul

Currency Afghan afghani

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National Sport Buzkashi

Border Durand Line

The Bilateral relations between India & Afghanistan have been strong. India has always supported Afghanistan. It has been a strong
protestor of the Taliban & has helped Afghanistan financially in improving its economy.

India has built more than 200 public and private schools, sponsors over 1,000 scholarships, hosting more than 16,000
students from Afghanistan.

India has also built various infrastructure projects such as the Salma Dam, popularly known as Afghan-India Friendship Dam.

With the induction of the Chabhar port & Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAPI), the mutual cooperation between the two countries is
expected to be strengthened.

India & Bangladesh

The next neighbouring country of India is Bangladesh which has 8 provinces. The overview of the country is as follows:

About Bangladesh

President Abdul Hamid

Official language Bengali

State/Provinces 8 Provinces

Capital Dhaka

Currency Bangladeshi Taka

National Sport Volleyball

Border Radcliffe Line

India & Bangladesh are interlinked culturally & Socially. The two neighbours we shoulder to shoulder in the India- Pakistan 1971
which led to Bangladesh’s creation.

Since the mid-1970s, however, relations have deteriorated as Bangladesh developed closer ties with Islamic nations, participated in
the Islamic Conference Organization and emphasized Islamic identity over the ethnolinguistic roots of the country.

There are many disputes some of which are - Farraka Barrage, Tin Bigha Corridor & Illegal immigration.

The Bilateral trade between both countries is $10 Billion. In 2018, Bangladesh - India Friendship pipeline was inaugurated by the
leaders of both countries to supply 4 lakh metric tons of diesel to Bangladesh.

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India & Bhutan

Another neighbouring country of India is Bhutan. It has 20 states and share its border with India. The overview of Bhutan is as
follows:

About Bhutan

Name of King Druk Gyalpo

Official language Dzongkha

State/Provinces 20 States

Capital Thimphu

Currency Ngultrum

National Sport Archery

Traditionally, the ' bilateral relations between Bhutan, the Himalayan Kingdom and the Republic of India have been close, and both
countries share a ' special relationship, ' making Bhutan a protected, but not a protectorate, Indian state which was signed in 1949.

Bhutan has always been a strong supporter of India, as it has supported India in Non -Aligned Movement & they unanimously stood
against China during the Doklam Standoff in 2017.

A 2,000-strong Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT) is permanently based in West Bhutan to train the Royal Bhutan Army while
other units cooperate regularly with the Royal Bhutan Army.

India & China

China is another neighbouring country of India which has a lot of trade business with our country. It has 26 states. The overview of
China is as follows:

About China

President Xi Jinping

Official language Mandrin

State/Provinces 26 Provinces

Capital Beijing

Currency Yuan

National Sport Table Tennis

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Border McMahon line

Although the relationship between India & China has been cordial, border disputes and economic competition between the two
countries have sometimes led to strained relationships.

Culturally both the countries were connected by the silk road and exchange of Buddhism religion.

There have been 3 conflicts between India & China -1962 War, the Chola incident of 1967 & 1987 Skirmish. The 2017 Doklam
standoff also led to some bitterness.

Both India & China have a strong stance diplomatically as China is constantly stopping the entry of India in the UNSC. On the other
hand, India does not support China’s One Belt One Road Initiative.

The bilateral trade between India & China is $ 89.6 billion.

India & Myanmar

The next neighbouring country ig India is Myanmar. The official language of Myanmar is Burmese. The overview of Myanmar is
given below:

About Myanmar

President Myint Swe

Official language Burmese

Capital Naypyidaw

Currency Burmese Kyat

National Sport Cannibal

Since 1993, bilateral relations between Myanmar and India have significantly improved, overcoming the tensions surrounding drug
trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the military junta in Myanmar.

India is Myanmar’s 4th largest export market, buying goods worth around US$ 220 million in 2000; India's exports to Myanmar
amounted to US$ 75.36 million.

With infrastructure projects like India-Thailand-Myanmar Highway Road & Kaladan Multi-modal project, both countries will get an
economic push.

India and Myanmar have agreed to establish a 4-lane, 3200 km triangular highway linking India, Myanmar and Thailand. The route
would run from the northeastern states of India to Myanmar.

The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project will connect Kolkata with Sittwe's seaport in Myanmar by sea; it will then
connect Sittwe to Lashio in Myanmar via the Kaladan riverboat route and then from Lashio to Mizoram in India by road.

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India - Nepal
Nepal is another neighbouring country of India which has 7 provinces and many religious places that are often vistsed by Indians.
The overview of Nepal is given below:

About Nepal

President Bidhya Devi Bhandari

Official language Nepali

State/Provinces 7 Provinces

Capital Kathmandu

Currency Nepalese rupee

National Sport Volleyball

Despite the close linguistic, marital, religious and cultural ties between Indians and Nepalese people, since the end of 2015, political
issues and border disputes have strained relations between the two countries,

The disputes such as Kalapani and the Madhesi have led to anti-Indian sentiments in Nepal.

Nepal also supports the OBOR of China which further is a major cause of concern for India.

India - Pakistan
Another neighbouring country of India is Pakistan. Pakistan has been a part of India only for a long time before it was separated and
declared as a different country. There are 4 provinces in the country. The overview of Pakistan is as follows:

About Pakistan

President Arif Alvi

Official language Urdu, English

State/Provinces 4 Provinces

Capital Islamabad

Currency Pakistani Rupee

National Sport Field Hockey

Border Radcliffe Line

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Due to a number of historical and political events, relations between India and Pakistan have always been complex and largely
hostile.

The two countries have fought three major wars since their independence, one undeclared war and participated in numerous
armed skirmishes and military standoffs.

Numerous attempts have been made to improve the relationship—notably the Shimla summit, the Agra Summit, and the Lahore
Summit.

The 2016 Pathankot attacks, Uri attacks & the recent 2019 Pulwama attacks have further escalated tension between the two
countries.

India - Sri Lanka

The next neighbouring country of India is Sri Lanka which is an island cloe to the country. Sri Lanka has 9 states. The overview of Sri
Lanka is as follows:

About Sri Lanka

President Ranil Wickremesinghe

Official language Sinhale, Tamil

State/Provinces 9 States

Capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte

Currency Sri Lankan Rupee(LKR)

National Sport Volleyball

Relations between India and Sri Lanka are generally positive, with only 4% of Sri Lankans claiming to have a negative view of India - t
he lowest of all according to a report.

There have been deep-seated cultural ties of India & Sri Lanka by the spread of Hinduism & Buddhism religions.

The economic ties of India have been around $ 3.6 Billion as of 2015 with the ratification of the South Asia Free Trade Agreement.

India - Maldives
India has another neighbouring country called Maldives have been close allies in terms
of strategic, economic and military cooperation. The Maldives enjoys India's protection in case of external aggression or armed
rebellion.

India provided extensive economic assistance and participated in infrastructure, health, civil aviation, telecommunications and labo
ur resources development programmes.

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In terms of Military too, the two nations share good relations as both undergo military exercises. India also has gifted many ships
and aircraft to the Maldivan National Defence Force.

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International Organisation India & neighbours are part of:

Organisation Neighbours
BRICS China

BIMSTEC Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka

SAARC Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan

SCO China, Pakistan

IORA Bangladesh

G-20 China

Mekong-Ganga Cooperation Myanmar

ACD China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal

Neigbouring countries of India on the map

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10 | P a g e
Temples in India
By Richa Sharma
 BASIC FORM OF HINDU TEMPLE
1. Sanctum Sanctorum: (Garbhagriha or ‘womb-house’)
small cubicle with a single entrance - grew into a larger chamber in time.
made to house the main icon which is itself the focus of much ritual attention;
2. Mandapa:
entrance to the temple - may be a portico (porch) or hall that incorporates
space for a large number of worshippers.
3. Shikhara:
mountain-like spire, can be curvilinear (North India) or pyramidal (South India);
4. Vahana:
mount or vehicle of the temple’s main deity
placed axially before the sanctum sanctorum
 Styles of Temples
• Two broad orders :
i) Nagara in North
ii) Dravida in South

• At times, the Vesara - created through the selective mixing of Nagara and
Dravida orders.
Temples in North
India
Jammu & Kashmir
Capital : Jammu (winter capital)
Srinagar (summer capital)

1. Vaishno Devi Temple

2. Amarnath Temple
Vaishno Devi Temple
• Location : Katra, Trikuta Mountains, Jammu & Kashmir.
• Dedicated to : Vaishno Devi
• Built by : Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1846
Amarnath Temple
• Location : Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : It is said that Bhrigu Muni was the first to have
discovered Amarnath
• Special Features : Amarnath temple is one of the 51 Shakti
Peethas.
Himachal Pradesh (HP)
Capital : Shimla (summer capital)
Dharamshala (winter capital)

1. Jwalamukhi Temple
2. Hidimba Devi Temple
3. Manikaran Temple
4. Baba Balaknath Temple
Jwalamukhi Temple
• Location : Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Goddess Jwalamukhi (deity of flaming mouth)
• Built by : Raja Bhumi Chand Katoch of Kangra
• Special Features : The shrine is regarded as a Maha Shakti Peetham.
It is believed that Sati Devi's tongue fell here
Baba Balaknath Temple

• Location : Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh

• Dedicated to : Incarnation of Lord Shiva in Kaliyuga.
Hidimba Devi Temple
• Location : Manali, Himachal Pradesh.
• Dedicated to : Hidimbi Devi, wife of Bhima
• Built by : Maharaja Bahadur Singh in 1553.
Manikaran Temple
• Location : Parvati Valley, Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh
• Built by : Raja Jagat Singh in the 17th century
• Special Features : Manikaran is a pilgrimage centre for Hindus and Sikhs
Uttarakhand
Capital : Dehradun (winter capital)
Gairsain (summer capital)

1. Badrinath Temple
2. Kedarnath Temple
3. Gangotri Temple
4. Yamunotri Temple
Badrinath Temple
• Location : Garhwal hill tracts along the banks of the Alaknanda
River in Chamoli district in Uttarakhand
• Dedicated to : Lord Vishnu
• Special Features : It is one of the Four Dhams.
Kedarnath Temple
• Location : Garhwal Himalayan range near the Mandakini river,
Rudraprayag district
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva.

One of the 5 Panch Kedar and

12 Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva in India
Gangotri Temple
• Location : Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand.
• Dedicated to : Goddess Ganga
• Built by : Nepalese general Amar Singh Thapa
Yamunotri Temple
• Location : Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand.
• Dedicated to : Goddess Yamuna
PANCH
KEDAR
Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Capital : Lucknow

1. Kashi Vishwanath Temple

Kashi Vishwanath Temple
• Location : Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built in : 1780 AD
New Delhi
Capital : New Delhi

1. Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple

2. Bahai Temple
Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple
• Dedicated to : Bhagwan Swami Narayan
Bahai Temple

• Special Features : Also called the Lotus Temple.

Punjab
Capital : Chandigarh

1. Golden Temple.
Golden Temple
• Location : Amritsar
• Type : Gurudwara
• Built by : Guru Arjan Sahib, the Fifth Nanak, conceived the
idea of creating a central place of worship for the
Sikhs and he himself designed the architecture of
the Golden Temple.
• Special Features : Also called Sri Harmandir Sahib or Sri Darbar Sahib.
 Haryana
Capital : Chandigarh
1. Markandeshwar Mahadev Temple.
Markandeshwar Mahadev Temple
• Location : Kurukshetra district of Haryana
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
Temples in WEST India
Rajasthan
Capital : Jaipur

1. Dilwara Temple
2. Ranakpur Temple
3. Birla Mandir
4. Karni Mata Temple
Dilwara Temple
• Location : Mount Abu, Sirohi, Rajasthan
• Dedicated to : Jainism
• Built by : Vimal Shah, in 1031 A.D
Ranakpur Temple (Jain)
• Location : Pali district, Rajasthan.
• Dedicated to : Tirthankara Rishabhanatha.
• Built by : Darna Shah
Birla Mandir
• Location : Jaipur, Rajasthan
• Dedicated to : Goddess Lakshmi and Lord Vishnu (Narayan)
Karni Mata Temple
• Location : Deshnok, Bikaner, Rajasthan
• Dedicated to : Goddess Durga

Famous as Temple of Rats

Gujarat
Capital : Gandhinagar

1. Somnath Temple
2. Dwarkadhish Temple
3. Bahuchara Mata Temple
4. Nageshwara Temple
5. Modhera Sun Temple
Somnath Temple
• Location : Veraval, Gujarat
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : First temple unknown.
2nd temple built around 649 AD.
Special Features : 1st Jyotirlinga

In 1025, during the reign of Bhima - I, Turkish Muslim ruler Mahmud of

Ghazni raided Gujarat, robbing the Somnath temple.
Dwarkadhish Temple
• Location : Dwarka, Gujarat
• Dedicated to : Lord Krishna
• Built by : Around 2200 years old.
One of the Char Dhams
Bahuchara Mata Temple
• Location : Bahucharaji town in Mehsana district, Gujarat
• Dedicated to : Goddess Bahuchara Mata
• Built in : 1783 AD.
Patron Goddess of the Hijra community
Nageshwara Temple
• Location : Dwarka, Gujarat
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Special Features : It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas.
Modhera Sun Temple
• Location : Modhera, Gujarat
• Dedicated to : Sun God
• Built by : It was built in 1026-27 AD during the reign of
Bhima-I of the Chalukya dynasty.
Maharashtra
Capital : Mumbai
• Shirdi Sai Baba Temple
• Shani Shingnapur Temple
• Siddhivinayak Temple
• Vithoba Temple
• Trimbakeshwar Temple
Shirdi Sai Baba Temple
• Location : Ahmednagar District
• Dedicated to : Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi.
Shani Shingnapur Temple
• Location : Ahmednagar district
• Dedicated to : Lord Shani
Siddhivinayak Temple

• Location : Prabhadevi, Mumbai.

• Dedicated to : Lord Shri Ganesha
Vithoba/ Vitthal Temple
• Location : Pandharpur, Maharashtra
• Dedicated to : Lord Vitthal, believed to be a form of Vishnu or
Krishna and his companion Rakhumai
• Built by : Hoysala (होयसल) empire in 13th century.

2014- 1st temple to invite women & people from

backward classes as priests.
Trimbakeshwar Temple
• Location : Nashik, Maharashtra
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : By Balaji Baji Rao.

One of 12 Jyotirlingas

Other two Jyotirlinga in Maharshtra – Bhimashanakar & Grishneshwar

Madhya Pradesh (MP)
Capital : Bhopal
• Sanchi Stupa
• Khajuraho Temple
• Mahakaleshwar Temple
• Omkareshwar Temple
• Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
• Sahastrabahu Temple
Sanchi Stupa
• Location : Sanchi Town in Raisen District.
• Dedicated to : Buddhism
• Built by : Emperor Ashoka
• Special Features : Motif of Sanchi Stupa is printed on the back side of the
new Rs. 200 note issued by RBI.
Sanchi Stupa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Khajuraho Temple
• Location : Chhatarpur district
• Dedicated to : Hinduism and Jainism
• Built by : Chandela dynasty between 885 AD and 1050 AD
• Special Features : Khajuraho Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Mahakaleshwar Temple
• Location : Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : Maratha general Ranoji Shinde
• Special Features : It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas.
Omkareshwar Temple
• Location : Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : King Lingarajendra II
• Special Features : It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas.
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple

• Location : Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh

• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : 11th century by a Chandela ruler.

Kandariya Mahadeva
meaning "the Great God of the Cave"
 Sahastrabahu Temple
• Location : Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva in two separate temples
• Built by : 11th century by King Mahipala of Kachchhapaghata
dynasty (कच्छपघात राजवंश)

Also called Sas-Bahu Temple.

Temples in EAST &
NORTH EAST
Bihar
Capital : Patna
1. Mahabodhi Temple
2. Mundeshwari Devi Temple
 Mahabodhi Temple
• Location : Bodh Gaya, in Gaya district.
• Dedicated to : Lord Buddha
• Built by : Emperor Ashoka
• Special Features : Mahabodhi Temple is related to Lord Gautam Buddha.
Gautam Buddha attained enlightment or Nirvana in Bodh
Gaya, in Magadha (now Bihar) , besides Niranjana river
under a pipal tree, at the age of 35 years.
This temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Mundeshwari Devi Temple
• Location : Kaimur district, Bihar
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva and Shakti
• Built in : 105 AD

Octagonal design
Jharkhand
Capital : Ranchi

1. Baidyanath Temple.
Baidyanath Temple
• Location : Deoghar, Jharkhand
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Special Features : It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas.
Odisha
Capital : Bhubaneshwar
1. Jagannath Temple,
2. Lingaraja Temple,
3. Konark Sun Temple
Jagannath Temple
• Location : Puri, Odisha
• Dedicated to : Lord Jagannath along with his brother
Lord Balabhadra and sister Devi Subhadra
• Built by : Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva (a famous king
of Ganga Dynasty)
• Special Features : It is called the White Pagoda of India.

One of the 4 Dhams

Konark Sun Temple
• Location : Konark, Odisha
• Dedicated to : Sun God
• Built by : By Eastern Ganga dynasty in 13th century.
• Special Features : It is called the Black Pagoda of India.
The Sun Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Lingaraja Temple
• Location : Bhubaneswar, Odisha
• Dedicated to : Harihara, form of Shiva and Vishnu
• Built by : By Somavamsi dynasty in 11th century
Chhattisgarh
Capital : Raipur

• Bhoramdeo Temple
• Danteshwari Temple
• Mahamaya Temple
Bhoramdeo Temple
• Location : Chaura Village, Chattisgarh
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : Laxman Dev Rai & Gopal Dev of Faninagvansh Dynasty.

Known as Khajuraho of Chhatisgarh

Danteshwari Temple
• Location : Dantewada, Bastar District, Chattisgarh
• Dedicated to : Goddess Danteshwari
• Built in : 14th century

One of the Shakti Peeth

Mahamaya Temple
• Location : Ratanpur, Chattisgarh
• Dedicated to : Goddess Lakshmi & Saraswati
• Built by : Built in the 12th–13th century, during the reign
of Ratnadeva, Kalachuri king of Ratnapura.

One of the Shaktipeeth

West Bengal
Capital : Kolkata
1. Dakshineshwar Kali Temple,
2. Belur Math.
Dakshineshwar Kali Temple
• Location : Kolkata, West Bengal
• Dedicated to : Goddess Kali
• Built by : 1855 AD
Belur Math
• Location : Belur, Howrah, West Bengal
• Dedicated to : Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
• Established by : Swami Vivekananda
Assam
Capital : Dispur
1. Kamakhya Temple,
2. Umananda Devaloi,
3. Navagraha Temple,
4. Negheriting Shiva Doul,
5. Hayagriva Madhava Temple
6. Ugratara Temple
Kamakhya (Kamrup) Temple
• Location : Nilachal Hill in western part of Guwahati, Assam
• Dedicated to : Mother Kamakhya
• Built by : 8th-17 th Century
• Special Features : Also known as Kamrup Kamakhya.
One of the oldest of the 51 Shakti Pithas.
Important pilgrimage destination for Tantric
Worshippers.
Umananda Devaloi
• Location : Peacock Island on river Brahmaputra in Guwahati
• Dedicated to : Umananda (Shiva)
• Built by : Ahom King Gadadhar Singha (1681–1696)
Navagraha Temple
• Location : Chitrasal Hill in Guwahati, Assam
• Dedicated to : Navagraha
• Built by : Ahom King Rajeswar Singha in the late 18th century.
Negheriting Shiva Doul
• Location : Dergaon, Assam
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : Kacharis during 8th –9th century AD.
In 1687 it was reconstructed by an Ahom king.

Popular for Rhesus monkeys

Hayagriva Madhava Temple
• Location : Monikut Hill in Hajo, Assam
• Dedicated to : Narasimha
• Built by : The present temple structure was constructed by
the King Raghudeva Narayan in 1583.
According to some historians the King of Pala
dynasty constructed it.

Preaches both Hinduism and Buddism

Ugratara Temple
• Dedicated to : Goddess Ugra Tara, manifestation of Goddess Parvati.
• Buily by : Old Ahom ruler, Siva Singh in 1725 AD
• Ugratara doesn’t have any idol or image of the deity. Rather, inside the
temple core there is a small pit filled with water which signifies the Goddess

• One of the 51 shaktipeeths

Tripura
Capital : Agartala

1. Sundari Temple
2. Unakoti Cave Temple
Sundari Temple/Tripura Sundari
• Popularly known as Matabari.
• One of the 51 Shakti Peethas
• Along with Goddess Parvati, Lord Vishnu is
also worshipped here; this makes it an
exceptional site showcasing a unique
harmony between Shaivite and Vaihanvite
sects of Hinduism.
Unakoti Cave Temple
• Location : Unakoti Caves, Tripura
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built in : 600-700 AD
Anunachal Pradesh
Capital : Itanagar

Malinithan/Akashganga Temple
• Location : Northern banks of Brahmaputra
• Dedicated to : Deity Durga in Shakti form
• Built in : 14th – 15th century

• Krishna – Rukmini linkage

 Manipur
Capital : Imphal

Govindajee Temple
• Dedicated to Lord Krishna-Radha
• Important centre for Vaishnavaites
Meghalaya
Capital : Shillong

Nartiang Durga Temple

• Located: In the Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya
• One of the Shakthi Peethas
Sikkim
Capital : Gangtok

Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple

• Located : Bank of Rangit River, West
Sikkim
• Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Nagaland
Capital : Kohima

Dimapur Kalibari Temple

• Dedicated to the Goddess Kali

Temples in SOUTH India
Telangana
Capital : Hyderabad
• Thousand Pillar Temple
• Ramappa Temple
 Thousand Pillar / Rudreswara Swamy Temple

• Location : Hanamakonda, Telangana

• Dedicated to : Vishnu, Shiva and Surya
• Built by : in 12th century by the Kakatiya King (काकतीय) Rudra Deva.
 Ramappa Temple/Ramalingeswara Temple
• Location : Near Warangal, Telangana
• Dedicated to : Ramalingeswara
• Built by : Kakatiya ruler Kakati Ganapathi Deva in 11th century

The temple got its name Ramappa because of

its chief sculptor Ramappa.

It's probably the only temple in the country to

be known by the name of its sculptor.
Andhra Pradesh
Capital : Amravati
• Tirupati Balaji Temple,
• Lord Venkateshwara Swamy Temple
• Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Temple,
• Sri Bramarambha Mallikarjuna Temple,
• Suryanarayana Temple,
• Sri Ranganthaswami Temple,
• Veerabhadra Temple.
Lord Venkateshwara Swamy Temple
• Location : Tirumala at Tirupati in Chittoor District, Andhra
Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Sri Venkateswara (Incarnation of Vishnu)
• Built by : King Thondaiman, Tamil ruler Later developed
by Chola Dynasty Kings.
• Special Features : Also known as Tirupati Balaji Temple/
Temple of Seven Hills.

One of the richest temple in the world

Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Temple
• Location : Simhachalam Hill Range.
• Dedicated to : Lord VarahaNarasimha (a lion man incarnation of
Lord Vishnu)
• Special Features : Also known as Simahachalam Temple.
Sri Bramarambha Mallikarjuna Temple
• Location : Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva & Parvati
• Built by : Inscriptional evidences from the Satvahana
Dynasty. Modern additions were done during the
time of king Harihara of Vijayanagar Empire.
Sri Ranganthaswami Temple
• Location : Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Ranganatha (a resting form of Lord Vishnu)
• Built by : 12th century
Veerabhadra Temple
• Location : Lepakshi in the Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : Built in 1530 by Virupanna Nayaka and Viranna,
both brothers who were Governors under the
Vijayanagar Empire.
Karnataka
Capital : Bengaluru
• Virupaksha Temple,
• Vitthala Temple,
• Gomateshwara Temple,
• Durga Temple,
• Murudeshwar Temple,
• Hoysaleshwara Temple,
• Chennakesava Temple.
Virupaksha Temple
• Location : Hampi, Karnataka
• Dedicated to : A form of Lord Shiva
• Built by : By Vijaynagar empire.
Vitthala Temple
• Location : Hampi, Karnataka
• Dedicated to : Lord Vitthala, an avatar of Lord Vishnu.
• Built by : By Vijaynagar empire.
Gomateshwara Temple
• Location : Vindyagiri at Shravanbelagola, Karnataka
• Dedicated to : The Jain figure Bahubali.
• Built by : The Ganga dynasty minister and commander Chamundaraya
• Special Features : The Gommateshwara statue is the tallest monolithic statue
in the world, carved out of a single block of granite. It is 57
foot (17 m) tall.
Durga Temple
• Location : Aihole, Karnataka
• Dedicated to : Goddess Durga
• Built by : 7th-8th century by the Chalukya Dynasty
Murudeshwar Temple
• Location : Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : Businessman and philanthropist R. N.
Shetty.
Hoysaleshwara Temple
• Location : Halebidu Karnataka
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : By Hoysala empire in 12th century.
Chennakesava Temple
• Location : Belur, Karnataka
• Dedicated to : Lord Vishnu
• Built by : By Hoysala empire in 12th century.
Kerala
Capital : Tiruvananthapuram
• Sabrimala Temple,
• Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple.
Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple
• Location : Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
• Dedicated to : Lord Vishnu
• Built by : Maharaja Marthanda Varma.
• Special Features : Sree Padmanabha Swami Temple in Thiruvananthapuram
is the Richest Temple in the World.
Sabrimala Temple
• Location : Periyar Tiger Reserve Kerala
• Dedicated to : Ayyappan, an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva
• Built in : Before 12th century AD
 Fact Bites
Sabarimala Temple Issue

• Located in the forests of the Western Ghats in Kerala’s Pathanamthitta

district, the hill shrine is dedicated to Lord Ayyappa and is managed by the
Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB).
• The Sabarimala temple prohibits women aged between 10 and 50 years from
entering the shrine.
• It is said that its deity, Lord Ayyappa, is a “Naisthik Brahmachari” and that
allowing young women to enter the temple would affect the idol’s “celibacy”
and “austerity”.
• The Travancore Devaswom Board has said that the prohibition on women of
menstruating age from entering the temple is a part of 'essential religious
practice' of Lord Ayappa devotees.
SC judgment Fact Bites
• Supreme Court condemned the prohibition as "hegemonic patriarchy"
(hegemonic patriarchy means that patriarchy has become such an
over-arching idea that discrimination based on it appears to be
common sense to such an extent that not only men, even women
become the supporter and perpetrator of the very notion which
discriminates them).
• It said that exclusion on grounds of biological and physiological
features like menstruation was unconstitutional. It amounted to
discrimination based on a biological factor exclusive to gender. It was
violative of the right to equality and dignity of women.
Tamil Nadu
Capital : Chennai
• Meenakshi Temple,
• Nataraja Temple,
• Ramnathaswamy Temple,
• Ranganathaswamy Temple,
• Brihadeshwara Temple,
• Suchindram Temple,
• Shore Temple,
• Murugan Temple.
Meenakshi Temple
• Location : Madurai, Tamil nadu
• Dedicated to : Goddess Parvati
• Built in : 16th Century
Nataraja Temple
• Location : Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
• Dedicated to : Nataraja – Shiva as the lord of dance
Ranganathaswamy Temple
• Location : Srirangam, Tamil Nadu
• Dedicated to : Lord Vishnu
• Built by : Dharma Varma Chola
Brihadeshwara Temple
• Location : Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : By Raja Raja-I in 1010 AD.
Murugan Temple
• Location : Palani, Tamil Nadu
• Dedicated to : Murugan (Lord Kartikeya)
Shore Temple
• Location : Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
• Dedicated to : Lord Shiva
• Built by : 8th Century AD by the Pallavas.
 Important
International
Organisations
 The South Asian Association of
Regional Cooperation
(SAARC)

 Headquarters : Kathmandu, Nepal.

 Current Head : Esala Ruwan Weerakoon (Sri Lanka)
 Established in : 8 December, 1985
 Members : 8 countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
 Role : To promote the welfare of people of South Asia, strengthen collective self-
reliance, promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields, and
cooperate with international and regional organizations.
 Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-
Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

 Headquarters : Dhaka, Bangladesh

 Head : Tenzin Lekphell (Bhutan)
 Established in : 6 June, 1997, through the Bangkok declaration.
 Members : 7 countries - Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, and Thailand.
 Role : Technological and economical cooperation among south Asian and
South East Asian countries along the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
 ABOUT BIMSTEC

 BIMSTEC initially had four-members :

1. Bangladesh
2. India
3. Sri-Lanka and
4. Thailand

 Myanmar joined BIMSTEC in 1997.

 Nepal and Bhutan joined BIMSTEC in 2004.
Association of South-East
Asian Nations (ASEAN)

 Headquarters : Jakarta, Indonesia

 Head : Lim Jock Hoi (Brunei)
 Established in : 8 August, 1967
 Members : 10 countries - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
 Role : An economic union, promotes intergovernmental cooperation and
facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational,
and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia.
 ASEAN

Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar,
the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand,
and Vietnam
 Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO)

 Headquarters : Beijing, China

 Current Secretary General (Head) : Vladimir Norov (Uzbekistan)
 Established in : 2001
 Members: 8 (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan,
India, Pakistan) ; India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members in 2017
 Role : Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance.
Largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical
coverage and population
 BRICS

 Established in : 2009

 Members : Brazil Russia India China South Africa

 Initially 4 members - Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC)
 South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010. After that the
group adopted the acronym BRICS.
 Russia hosted the most recent 12th BRICS summit on 17 November 2020
virtually
 Group of Seven (G-7)

 Established in : 1975
 Members : Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan and Italy.
 G8 :- Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan, Italy and Russia.
 Role : The heads of government of the member states meet at the annual G7 Summit.
The major purpose of the G-7 is to discuss and deliberate on international economic
issues. It sometimes acts in concert to help resolve other global problems, with a
special focus on economic issues.
 How did G7 become G8 and G8
become G7?

 The G-7 was known as the ‘G-8’ for several years after the
original seven were joined by Russia in 1997.
 However, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s condemnable act
of moving Russian troops into eastern Ukraine and conquering
Crimea in 2014 drew heavy criticism from the other G8 nations.
 The other nations of the group decided to suspend Russia from
the G8 as a consequence of its actions and the group became G7
again in 2014.
 G-20

 Established in : 1999
 Members : The G20 (Group of 20) is an
international forum which includes 19 of the
world’s largest economies and the European
Union.
 Role : The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the
premier forum for international cooperation on Since December 1st, 2020, Italy
the most important aspects of the international holds the Presidency of the G20
economic and financial agenda.
 European Union (EU)

 Headquarters : Brussels, Belgium

 Head : Current EU Parliament President David-Maria Sassoli
Current European Council President Charles Michel

Current European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen

 European Union (EU)

 Established in : 1993
 Members : 27
 Role : The European Union plays important roles in diplomacy, the
promotion of human rights, trade, development and humanitarian aid and
working with multilateral organisations.
 European Union – Brexit : On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom (U.K)
formally left the European Union. U.K is the first country to leave the E.U.
 Commonwealth of Nations

 Headquarters : London, United Kingdom

 Head : Queen Elizabeth II
 Established in : 1931
 Members : 54 (including India) - former territories of British Empire
 Role : The main goal of the Commonwealth organisation is to improve the
well-being of all Commonwealth citizens and to advance their shared
interests globally.
 Asian Development Bank
(ADB)

 Headquarters : Philippines
 President : Masatsugu Asakawa
 Vice President : Ashok Lavasa
 Established in : 19 December, 1966
 Members : 68 countries (including India)
 Role : To provide prosperity, inclusivity, resilience, and sustainability to Asia
and Pacific along with eradication of poverty.
 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

 Headquarters : Beijing, China

 Head (President) : Jin Liqun
 Established in : 2016
 Members : 103
 Role : An international development bank with the stated goal of improving
social and economic conditions throughout Asia.
 New Development Bank (NDB)

 Headquarters : Shanghai, China

 Head (President) : Marcos Troyjo
 Established in : 2014
 formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral
development bank established by the BRICS states.
 Members : Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
 Role : It is an International organization jointly founded by the BRICS
Countries.
 World Economic Forum
(WEF)

 Headquarters : Cologny, Switzerland

 Head : Klaus Martin Schwab
 Established in : 24 January,1971
 Role : it is an international NGO of public-private partnership. The
Forum engages the foremost political, business, cultural and other leaders
of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas
 International Cricket
Council (ICC)

 Headquarters : Dubai, United Arab Emirates

 Head : Greg Barclay (New Zealand)
 Established in : founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in
1909, current name in 1989
 Members : 104 member nations
 Role : The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the international
governing body of cricket.
 Interpol - International Criminal
Police Organization

 Headquarters : Lyon, France

 Head : Jürgen Stock (Germany)
 Established in : 1923
 Members : 194 member countries (including India).
 Role : It is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police
cooperation and crime control.
 It is world's largest police organization.
 International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

 Headquarters : Gland, Switzerland

 Head : Dr. Bruno Oberle
 Established in : 1948
 Role : The IUCN is a global union composed of both government as well as
civil society organisations. Its aim is to encourage international cooperation
and provide scientific knowledge and tools to guide conservation action.
 Amnesty International (AI)

 Headquarters : London, United Kingdom

 Established in : 1961
 Role : Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and it campaigns for
compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilize public
opinion to generate pressure on governments where abuse takes place.
 Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD)
 Headquarters : Paris, France
 Head : Angel Gurría
 Established in : 1961
 Members : 37
 Role : The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) is an international organisation that works to build better policies
for better lives.
 Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)

 Headquarters : Vienna, Austria

 Head : Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo
 Established in : 1960
 Members : 13
 Role : To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its
Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure
an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers
 UN & INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, UNESCO,

UNDP UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WIPO, WMO, WHO, World Bank
UNEP
UNFPA • CTBTO • UNAIDS • UNIDIR
UN - Habitat • IAEA • UNCTAD • UNITAR
• IOM • UNHCR • UNSSC
UNICEF • •
OPCW UNOPS • UNU
WFP • UNFCCC • UNRWA
• WTO • UN-WOMEN
PDF on: parchamclasses.in

Thank You
HISTORICAL
MONUMENTS
OF INDIA
 Jammu and Kashmir
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Charar-E-Sharif Budgam, Jammu and Zain-ul-Abidin -
Kashmir

Ladakh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Leh Palace Leh, Ladakh Sengge Namgyal also known as Lachen
(17th-century Namgyal Palkar Palace
dynasty King of Ladakh)
Mulbekh Kargil, Ladakh The students of great
Monastery Tibetan scholar Lotsawa
Rinchen Zangpo

Delhi
Monuments Built by Remarks

Feroz Shah Kotla Feroz Shah Tughlaq

Jama Masjid Shah Jahan • one of the largest

mosques in India.

Khirki Masjid Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah

(vazir of Feroz Shah Tughlaq)

Tughlaqabad Fort Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq

India Gate Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens • It was formerly known

as the All India War
Memorial.
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Monuments Built by Remarks

Purana Qila Construction began by • one of the oldest forts
Humayun and completed by in Delhi.
Sher Shah Suri
Qutub Minar Construction began by • UNESCO World
Qutubuddin Aibak and Heritage Site.
completed by Iltutmish • named after Khwaja
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar
Kaki (a sufi saint).

Humayun’s Tomb - • UNESCO World Heritage

Site since 1993.
Delhi
Monuments Built by Remarks
Red Fort Shah Jahan • It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 2007.
Moti Masjid Aurangzeb • It is located within the Red Fort
complex.
Rashtrapati British Govt. • It is the official residence of the
Bhavan President of India.
• Current tenants : Ram Nath Kovind
(President of India) Savita Kovind (First
Lady of India)
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Uttar Pradesh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Agra Fort Agra Akbar • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Aram Bagh Agra Babur • It is the oldest Mughal Garden
in India.
Bada Imambara Lucknow Asaf-ud-daula • This imambara is the second
largest after the Nizamat
Imambara (Murshidabad, WB).
Chhota Imambara Lucknow Muhammad Ali
Shah
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Sati Burj Mathura Raja Bhagwan
Das
Deewan-E- Agra fort Shah Jahan • It was also known as the Shah Mahal.
Khas
Moti Masjid Agra Shah Jahan • within the Agra Fort complex.
Taj Mahal Agra Shah Jahan • ivory-white marble mausoleum on
the right bank of the river Yamuna.
• Tomb of Shah Jahan’s favourite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1983.
• It is one of the New 7 Wonders of the
World.
Uttar Pradesh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Fatehpur Sikri Agra, Uttar Akbar • Fatehpur Sikri is a town in
Pradesh the Agra District of Uttar
Pradesh
• UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 1986
Jama Masjid Agra, Uttar Akbar • It is a mosque in the Fatehpur
Pradesh Sikri in Uttar Pradesh
Buland Agra, Uttar Akbar (to • It means Door of Victory
Darwaza Pradesh commemorate • It is the entrance to Fatehpur
his victory over Sikri's Jama Masjid
Gujarat)

Bihar

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Nalanda Mahavihara Nalanda district, King Kumaragupta • UNESCO World
Bihar I Heritage Site
since 2016.

Pathar Ki Masjid Patna, Bihar Parviz Mirza (son

of Jahangir)
Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram, Bihar Designed by the
architect Aliwal
Khan

Rajasthan
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Adhai Din Ka Ajmer Qutubuddin • The word 'adhai' means two and a
Jhonpra Aibak half in Hindi and it is said that the
mosque was constructed in two and
a half days.
• It was designed by Abu Bakr of
Herat.
Ajmer Sharif Ajmer Humayun • It is the tomb of Khwaja Moin-ud-
Dargah din Chishti (the Sufi saint from
Persia).
Rajasthan
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Hawa Mahal Jaipur Sawai Pratap
Singh
Nahargarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh Sawai Jai Singh or Jai Singh II
Jaigarh Fort Jaipur Sawai Jai Singh
Vijaya Stambha Chittorgarh Rana Kumbha of to commemorate his victory over the
Mewar combined armies of Malwa and
Gujarat sultanates led by Mahmud
Khalji
Lohagarh Fort Bharatpur Raja Surajmal
Singh
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Mehrangarh Fort Jodhpur Rao Jodha
Lake Palace Udaipur Maharana Jagat • located amidst the Lake Pichola.
Singh II • formally known as Jag Niwas.
• now transformed into a luxury
hotel.

• In the early 18th century, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five Jantar
Mantar in total, in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura and Varanasi; they were
completed between 1724 and 1735.
• Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010.

Gujarat

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Rani ki Vav Patan Chalukya • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
rulers Site since 2014.
• It is inscripted on the back side of
the new Rs. 100 currency note
issued by RBI.
• On the banks of Saraswati River.

Champaner- Panchmahal • UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pavagarh since 2004.
Archaeological Park
Gujarat
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Laxmi Vilas Vadodara • Maharaja Sayajirao • the largest private
Palace Gaekwad III home built till date
• Architect : Major Charles and four times the
Mant size of Buckingham
Palace
Haji Pir Dargah Kutch • The Dargah is
dedicated to a
Muslim saint Hajipir.

Maharashtra

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Ajanta Caves Aurangabad • There are a total of 29 caves.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Ellora Caves Aurangabad • It is a group of 34 monasteries
and temples.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site since 1983.
Bibi Ka Maqbara Aurangabad Aurangzeb • It was built in the memory of
Aurangzeb’s wife Dilras Banu
Begum.

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Elephanta Cave Elephanta Rashtrakuta • It is a UNESCO World Heritage
Island, Raigarh rulers Site since 1987.

Gateway of India Mumbai British Govt. • to commemorate the landing

of King George V and Queen
Mary at Apollo Bunder on
their visit to India in 1911.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Mumbai Designed by • formerly known as Victoria

Terminus Frederick Terminus.
William Stevens • UNESCO World Heritage Site
since 2004.
 Madhya Pradesh

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Bhimbetka Rock Raisen • It exhibits the earliest traces of human

Shelters life in India and evidence of Stone Age.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
(2003).
• It consists of seven hills and over 750
rock shelters distributed over 10 km

Jahangir Mahal Orchha Bir Singh • This palace is the symbol of friendship
Deo between the Bir Singh Deo and
Jahangir.
• During the first visit of Jahangir in
Orchha, this palace was built in his
honor
Mughal Rulers - Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah.

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Sanchi Stupa Sanchi Town in Raisen Ashoka • UNESCO World Heritage
Sites since 1989.
Gwalior Fort Gwalior Man Singh Tomar
Jai Vilas Gwalior Jayajirao Scindia
Mahal
Taj-ul Masjid Bhopal Sultan Shah Jehan • It means “Crown of
Begum of Bhopal Mosques”
• It is the largest
mosque in India and one
of the largest mosques in
Asia

West Bengal

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Victoria Memorial Kolkata British Govt. • It is dedicated to the memory
Hall of Empress Victoria.

Shaheed Minar Kolkata Designed by J. • Built-in 1848 to honor Sir

P. Parker David Ochterlony.
• It was later dedicated to
Indian freedom fighters.
Nizamat Murshidabad Nawab Siraj ud- • It is the largest imambara in
Imambara Daulah India.
• It is frequently mentioned as
the largest imambara in the
world.
Telangana
Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Char - Minar Hyderabad Quli Qutub • It has been officially incorporated as
Shah the Emblem of Telangana for the state
of Telangana.
Makka Masjid Hyderabad Quli Qutub • It is one of the largest and important
Shah mosque in India.
• The name is derived from the Grand
Mosque in Mecca on which it is
modeled.
Golconda Fort Hyderabad
Falaknuma Hyderabad Nawab Sir Falak-numa means "Like the Sky" or
Palace Viqar-ul-Umra "Mirror of Sky" in Urdu.

Karnataka

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Lal Bagh Bengaluru Hyder Ali
Gol Gumbaz Vijayapura Architect Yaqut • It is the mausoleum (tomb) of the
of Dabul king Mohammed Adil Shah.
• It is considered the ‘Taj of the
south’.
• It is one of the largest domes ever
built.
Mysore Palace Mysore Designed by
Henry Irwin
Group of Vijayanagara • UNESCO World Heritage Site since
Monuments at 2012
Hampi

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Lord Vindhyagiri Hill, Chamundaraya • It is one of the tallest monolithic
Gometeshwara Shravanbelagol statues in the world.
Statue a • It is carved out of a single block of
granite.
• Height : 18 m
• It is visible up to 30 km away.
• It is dedicated to the Jain figure
Bahubali.
• It symbolises the Jain precepts of
peace, non-violence, sacrifice of
worldly affairs, and simple living.
Kerala

Monuments Place Built by Remarks

Bolgatty Palace Bolgatty Dutch traders • It is one of the oldest
Island in Kochi existing Dutch palaces
outside Holland.
Anchuthengu Fort Kerala • The fort was the East
India Company's first
permanent post on the
Malabar Coast.

Bekal Fort Bekal, Kerala Shivappa • It is the largest fort in

Nayaka Kerala.

Goa
Monuments Remarks

Basilica of Bom Jesus • UNESCO as a World Heritage Site since 1986.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Monuments Place Built by Remarks
Cellular Jail Port Blair, Britishers • It is also known as Kala Pani or
Andaman Black Water.
• The prison was used by the
British government for the
purpose of exiling political
prisoners to the remote
archipelago.

“Optimism is the one quality more associated with

success and happiness than any other.”- Brian
Tracy
Research
Centers in
India
S. No. Research Institute Location

1. Central Potato Research Institute Shimla, Himachal

Pradesh
2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) New Delhi
3. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) New Delhi
• It is commonly known as the Pusa Institute.
• The institute was originally located in Pusa, Bihar
4. Defence Research and Development Organisation New Delhi
(DRDO)
5. National Highways Authority of India Dwarka, New Delhi
6. Indian Council of Historical Research New Delhi

S. No. Research Institute Location

7. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) New Delhi

8. National Institute of Malaria Research New Delhi

9. India Meteorological Department New Delhi

10. Archeological Survey of India New Delhi

11. Indian Meteorological Department New Delhi

S. No. Research Institute Location

12. National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon, Haryana

13. International Solar Alliance Gurugram, Haryana

14. National Dairy Research Institute Karnal, Haryana

15. Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun,

Uttarakhand

Anand in gujarat is known as the Milk Capital of India

S. No. Research Institute Location

16. Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

17. National Sugar Institute Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

18. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

19. Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

20. National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

S. No. Research Institute Location

21. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Dhanbad, Jharkhand

22. Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums Ranchi, Jharkhand

(Formerly Indian Lac Research Institute)

23. Uranium Corporation of India Jharkhand

24. National Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Odisha

25. Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata, West Bengal

S. No. Research Institute Location

26. Zoological Survey of India Kolkata, West Bengal

27. Geological Survey of India Kolkata, West Bengal

28. Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Tonk, Rajasthan

29. Institute for Plasma Research Gandhinagar, Gujarat

30. Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Bhavnagar, Gujarat

Institute
S. No. Research Institute Location

31. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Trombay, Mumbai,

Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty (Director) Maharashtra
32. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, Maharashtra
33. Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur, Maharashtra
34. National Environmental Engineering Nagpur, Maharashtra
Research Institute
35. India Security Press Nashik, Maharashtra
36. National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa

S. No. Research Institute Location

37. Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics Hyderabad, Telangana

38.. Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry, Andhra

Pradesh
39. Central Power Research Institute Bengaluru, Karnataka

40. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Bengaluru, Karnataka

Chairman : S. Somanath

41. Directorate of Cashew Research Puttur, Karnataka

S. No. Research Institute Location

42. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi, Kerala

43. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvananthapuram,

Kerala
44. Central Coir Research Institute Alappuzha, Kerala

45. Central Leather Research Institute Chennai, Tamil Nadu

• Leather City : Kanpur

• Leather Research Institute : Chennai
You are the artist
of your own life.
Do not hand the
brush to anyone
else.
CITY NICKNAMES
 Uttarakhand
Sl. City Nickname
No.
Rishikesh Yoganagari
1
Yoga Capital of the World
2 Mussoorie Queen of the Hills
3 Nainital Lake city

Uttar Pradesh
Sl. City Nickname
No.
4 Varanasi The City of Temples
5 Lucknow The City of Nawabs
Leather City of the World (largest producer and exporter of
6 Kanpur leather in India)
Manchester of the East; Manchester of North India

Bihar

S. No. City Nickname

7 Muzaffarpur Land of Leechi
8 Gaya The City of Enlightenment

Jharkhand
S. No. City Nickname
10 Dhanbad Coal Capital of India (has some of the largest coal
mines in India)
Steel city of India
11 Jamshedpur
Pittsburgh of India
 West Bengal

Sl. No. City Nickname

12 Kolkata The City of Joy (City of Joy is a 1985 novel by Dominique Lapierre.
Calcutta is nicknamed "the City of Joy" after this novel)
13 Asansol Land of Black Diamond;
City of Brotherhood

Odisha

Sl. No. City Nickname

Sports Capital of India
14 Bhubaneshwar Temple city of India (preserves over 500 of
India's finest temples)
15 Cuttack Silver city of India

Rajasthan

Sl. No. City Nickname

16 Jaipur The Pink City
The Blue City
17 Jodhpur
The Sun City
The White City
18 Udaipur
The City of Lakes
The Brown City
19 Jaisalmer
The Golden city

Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh and Nainital in Uttarakhand also known as City of Lakes.

Gujarat
Sl. No. City Nickname
The Manchester of India
20 Ahmedabad
Boston of India
21 Surat Diamond city of India
22 Anand Milk Capital of India (for Amul dairy and
its milk revolution)
23 Ahmedabad India’s First World Heritage City
(UNESCO's World Heritage City list of 2017)
24 Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Twin City
 Maharashtra
Sl. No. City Nickname
City of 7 Islands
25 Mumbai Gateway of India
Financial and Commercial Capital of India
Deccan Queen/The Queen of Deccan
26 Pune
Oxford of the East (by Jawaharlal Nehru)
Orange city
27 Nagpur Tiger Capital of India (it connects many Tiger
Reserves in India to the world)
28 Nashik Wine Capital of India
29 Jalgaon Banana City

Telangana

S. City Nickname
No.
City of Pearls (pearl processing and trading industry)
30 Hyderabad Hitech city
The City of Nizams
31 Hyderabad and Twin city
Secunderabad

Tuticorin or Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu is also known as Pearl City due to pearl fishing.

Andhra Pradesh

Sl. No. City Nickname

32 Visakhapatnam or Vizag The City of Destiny
33 Guntur Chilli Capital or Chilli City of India
 Karnataka
S. No. City Nickname
34 Bangaluru The Silicon Valley of India, IT capital of India
TecHalli
Garden city of India
Space city
Science city
Scotland of India (largest Coffee producer district of India)
35 Coorg or Kodagu
Coffee Cup of India
36 Mysore Sandalwood city (hub of a sandalwood cottage industry)
Rome of the East
37 Mangalore
Ice cream capital of India

Shillong in Meghalaya is known as Scotland of East.

Kerala

S. No. City Nickname

38 Kochi Queen of Arabian Sea (was the centre of Indian spice
trade)
39 Kollam Cashew Capital of the World
40 Thiruvananthapuram Evergreen city of India (by Mahatma Gandhi)
41 Thrissur Gold capital of India (largest businesses of gold)
42 Kozhikode or Calicut City of Spices
43 Alappuzha or Alleppey Venice of the East
44 Kasaragod Land of Seven Languages
(Saptha Bhasha Sangama Bhoomi)
45 Kannur City of Looms and Lores (handlloom industries and the
presence of unique ritual and folk arts practice in religious places)
 Tamil Nadu

Sl. No. City Nickname

Detroit of India (hub of automobile
manufacturing facilities for leading carmakers)
46 Chennai Banking Capital of India
Health Capital of India
47 Kodaikanal Princess of Hill stations
Manchester of South India
48 Coimbatore Pump City of India (fulfils more than 40% of motors
and pumps requirements of the country)

Sl. No. City Nickname

Athens of the East
The City of Festivals;
49 Madurai
Cultural capital of Tamil Nadu
City of Jasmine
50 Erode Turmeric City of India (Yellow City)
51 Kumbakonam Cambridge of South India (important centre
of education in the late 19th century)

52 Thoothukudi Pearl City (due to the pearl fishing)

(Formerly : Tuticorin)

Others

Sl. No. City Nickname

53 Shillong (Meghalaya) Scotland of East
54 Panipat (Haryana) City of Weavers (biggest center for quality
blankets and carpets in India)
55 Dibrugarh (Assam) Tea City of India
56 Tezpur (Assam) City of Blood (myth involving a fierce battle
fought between Hari (Lord Krishna) and Hara (Lord
Shiva in the form of Banasura)
58 Amritsar (Punjab) The Golden Temple City
59 Pondicherry Paris of the East
60 Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) City of Lakes
Try harder than yesterday if you want a
better tomorrow!
CITIES ON THE
BANKS OF
RIVERS
Ganga basin covers 11 states & UTs
The Ganga River
1. Uttarakhand
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Bihar
4. Jharkhand
5. West Bengal
6. Chhattisgarh
7. Madhya Pradesh
8. Rajasthan
9. Delhi (UT)
10. Haryana
11. Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand (Panch Prayag)

on the confluences of Dhauliganga
Vishnuprayag
River and Alaknanda River
on the confluences
Nandaprayag of Nandakini River and Alaknanda
River
on the confluences of Pindar
Karnaprayag
River and Alaknanda River
on the confluences of Mandakini
Rudraprayag
River and Alaknanda River
Devprayag on the confluences of Bhagirathi
River and Alaknanda River

Uttarakhand
Badrinath Alaknanda River
Haridwar Ganges River
Rishikesh Ganges River
 Uttar Pradesh

Mirzapur Ganges River

Kannauj Ganges River

Varanasi Ganges River

Kanpur Ganges River

Etawah Yamuna River

Agra Yamuna River

Mathura Yamuna River

Uttar Pradesh
Allahabad At confluence of Ganga,
Yamuna and Saraswati River
Ayodhya Saryu River
Jaunpur Gomti River
Lucknow Gomti River
Gorakhpur Rapti River

Bihar
Falgu (Neeranjana)
Gaya
River
Patna Ganges River
Munger Ganges River
Muzaffarpur Burhi Gandak River

West Bengal
Kolkata Hooghly River
Howrah Hooghly River
Farakka Ganges River
 Madhya Pradesh
Gwalior Chambal River
Ujjain Shipra River
Rajasthan
Kota Chambal River
Dholpur Chambal River
Delhi
New Delhi Yamuna River

• It is a trans-boundary river. Brahmaputra River

• It originates in China, then
flows into India and then
into Bangladesh.
• Passes through states :
1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Assam

Assam
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra River
Guwahati Brahmaputra River
Lakhimpur Brahmaputra River
Sadiya Lohit River
 Indus River
• It is a trans-boundary river.
• It originates in Tibet, then
flows to India and then to
Pakistan.
• Passes through states :
1. Ladakh
2. Jammu and Kashmir
3. Punjab
4. Himachal Pradesh

J&K and Ladakh

Leh Indus River
Srinagar Jhelum River
Himachal Pradesh
Kullu Beas River
Manali Beas River
Punjab
Ludhiana Sutlej River

Mahanadi River
• Passes through states
:
1. Chhattisgarh
2. Odisha
Odisha
Cuttack Mahanadi River
Chhattisgarh
Raipur Mahanadi River
 Godavari
•
River
Passes through states :
1. Maharashtra
2. Telangana
3. Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Nashik Godavari River
Telangana
Ramagundam Godavari River
Kumbh Mela - Prayag, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik.
Andhra Pradesh
Rajahmundry Godavari River

Krishna River
• Passes through states :
1. Maharashtra
2. Karnataka
3. Telangana
4. Andhra Pradesh

Maharashtra
Mahabaleshwar Krishna River
Karnataka
Raichur Krishna River and Tungabhadra River
Hampi Tungabhadra River
 Andhra Pradesh
Vijayawada Krishna River
Machilipatnam Krishna River
Guntur Krishna River
Amaravati Krishna River
Srisailam Krishna River
Kurnool Tungabhadra River

Cauvery River
• Passes through states :
1. Karnataka
2. Tamil Nadu

Karnataka
Mysore Kaveri River
Srirangapatna Kaveri River

Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirappalli Kaveri River
Thanjavur Kaveri River

Narmada River
Passes through states :
1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh
Jabalpur Narmada River
Narmadapuram / Hoshangabad Narmada River
Maheshwar Narmada River
Omkareshwar Narmada River
Amarkantak Narmada River
Gujarat
Bharuch Narmada River
 Miscellaneous
City River State
Ahmedabad
Sabarmati River Gujarat
Gandhinagar

Vadodara Vishwamitri River Gujarat

Surat Tapi River Gujarat

Rajkot Aji and Nyari Rivers Gujarat

City River State

Rourkela Brahmani River Odisha

Hyderabad Musi River Telangana

Nellore Penna River Andhra Pradesh

Thiruvananthapuram Karamana River Kerala

Madurai Vaigai River Tamil Nadu

 Infectious agents and Diseases
1. Viruses
1. Common cold = Rhinovirus, Influenza Virus, Adenovirus.
2. Influenza (Flu) = Influenza Virus / RNA Virus.
3. Dengue fever = Dengue Virus (caused by female mosquito Aedes aegypti).
4. Polio (poliomyelitis) = Polio Virus.
5. Hepatitis – B = Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
6. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
1. Chicken Pox = varicella – Zoster Virus.
2. Measles (Rubella) = Rubella virus (morbilivirus).
7. Mumps = Paramyxovirsu.
8. Small Pox = Variola Virus.
9. Swine Flu (H1N1 flu) = H1N1 strain of the influenza (flu) virus.
10. Encephalitis = Herpes Simplex virus (HSV).
11. Pneumonia = Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
12. Yellow fever = Arbo Virus (vector – Aedes mosquito).

2. Bacteria

1. Typhoid = Salmonella Typhi.

3. Cholera = Vibrio Cholerae.
4. Tuberculosis = Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
5. Tetanus = Bacillus anthracis.
6. Bubonic plague = Yersinia pestis.
7. Whooping cough = Bordatella pertussis.
8. Pneumonia = Streptococcus pneumonia.
9. Gonorrhea (STD) = Neisseria Gonorrhoea.
10. Diphtheria = Corynebacterium diphtheria.

3. Fungi

1. Ringworm = Athletes’ foot

2. Athletes’ foot = Trichophyton mentagrophytes
 4. Protozoa
1. Malaria = Plasmodium.
13. Kala – Azar (Black fever / leishmaniasis) = Leishmania (vector - sandfly).
5. Worm
1. Elephantiasis (Lymphatic filariasis) = Wuchereria Bancrofti (Vector = Mosquito).

Telegram Channel: https://t.me/currentmudde1

Telegram Group: https://t.me/current_mudde1
Inventions and Discoveries by Dr. Gaurav Garg

Discovery : A discovery is recognizing something that already exists for the first time, that nobody has
found before. e.g. Christopher Columbus discovered America.

Invention : An invention is creating something totally new with one’s own ideas and development. e.g. how Thomas Edison
invented the light bulb.

Calculator Electric Battery

● The first mechanical calculator was invented by French ● Antonio Volta
inventor, Blaise Pascal In 1642. ● Nationality - Italian

Air Conditioner Hydrogen

● Willis Carrier ● Henry Cavendish
● Nationality - USA ● Nationality - British

Atom Bomb Elevator

● Julius Robert Oppenheimer ● Elisha Otis
● Nationality - USA ● Nationality - American

Air Plane Fountain Pen

● Wright brothers ● Lewis Waterman
● Wilbur and Orville Wright ● Nationality - USA
● Nationality - USA
Insulin
Blood Group ● Frederick Banting
● Karl Lansdsteiner ● Nationality - Canada
● Nationality - Austria
Radioactivity
Ballpoint pen ● Henri Becquerel
● John J. Loud ● Nationality - French
● The metal commonly used is steel, brass, or tungsten
carbide. Microscope
● Nationality - USA ● Zacharis Janssen
● Lewis Waterman - Inventor of Fountain pen. ● Nationality - Dutch (Netherlands)

Bicycle Oxygen
● Kirkpatrick Macmillan ● Joseph Priestley
● Nationality – Scotland (United Kingdom) ● Nationality - English

Diesel Engine Polio Vaccine

● Rudolf Diesel ● Jonas Edward Salk
● Nationality - Germany ● Nationality - USA

Structure of DNA Periodic Table

● American biologist James Watson and English ● Dmitri Mendeleev
physicist Francis Crick ● Nationality - Russian
● DNA was 1st discovered by Frederich Miescher
(German). Penicillin
● Structure of DNA is double helix. ● Alexander Fleming
● Nationality - Scottish
Dynamite
● Alfred B. Nobel Radium, Polonium
● Nationality - Swedish ● Marie & Pierre Curie
● Nationality Pierre Curie – French
● Nationality Marie Curie – Poland

1 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ

Rubber (Vulcanised) Theory of Evolution
● Charles Goodyear ● Charles Darwin
● Nationality - USA ● Nationality - England
● Vulcanised Rubber - addition of Sulphur.
Stainless Steel
Radio ● Harry Brearley
● Guglielmo Marconi ● Nationality – United Kingdom
● Nationality - Italy
Pixel
Sewing machine
● Russell Kirsch
● Barthélemy Thimonnier
● Nationality - USA
● Nationality - France

Telephone Computer Mouse

● Graham Bell ● Douglas Engelbart & Bill English
● Nationality - Scottish ● Nationality - USA

X-ray Logarithms & Decimal Point

● Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen ● John Napier
● Nationality - German ● Nationality - Scotland

Computer Fermentation (Sugar to Alcohol),

● Charles Babbage ● Rabies and Anthrax Vaccines
● Nationality - English ● Louis Pasteur
● Nationality - France
Television
● John Logie Baird Stethoscope
● Nationality – United Kingdom ● Rene Laënnec
● Nationality - French
Light Bulb
● THOMAS EDISON
Cement (Portland Cement)
● Nationality - USA
● William Aspdin
Vaccine ● Nationality - British
● Edward Jenner
● Nationality – United Kingdom Laser
● He developed the vaccine for Smallpox. ● Charles Townes
● Nationality - USA
Electron
● J.J. Thomson Braille
● Nationality - British ● Louis Braille
● Nationality - France
Proton
● Ernest Rutherford Antiseptic
● Nationality - British ● Joseph Lister
● Nationality - British
Neutron
● James Chadwick
Theory of relativity
● Nationality - British
● Albert Einstein
Electric Iron ● Nationality - Germany
● Henry W. Seeley
● Nationality - USA Discovery of the malarial parasite (Plasmodium) in the
gastrointestinal tract of a mosquito in 1897 proved that
Safety Pin malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes
● Walter Hunt ● Ronald Ross was born in Almora, India. (He
● Nationality - USA discovered that malaria disease is caused by
mosquitoes bite)
Telescope ● Nationality – British
● Hans Lippershey ● French scientist Laveran discovered the malaria
● Nationality - Dutch (Netherlands) parasite (Plasmodium) in 1880.

2 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ

आिव ार और खोज by Dr. Gaurav Garg

खोज: एक खोज का मतलब िकसी ऐसी चीज को पहली बार पहचानना जो पहले से ही मौजूद है , िजसे पहले िकसी ने
नहीं पाया है । जैसे ि ोफर कोलंबस ने अमे रका की खोज की।

आिव ार: एक आिव ार अपने िवचारों और िवकास के साथ कुछ नया बनाना है । जैसे थॉमस एिडसन ने काश ब का आिव ार
कैसे िकया।

कैलकुलेटर इले क बैटरी

● पहला यां ि क कैलकुलेटर ां सीसी आिव ारक, ेज़ ● एं टोिनयो वो ा
पा ल ारा 1642 म आिव ार िकया गया था। ● रा ीयता - इतालवी

एयर कंडीशनर हाइडोजन

● िविलस कै रयर ● हे नरी कैविडश
● रा ीयता - यूएसए ● रा ीयता - ि िटश

परमाणु बम िल ट
● जूिलयस रॉबट ओपेनहाइमर ● एलीशा ओिटस
● रा ीयता - यूएसए ● रा ीयता - अमे रकी

िवमान फाउं टेन कलम

● राइट दस ● लुईस वाटरमैन
● िव र और ओरिवल राइट ● रा ीयता – यूएसए
● रा ीयता - यूएसए
इं सुिलन
र समूह ● े ड रक बिटं ग
● काल लसड ीनर ● रा ीयता - कनाडा
● रा ीयता - ऑ या
रे िडयोए िवटी
बॉलपॉइं ट कलम ● हे नरी बेकरे ल
● जॉन जे. लाउड ● रा ीयता - ां सीसी
● आमतौर पर इ ेमाल की जाने वाली धातु ील, पीतल या
टं ग न काबाइड है । माइ ो ोप
● रा ीयता - यूएसए ● जच रस जानसेन
● लुईस वाटरमैन - फाउं टेन पेन के आिव ारक। ● रा ीयता - डच (नीदरलड)

साइिकल ऑ ीजन
● िककपैिटक मैकिमलन ● जोसेफ ि ले
● रा ीयता - ॉटलड (यूनाइटे ड िकंगडम) ● रा ीयता - अं ेज

डीजल इं जन पोिलयो वै ीन
● डो डीजल ● जोनास एडवड सा
● रा ीयता - जमनी ● रा ीयता - यूएसए

डीएनए की संरचना आवत सारणी (पी रयािडक टे बल)

● अमे रकी जीविव ानी जे वॉटसन और अं ेजी भौितक ● िदिम ी मडे लीव
िव ानी ां िसस ि क ● रा ीयता - सी
● डीएनए की खोज पहली बार े ड रच िमसेचर (जमन) ारा
की गई थी। पेिनिसिलन
● डीएनए की संरचना डबल हे िल है । ● अले डर ेिमंग
● रा ीयता - ॉिटश
डायनामाइट
● अ े ड बी. नोबेल रे िडयम, पोलोिनयम
● रा ीयता - ीिडश ● मेरी और िपयरे ू री
● रा ीयता िपयरे ूरी - च
● रा ीयता मैरी ूरी - पोलड

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रबर (व े नाइ ) दू रबीन
● चा गुडइयर ● हं स िलपरशी
● रा ीयता - यूएसए ● रा ीयता - डच (नीदरलड)
● व े नाइ रबर - स र का संयोजन।
िवकासवाद का िस ांत
रे िडयो ● चा डािवन
● गु ो माक नी ● रा ीयता - इं ड
● रा ीयता – इटली
े नलेस ील
● है री ेयरली
िसलाई मशीन
● रा ीयता - यूनाइटे ड िकंगडम
● बाथलेमी िथमोिनयर
● रा ीयता - ां स िप ेल
● रसेल िकश
टे लीफोन ● रा ीयता - यूएसए
● ाहम बेल
● रा ीयता - ॉिटश क ूटर का माउस
● डगलस एं जेलबट और िबल इं श
ए -रे ● रा ीयता - यूएसए
● िव े म कॉनराड रोएं टगेन
● रा ीयता – जमन लघुगणक और दशमलव िबंदु
● जॉन नेिपयर
कं ूटर ● रा ीयता - ॉटलड
● चा बैबेज
● रा ीयता - अं ेजी िक न (चीनी से शराब तक),
● रे बीज और ए े का टीका
टे लीिवजन ● लुई पा चर
● जॉन लॉजी बेयड ● रा ीयता - ां स
● रा ीयता - यूनाइटे ड िकंगडम
े थ ोप
● रे ने लेनेक
लाइट ब
● रा ीयता - ां सीसी
● थॉमस एिडसन
● रा ीयता - यूएसए सीमट (पोटलड सीमट)
● िविलयम आ िडन
टीका ● रा ीयता - ि िटश
● एडवड जेनर
● रा ीयता - यूनाइटे ड िकंगडम लेज़र
● उ ोंने चेचक के िलए टीका िवकिसत िकया। ● चा टाउ
● रा ीयता - यूएसए
इले ॉन
● जे.जे. थॉमसन ेल
● रा ीयता - ि िटश ● लुई ेल
● रा ीयता - ां स
ोटॉन
एं टीसेि क
● अन रदरफोड
● जोसेफ िल र
● रा ीयता - ि िटश
● रा ीयता - ि िटश
ूटॉन सापे ता का िस ांत
● जे चाडिवक ● अ ट आइं ीन
● रा ीयता - ि िटश ● रा ीयता - जमनी

एले कइ ी 1897 म म र के जठरां संबंधी पथ म मले रया परजीवी

● हे नरी ड ू सीली ( ा ोिडयम) की खोज ने सािबत कर िदया िक मले रया
● रा ीयता - यूएसए म रों ारा फैलता है
● रोना रॉस का ज अ ोड़ा, भारत म आ था। (उ ोंने
से ी िपन पाया िक मले रया रोग म रों के काटने से होता है )
● वा र हं ट ● रा ीयता - ि िटश
● रा ीयता - यूएसए ● ां सीसी वै ािनक लावेरन ने 1880 म मले रया परजीवी
( ा ोिडयम) की खोज की थी।

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