1. What is disk partitioning, disk defragment and its use?

Disk partitioning is the process of dividing a hard drive into multiple logical storage units referred to as
partitions. This can be useful for organizing your data and can also improve the performance of your
computer. For example, you can separate the operating system and program files from user files, or you
can create a separate partition for backup and recovery.

Disk defragmentation is the process of reducing the fragmentation on your partition or a disk and
organizing the data on it to improve the performance of your computer. Fragmentation occurs when a file
is broken up into pieces to fit on the disk. Because files are constantly being written, deleted, and resized,
fragmentation is a natural occurrence. When a file is spread out over several locations, it takes longer for
the hard drive to read it.

Defragmentation works by moving all the fragmented files on a disk or partition so that they are stored in
contiguous clusters. This makes it easier for the hard drive to access the files and can improve the overall
performance of your computer.

A common strategy to optimize defragmentation and to reduce the impact of fragmentation is to partition
the hard disk(s) in a way that separates partitions of the file system that experience many more reads than
writes from the more volatile zones where files are created and deleted frequently.

Defragmentation can be performed manually or scheduled to run automatically. In Windows 10, for
example, you can access the defragmentation tool by searching for “defrag” in the search bar and
selecting “Defragment and Optimize Drives”. From there, you can select the disk drive you want to
optimize and click on the “Optimize” button.

It’s important to note that defragmentation is not necessary for solid-state drives (SSDs) as they do not
suffer from fragmentation in the same way that hard disk drives (HDDs) do. In fact, defragmenting an SSD
can actually reduce its lifespan.

2. While troubleshooting a computer, when might you have to enter CMOS setup?
Write the at least three reason.
Here are four possible reasons why you might have to enter CMOS setup while troubleshooting a
computer:

1. To reset the BIOS settings to default: If the computer has problems booting, errors during boot, or
other abnormal problems that cannot be resolved, resetting the CMOS settings to the default settings
might help.

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2. To fix a CMOS checksum error: A CMOS checksum error is a conflict between the CMOS and the BIOS
that happens when you boot your PC. One quick and effective solution to this problem is to reset your
BIOS settings to default.

3. To change the boot sequence: If you need to boot from a different device, such as a USB drive or a
CD/DVD, you might need to enter CMOS setup to change the boot sequence.

4. To update the BIOS: If you are experiencing hardware compatibility issues or other problems, updating
the BIOS to the latest version might help resolve the issue. To update the BIOS, you would need to enter
CMOS setup and follow the instructions provided by the motherboard manufacturer.

3. Write the general steps of troubleshooting.

1. Identify the problem: The first step in troubleshooting is to identify the problem. This can be done by
observing the symptoms and error messages, if any.
2. Gather information: Once you have identified the problem, gather as much information as possible
about it. This can include checking system logs, searching for solutions online, and asking for help from
others who may have experienced a similar issue.
3. Develop a plan: After gathering information, develop a plan to address the problem. This can include
trying different solutions, such as updating drivers or software, or making changes to system settings.
4. Implement the plan: Once you have a plan, implement it by following the steps you have outlined.
5. Test and verify: After implementing your plan, test to see if the problem has been resolved. If it has not,
continue troubleshooting by gathering more information and trying different solutions.
6. Document the solution: Once the problem has been resolved, document the solution so that you can
refer to it in the future if the issue arises again.

4. Explain SSD and HHD.

An SSD (Solid State Drive) is a type of data storage device that uses NAND-based flash memory to store
data. Unlike traditional hard drives, SSDs have no moving parts, which makes them faster, more reliable,
and less prone to mechanical failure. They also consume less power and generate less heat than
traditional hard drives.

SSDs come in various form factors, including 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch sizes that are commonly used in laptops
and desktops. They can also be installed in a PCI Express expansion slot or mounted directly on the
motherboard using the M.2 form factor.

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One of the main advantages of an SSD over an HDD is its speed. SSDs can access data much faster than
traditional hard drives because they don’t have to wait for spinning disks to find the data. This results in
faster boot times, application launches, and file transfers.

Another advantage of SSDs is their durability. Because they have no moving parts, they are less likely to
fail due to mechanical issues. They are also more resistant to physical shock and vibration, which makes
them a good choice for laptops and other portable devices.

However, SSDs are more expensive than traditional hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte. This means
that you will generally pay more for an SSD with the same storage capacity as an HDD.

An HDD (Hard Disk Drive) is a traditional data storage device that has been used for many years. It stores
data on spinning disks called platters that are coated with a magnetic material. A read/write head on an
arm accesses the data while the platters are spinning.

HDDs are cheaper than SSDs in terms of dollar per gigabyte, but they are slower and less reliable. Because
they have moving parts, they are more prone to mechanical failure and can be damaged by physical shock
or vibration.

HDDs come in various form factors, including 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch sizes that are commonly used in
laptops and desktops. They can also be used as external storage devices by connecting them to a
computer via a USB or other interface.

5. How can we improve CPU speed and Disk drive?

1. Scan and clean your hard disk regularly: Regularly scanning and cleaning your hard disk can help
remove unnecessary files and free up space, which can improve its performance.
2. Defragment your hard disk: Defragmenting your hard disk can help reduce fragmentation and improve
its performance. This can be done using the built-in Windows Optimize Drives tool.
3. Reinstall your operating system: Reinstalling your operating system can help improve the performance
of both your CPU and disk drive by removing any unnecessary files and programs that may be slowing
down your computer.
4. Enable write caching: Enabling write caching on your hard drive can improve its read/write speed by
allowing your computer to store data in a cache before it is written to the hard drive .
5. Use a high-performance power plan: Using a high-performance power plan on your computer can help
improve the performance of both your CPU and disk drive by keeping them running at their maximum
capacity.

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6. Disable the hibernation feature: Disabling the hibernation feature on your computer can help free up
disk space and improve its performance.

7. Convert your hard drives to NTFS: Converting your hard drives from FAT32 to NTFS can improve their
performance by allowing them to use more advanced features such as file compression and encryption

8. Empty your Recycle Bin: Emptying your Recycle Bin regularly can help free up disk space and improve
its performance.

9. Use third-party optimization tools: There are many third-party tools available that can help you
optimize the performance of your hard drive. For example, Disk Speedup is a tool that can analyze,
defragment, and optimize any drives that are connected to your machine.

6. What is BIOS stands for? Write its advantage.

BIOS stands for Basic Input/output System. It is a firmware that is used to initialize the hardware
components of a computer and start the operating system when the computer is turned on.

There are several advantages to updating your computer’s BIOS:

1. Improved performance: Updating your BIOS can improve the overall performance of your computer by
optimizing its settings and fixing any known issues.
2. Better compatibility: Updating your BIOS can help resolve compatibility issues with newer hardware
components.
3. Shorter boot time: Updating your BIOS can help reduce the time it takes for your computer to boot up.
4. Improved stability: Updating your BIOS can help improve the stability of your computer by fixing any
known bugs or issues.
5. Additional hardware support: Updating your BIOS can allow you to use hardware that you previously
weren’t able to use. For example, if you have an older motherboard and want to upgrade to a newer
CPU, a BIOS update may be necessary to make the motherboard compatible with the new CPU.
6. Security updates: Updating your BIOS can also provide important security updates that can help
protect your computer from potential threats.
7. Better overclocking capability: Updating your BIOS can improve the overclocking capability of some
components, such as RAM, that may have been poorly supported in previous versions.
8. Solve miscellaneous problems: Updating your BIOS can help solve miscellaneous problems that may be
varied and specific to your computer.

7. What is the advantage of large size RAM in our computer system?

Having a large amount of RAM in your computer system can provide several advantages:

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1. Better simultaneous operation of programs: More RAM means more programs can be run at one time,
which can improve performance for multitasks.
2. Increased computer startup time: More RAM can help reduce the time it takes for your computer to
start up.
3. Efficient internet browsing: More RAM can help improve the performance of your web browser,
allowing you to browse the internet more efficiently.
4. Improved gaming and GUI performance: More RAM can help improve the performance of games and
other graphics-intensive applications.
5. Faster data transfer: More RAM can help improve the speed of data transfer between your computer’s
components.
6. Reduced CPU load: More RAM can help reduce the load on your computer’s CPU, allowing it to work
more efficiently
7. Improved video editing performance: More RAM can help improve the performance of video editing
software, allowing you to work more efficiently.
8. Improved virtual machine performance: More RAM can help improve the performance of virtual
machines, allowing you to run multiple operating systems on your computer more efficiently.
9. Reduced reliance on virtual memory: More RAM can help reduce your computer’s reliance on virtual
memory, which can improve its overall performance.
10. Improved ability to handle large data sets: More RAM can help improve your computer’s ability to
handle large data sets, such as those used in data analysis or scientific simulations.

8. List at least three data recovery websites.

1. Acronis: This online data recovery software can be used for data recovery in Windows and Linux.
2. Datarecovery.com: This website helps its customers recover files easily.
3. 7 Data Recovery: This website offers a range of software and services for data recovery.
4. Recovermyfiles: This recovery solution offers you a free evaluation mode as well as a standard and
professional one.
5. Data Recovery: They claim to be experts in Data recovery and provide real-time support.
6. Stellar Data Recovery: This platform comes with several scan options, meaning you can tailor the scan
for the type of data loss that has occurred.

9. What factors can slow the performance of a computer hard disk?

 Temporary files: These are files that are created to store information temporarily while a new file is
being made or changes are being made to an existing file. Over time, these temporary files can
accumulate and take up space on the hard drive, slowing down its performance.
 Bad sectors: These are small clusters of storage space on a hard disk that appear to be defective. They
can cause the hard drive to slow down as it tries to access data from these damaged areas.
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 Fragmentation: This occurs when a file is broken up into smaller pieces and stored in different locations
on the hard drive. This can cause the hard drive to slow down as it has to search for all the pieces of a
file before it can be accessed.
 Menace applications: These are programs that can harm your computer’s performance by using up
resources or causing conflicts with other programs. They can be difficult to detect and remove, but
keeping your computer’s security software up to date can help protect against them.

Other factors that can slow down the performance of a computer hard disk include a lack of free space,
outdated hardware or software, and malware or viruses.

10. Write an incident/ damage which happen on your electrical device in your home,
family and neighbors due to electrical surge and lighting storms.
It was a dark and stormy night. The rain was pouring down in sheets and the wind was howling outside.
Suddenly, there was a loud clap of thunder and a bright flash of lightning. In that instant, the power went
out in the entire neighborhood.

My family and I were sitting in the living room when it happened. We heard a loud pop and saw sparks
flying from the television. It had been fried by the electrical surge caused by the lightning strike.

We quickly unplugged all of our electronic devices to prevent further damage. But it was too late for some
of our neighbors. The next day, we found out that several houses on our street had suffered damage to
their electrical systems and appliances due to the surge.

It was a scary and costly incident that reminded us all of the power of nature and the importance of
protecting our homes and devices from electrical surges during storms.

11. List out some applications of ICT in home, office, factory, transport, communication,
education/training and health sectors.

 Home: Smart home systems, home security systems, personal computers, entertainment systems,
online shopping and banking, remote home monitoring, and energy management systems.
 Office: Email, video conferencing, project management software, office productivity tools, customer
relationship management software, human resources management systems, and data analysis tools.
 Factory: Automation systems, inventory management systems, quality control systems, supply chain
management systems, production planning and scheduling software, and predictive maintenance
systems.
 Transport: GPS navigation systems, traffic management systems, vehicle tracking systems, online
ticketing and reservation systems, route planning and optimization software, and fleet management
systems.

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 Communication: Social media platforms, instant messaging apps, VoIP services, online forums and
discussion boards, blogging platforms, and podcasting tools.
 Education/Training: Online learning platforms, educational software, virtual training programs,
interactive whiteboards, digital textbooks, and online assessment tools.
 Health: Electronic health records, telemedicine services, health monitoring devices, health information
systems, online appointment scheduling, and medication management apps.

12. How many computer - based information systems are there? List them in their level
of
management.

1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): These systems are used at the operational level of management
to record and process the routine transactions of an organization, such as sales, receipts, and
payments.
2. Management Information Systems (MIS): These systems are used at the middle management level to
provide managers with reports and information to help them make decisions and monitor the
performance of the organization.
3. Decision Support Systems (DSS): These systems are used at the middle and upper management levels
to support decision-making by providing managers with tools and techniques for analyzing data and
making informed decisions.
4. Executive Information Systems (EIS): These systems are used at the upper management level to
provide executives with easy access to information about the organization’s performance and external
environment to support strategic decision-making.
5. Expert Systems (ES): These systems use artificial intelligence techniques to provide advice and
recommendations to users in a specific domain of knowledge.
6. Office Automation Systems (OAS): These systems are used to support the day-to-day activities of an
office, such as word processing, email, and scheduling.
7. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS): These systems are used to support the creation, storage, and
sharing of knowledge within an organization.
8. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: These systems integrate the various functions of an
organization, such as finance, human resources, and supply chain management, into a single system to
improve efficiency and coordination.

13. What is digital device?

A digital device is an electronic device that uses digital technology to process, store, and transmit
information. Digital devices include a wide range of products such as computers, smartphones, tablets,
smart watches, and digital cameras. These devices use binary code to represent and manipulate data,

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allowing them to perform complex calculations and operations quickly and accurately. Digital devices have
become an integral part of our daily lives, enabling us to communicate, work, learn, and be entertained in
new and innovative ways.

14. What are the positive and negative impacts of using computer in offices?

Here are some of the positive and negative impacts of using computers in offices:

Positive impacts:
 Increased efficiency in work and communication
 Access to vast amounts of information
 Improved quality of life through advancements in healthcare and entertainment
 Easier access to the information
 The use of computers and internet for work has gotten rid of time and space boundaries, allowing
employees to work anytime and anywhere
 Technology encourages creativity and innovation
 Technology improves communication
 Technology improves management of human resources

Negative impacts:
 Job displacement
 Over-reliance on technology
 Privacy concerns