PHYSICS PROJECT

NETURAL POINT OF A MAGNET

MADE BY : ROHITH S
12-c2
Pages attached
TOPIC
1
Certificates
2
Acknowledgement
3
Preface
4
Introduction
5
Aim
6
Apparatus
7
Theory
8
Procedure
9
Observations
10
Calculations
11
Result
12
Precautions
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Rohith S of class XII-B has performed

the experiment entitled
" To determine the location of Neutral points and
calculate the Dipole Moment of Bar Magnet given".
Under the supervision of Sir Mohan Rao

Mr. Mohan Rao

(Physics Department)
 Montfort School

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Rohith S, of class XII-C2 sincerely acknowledge

my Physics teacher Mohan Rao for his invaluable support in
selecting this extremely important project. I express my
gratitude for her knowledgeable suggestions, comments ,
advice and guidance throughout.

Rohith S
XII -C2
Roll No:
 PREFACE
I chose to perform this experiment , to locate the neutral
point, as an extension to the theory we have already learnt
in the class.

We have been taught that a point in the magnetic field

where the fields due to the bar magnet is equal and
opposite to the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic
field.

I feel the observations made in the experiment and the

conclusion drawn from them complement the concept by
verifying it sufficiently.
 INTRODUCTION
Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are
mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the
magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a
magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic
moments. Every material is influenced to some extent by
a magnetic field. The most familiar effect is on permanent
magnets, which have persistent magnetic moments caused
by ferromagnetism. The prefix Ferro- refers to iron,
because permanent magnetism was first observed in a
form of natural iron ore called magnetite, Fe3O4. Most
materials do not have permanent moments. Some are
attracted to a magnetic field (paramagnetic); others are
repulsed by a magnetic field (diamagnetism); others have
a more complex relationship with an applied magnetic
field (spin glass behavior and antiferromagnetism).
Substances that are negligibly affected by magnetic fields
are known as non-magnetic substances. These include
copper, aluminium, gases, and plastic. Pure oxygen
exhibits magnetic properties when cooled to a liquid state.

The magnetic state (or magnetic phase) of a material

depends on temperature and other variables such as
pressure and the applied magnetic field.

Magnetism is a force of nature, which causes special

kinds of objects to attract to each other. Magnetism is all
around you. You can find it in the most common places
like the magnet on your refrigerator. The force of
magnetism flows from one pole to another. A pole is the
point where the force is pointed. The force of magnetism
causes material to point along the direction the magnetic
force points. This means that the force has direction.

The force is represented by lines, which point from the

positive pole to the negative pole of the magnet. It forces
small pieces of iron to live up in the direction the magnet
force points. The lines represent what is called the
magnetic field of the magnet. The magnetic field is
strongest where the lines of force come together, and is
weakest when the lines of force are far apart.

A magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field. This field

has both a North side, and a South side. This field is
strongest where the lines of force came together and
weakest when they are far apart.

Flux lines are the lines that determine how current flows
throughout a magnet. They are circular lines, which run
around the magnet. It is determined which direction a
current is flowing by using a series of left-hand rules.
Each magnet has its own flux shape, and rule.
Magnetism and electricity are very closely related. When
speaking of them together they are spoken of as an
electromagnetic force. There are three main factors that
must be thought of when realizing that magnetism and
electricity are related. These things are a) moving electric
charges produce magnetic fields, b) magnetic fields exert
forces on moving electric charges, c) when you change
magnetic fields in the presence of electric charges it
causes a current to flow.
Magnetism is present throughout the world. It is used in
electronics, medicine, generators, and in so many other
things. Magnetism affects all aspects of our lives.
 AIM
To determine the location of neutral points and calculate
the dipole moment of bar magnet given

APPARATUS
 A Drawing Board

 A Compass Needle

 A Bar Magnet

 A plain sheet of paper

 Fixing pins

 Meter Scale
 THEORY
The Magnetic Field :
When the
charged particle move through a magnetic
field B, it feels Lorentz force F given by the
cross product

F = Q (V x B)
where Q is the electric charge of the particle
and V is the velocity vector of the particle

Because this is a cross product, the force is

perpendicular to both the motion of the
particle and the magnetic field. It follows that
the magnetic force does not work on the
particle, it may change the direction of the
particle's movement , but it cannot cause it to
speed up or slow down. The maitgunde of the
force is
 F= QVBs in
Ɵ
where Ɵ is the angle between the V and B vectors

The magnetic field lines: The magnetic field

lines are a visual and intuitive realization of the magnetic
field. Their properties are

 The magnetic field lines of a magnet(or a sole)n oid

gorm continuous closed loops. This is unlike the
electric dipole where these fileds lines begin from a
positive charge and end on a negative charge or
escape to infinity. The tangent to the field line at a given point
represents the direction of the net magentic field B at
that point

Lines of force : Lines of force is a closed

imaginary curve starting from the North Pole and
ending in the South pole in the magnetic field such
that the tangent drawn at any point o the curve gives
the direction of resultant magentic field at that po int.
The Dipole
: A very common source of magentic
field shown in the nature is dipole, with a "south
pole" and a "north pole", terms dating back to the use
of magnets as compass, interacting with the Earth's
magnetic field to indicate the North and South Pole.
Since the opposite ends of the magnets are attracted ,
the North Pole of a magnet attracted to the souteh pol
of another magnet. The Earth's North Magnetic Pole
(currently in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada) is
physically a south pole as it attracts the North Pole of
a compass. A magnetic field contains energy, and
physical systems move around configurations with
lower energy. When diamagnetic material is placed
in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole tends to align
itself in opposed polarity to that filed, thereby
lowering the net filed strength.
When ferromagnetic material is placed within a
magnetic field , the dipoles align to the applied force,
thus expanding the domain walls of the magnetic
domains.

The magnetic Dipole Moment: The

magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that
determines the torque it will experience in an external
magnetic field. A loop of electric current , a bar
magnet, an electron , a molecule , and a planet all
have magnetic moments. The magnetic moment may
be considered to be a vector having magnitude and
direction . The direction of magnetic moment points
from south to the North Pole of the magnet. The
magnetic field produced by the magnet is
proportional to its magnetic moment. More precisely,
the term magnetic moment normally refers to a
system's magnetic dipole moment, which produce the
first term in the multiple expansion of a general
magnetic field. The dipole component of an object's
magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its
magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the
inverse cube of the distance from the object.

EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD

Elements of the Earth's Magnetic

field:
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the
geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends
from Earth's interior to where it meets the solar wind,
a stream of charged particles emanating from the sun.
Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25-
65 microstela(0.25-.0.65 gauss). It is approximately
the field of a magnetic dipole titled at an angle of 10
degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if
there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the
Center of the Earth, unlike a bar magnet , however.
Earth's magnetic field changes over time because it is
generated by a geodynamo(in the Earth's case, the
molten iron alloy in its outer core)

The North Magnetic Pole wander sufficiently slowly

to keep ordinary compasses useful for navigation. At
random intervals, however, are averaging around
several hundred thousand years, the Earth's field
reverses and the North and South Magnetic poles
switch places. These reversals of the geomagnetic
poles leave a record in rocks that allow
paleomagnetists to calculate past motions of
continents and ocean floors as a result of
platetoctonics.
The magnetosphere is a region above the ionosphere
and extends several tens of thousands kilometers into
space, protecting the Earth from cosmic rays that
would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere,
including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from
harmful ultraviolet radiations.
The magnetosphere is the region above the
ionosphere and extends several tens of thousands of
kilometers into space, protecting the Earth from
cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the
upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that
protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations.

Dipolar Approximations : Near the surface

of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely
approximated by the field of a magnetic Dipole
positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an
angle of about 10 degree with respect to the rotational
axis of the Earth. The dipole is roughly equivalent to
a powerful bar magnet, with its south pole pointing
towards the geomagnetic North Pole. This may seem
surprising, but the North Pole of a magnet is so
defined because, if allowed to rotate freely, it points
roughly northwards(in the geographic sense). Since
the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of
other magnet and repels the North Pole, it must be
attracted to the south pole of the Earth's Magnet. The
dipolar field accounts for 80% to 90% of the field in
most locations.
Intensity : The intensity of the field is often
measured in gauss(G),but is generally reported in
nanostela(nT) , with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanastela is
also referred to as gammɣa) (. The telsa is the SI unit of
the magnetic field, B. The field ranges between (25,000
to 65,000 nT) (0.,25-0.65 G). By comparison, a strong
refrigerator magnet has a field of about 100 gauss(0.010 T).
 PRECAUTIONS
 All the point must be traced very accurately and neatly
using a compass

 The North Pole of the bar magnet must be placed

along the direction of geographic North

A sharp pencil must be used to draw all the magnetic


lines of forces

Distance of neutral points must be measured from the

 centre of Bar Magnet
 BIBLOGRAPHY
The following books assisted and inspired me
in my Endeavour of completing this
experiment as my practical work

 PHYSICS TEXT BOOK OF CLASS

XII(NCERT)

 FUNDAMENTAL OF PHYSICS BY
WILEY -INDIA

Lastly, I would like to mention about the

inputs drawn by me from various sources