ynSOf

Car
ARBONEISCOMPOUNDS
1 SLLABUS.
s- Koy Concept I
on -

c&amorp/01uSnature of

diamond,
Concerns Learning Outcomes
definition and
explanation.
allotropes of
8raphite, coke, coal, soot.
aration, properties & uses of
carbon. explain the term
allotropy
CHAPTER 9

describe different
m doxidte
allotropes of Carbon,
of-carbon dioxide.
operties tate the properties
of CGraphite and Diamond;
m i c a lp r o p e r t i
of-carbon dioxide
de.
4.n.N
7ature
Reactiorn with lime water. prepare carbon dioxide in a laboratory;
Ises of- arbon monoxide.
hperties
& use
describe the uses of carbon dioxide;
se as reducing agent in extraction of iron
Useas
on

of- with
h e harmful properties
pha strate different reactions of carbon dioxide
phasis
inphasizetthe
aronm o n o I d ew h e n aled asphyxia. lime water and litmus solutions.

ARBON& ITS C
& ITS COMPOUNDS
Introduction & occurrencce
BON& ITS COMPOUND
widely distributed element &Introduction
CA
C a r b
forms innumerahle commounds with oxygen & hyaro8
Organic C h e m i s t r y :

chdy of specific carbon compounds which includes

The
ounds mainly of carbon, hydrogen &
oxygen.
Cles: Hydrocarbons e.g. -

methane-CH& ethane-CoH6
Acids e.g. acetic acid-CH,COOH; Alcohols e.g. methyl alcohol-CH,OH
Acids e.g. acetic

norganic Chemistry:
includes the study of oxides of carbon, carbonates, bicarbonates, metallic carbides etc
Examples: carbon monoxide - C O ; carbon dioxide - C O ; calcium carbonate - CacO

calciumbicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 i carbonic acid H,COg etc.

of carbon include sugar & starch, fuels & synthetic fibres.
.Other compounds -

,OcCURRENCE

Carbon occurs in the free state & in the combined state.

Inthefree state-
form as
Carbon occurs free in nature in the crystalline i.e. crystal
-

formas coal formed below the earth's surface.

diamond &graphite& inthe amorphous impure
In thecombined state- in the atmosphere [about 0.03% by vol.].
Larbon occurs as carbon dioxide & petroleum. In the solid state it oocurs in
It also occurs as ydrocarbons in natural gas
& in minerals e-g. limestone CaCO -

WOod (cellulose], in plants & animals as carbohydrates

B.ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
CARBON Exhibits the phenomenon of auo
DEFINITION
Allotropy - is the existence of an element in
more than one -

physical form
having- different physical properties
but the same graded chemical properties
Allotropes exhibit
itferent physical properties but the same chemical properties.
Allotropy is the result of - difference in atomic arrangement in the crystal struchur,
pt the element, hence they differ in physical properties but structure
r e rorms of the same element carbon, and hence have similar chemical properties.

CRYSTALLINE
FORMS
Diamond

Graphite
V
Fullerene
Fullerene - is a hollow cage torm ot carbon

having about 30 to 900 atoms in its molecule

ALLOTROPES Buckminsterfullerene [Col is a spherical fom
OF CARBON
of carbon containing 60 atoms in its molecule
arranged in hexagons & pentagons. It canbe
obtained by condensing vaporised graphite

Wood Charcoal
Charcoal- Sugar Charcoal
Lampblack
Bone Charcoal
AMORPHOUS or soot
FORMS Coal
[Micro-Crystalline)
Coke

o02
YSTALLIN
STALLINE ALLOTROF
E ALL CH
Dlamond
comparattive study of the crystalllne allotropes
g r

&g
a p h i t o - S t r u o

ite.
t u r e

DIAMOND of carbon-diamond & graph

OcCURRENCE GRAPHITE
Snaturally - OCCURRENCE
D

Occurs naturally
c c u r s

bedded in hard rocksfound in in-

world [Africa,
e asplumbago, a black solid found
Brazil]. different parts of the world.
ayod artificially by subjecting pure
Prepared
-

y thermal
bonto-highte
htemperatures &&pressures. Prepared artificially bcarbide [SiCJ
aecomposition of-
silicon
STRUCTURE OF DIAMOND
S h a p eo fC y s t a l
STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE
A three dimensional
Shape of Crystal:
A two dimensional1-
ctrahedral eight sided crystal
-

sheetlike-flat layered crystal.

Crystal Lattice
B
Crystal Lattice:
The crystal lattice is built up from a - from aa-
The crystal lattice is built up
three dimensional tetrahedral unit two dimensional hexagonal unit.
In this unit a carbon atom is linked- linked
ked In this unit a carbon atom is
tofour other carbon atoms by to three other carbon atoms by
-

covalentbonds [ot equal lengths covalent bonds in the same layer.

The layers are arranged - in parallel,
Thecovalent bonds are directed
towards the apices of a - one above the other, held together by
regular tetrahedron. very weak -
Van der Waals forces.

carbon atom Van der Waals forces

covalent bond covalent bond
Arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite
Basic tetrahedral unit of a diamond crystal

03
CRYSTALLINE ALLOTROPES Diamond &grap roperties
A comparative study of the line allotropes of carbon diamond&
& graphite,
crystalline allotropes o
DIAMOND
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES GRAPHITE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a] Colour
al Colour
Colourless &transparent.
Blackish grey opaque solid with
Impurities give it a -

mild tinge. metallic lustre.

b] Nature frigidity] b] Nature rigidity]
Hardest natural substance
known. One of the softest substances.
-markspaperer
Hardness due to: Softness greasy
& feel due to:
strength&uniformityofthe carbon-carbon| parallel layers of Catoms held togetherby
covalent bonds. weak Van der Waalsforces which slide over
stable & rigid
crystal lattice. one another leaving -a mark on paper.
] Density
c] Density
High density due to: Low density due to :
Compactness of crystal structure. Open crystal structure.
Distance between C-C bonds is less] [Distance between layers of Catoms is high]

d] Conduction of- electricity d Conduction of- electricity

Nonconductor - of electricity - due to Good conductor of electricity dueto
- -

absence of free electrons in the crystal. -

presence of mobile electrons in the crystal

e] Conduction of- heat e] Conduction of- heat
Very poor conductor - of heat. Good conductor - of heat.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

a] Reactivity a] Reactivity
Chemically very inert, does not react with Slightly more reactive - than diamond.
most chemicals. Less prone to
attack due to its - compact structure.
chemical More prone to chemical attack due to is -
more open structure.

b] Burning in air or oxygen b] Burning in air or oxygen

.Burns in air - at about 900°C. Does not burn - in air.

When heated in an atmosphere of O2 When heated in an atmosphere of O

it catches fire at about 800°C - forming
itburnsbrightly atabout700°C-formin
it is a pureform of carbon. CO2, traces of CO&a small amountofash.|
CO only.
c] Action of chemical reagents
c Action of chemical reagents
Does not react-with chemicalreagents Reactswith-strong oxidizing agents
eg conc. HNO, && conc. HSO, forming CO%|
eg. acids, alkalis, etc.

04
 E
TALLINE
DIAMOND
ALLOT
LLOTROPES Diamond & graphite raphite - Uses

OFOF
-

SESO

A p p l i c e t i o n

Form used
Reason for use
a ardmateria a/

s t r i a la p p l i c a t i c

: As a tip for - deep

Hardest substance known to man
Hardness due to: Generally
black

rilling. diamonds
h o r i n gd

Iriting : For cutting glass &

r i l l s ,

Strength &uniformity of
C-Cbonds in diamond.
o t h e rd i a m o n d s .

Stable & rigid crystal lattice.

A58
gem
s n d finds application as Diamond hasa sparkling brilliance.|Generae cut &
Dian colourless, cut &
the s tp r e c i o u s & Brilliance due to: polished diamonds
item ofjewellery. High refractive index
e p e n

U S E SO F - G R A P H I T E

Leadofpencils

dof form of thin rods or

nhite in the Parallel layers of carbon atoms in |Mixture
graphite & clay
- in pencils. Th hardness graphite are held by -

moulded into rods

the clay
u s e d

on-
s depends weak forces of attraction.
thelead
ot
f h el e a q
as lead.
c o n t e n t .
Layers slide over o n e another used
making it slippery & thereby
leaving-a mark on paper.
AqueouS suspension
L u b r i c a n t

lubricant-used forbicycle Parallel, layers in oil o r

Asadry
chains, machine parts. slide over one another of graphite
Nonvolatile & non-sticky] petroleum jelly.
lubricant- Ordinary lubricating oil gets
Asahigh temp. parts charred duetohightemperature.
heated machine
sed for

Refractory crucibles
Graphite lined crucibles- Graphite can withstand very Graphite-clay
baked at
fnd application in manufacture high temperatures [high m.p.] mixtures
elevated temp. to
Is a- good conductor ofheat.
etc.
of-high grade steel, alloys, form crucibles.

Electrodes
Graphite used as electrodes in Graphite is agood conductor Hardened
rods
of- electricity &relatively inert. |8raphite
electroplating, dry cells &
Chemically it is almost
-

acid-resistant electrodes for

inactive with acids.
electrolytic cells.