Requirement Engineering

This set of Software Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers

(MCQs) focuses on “Requirement Engineering”.

1. What are the types of requirements ?

a) Availability
b) Reliability
c) Usability
d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: All the mentioned traits are beneficial for an effective
product to be developed.

2. Select the developer-specific requirement ?

a) Portability
b) Maintainability
c) Availability
d) Both Portability and Maintainability
Explanation: Availability is user specific requirement.

3. Which one of the following is not a step of requirement engineering?

a) elicitation
b) design
c) analysis
d) documentation
Explanation: Requirement Elicitation, Requirement Analysis, Requirement
Documentation and Requirement Review are the four crucial process steps of
requirement engineering. Design is in itself a different phase of Software
Engineering.

4-FAST stands for

a) Functional Application Specification Technique
b) Fast Application Specification Technique
c) Facilitated Application Specification Technique
d) None of the mentioned
Explanation: None.

5. QFD stands for

a) quality function design
b) quality function development
c) quality function deployment
d) none of the mentioned
Explanation: None.
6. A Use-case actor is always a person having a role that different people may
play.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: Use-case Actor is anything that needs to interact with the
system, be it a person or another (external) system.

7. The user system requirements are the parts of which document ?

a) SDD
b) SRS
c) DDD
d) SRD
Explanation: Software requirements specification (SRS), is a complete
description of the behaviour of a system to be developed and may include a
set of use cases that describe interactions the users will have with the
software.

8. A stakeholder is anyone who will purchase the completed software system

under development.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: Stakeholders are anyone who has an interest in the project.
Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively
involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of
project execution or project completion.

9. Conflicting requirements are common in Requirement Engineering, with

each client proposing his or her version is the right one.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: This situation is seen in every field of work as each professional
has his/her way of looking onto things & would argue to get his/her point
approved.

10. Which is one of the most important stakeholder from the following ?
a) Entry level personnel
b) Middle level stakeholder
c) Managers
d) Users of the software
Explanation: Users are always the most important stakeholders.After all,
without users or customers, what’s the point of being in business?.
1. What is the first step of requirement elicitation ?
a) Identifying Stakeholder
b) Listing out Requirements
c) Requirements Gathering
d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: Stakeholders are the one who will invest in and use the product,
so its essential to chalk out stakeholders first.

2. Starting from least to most important, choose the order of stakeholder.

i. Managers
ii. Entry level Personnel
iii. Users
iv. Middle level stakeholder
a) i, ii, iv, iii
b) i, ii, iii, iv
c) ii, iv, i, iii
d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: Users are your customers, they will be using your product, thus
making them most important of all.

3-Arrange the tasks involved in requirements elicitation in an appropriate

manner.
i. Consolidation
ii. Prioritization
iii. Requirements Gathering
iv. Evaluation
a) iii, i, ii, iv
b) iii, iv, ii, i
c) iii, ii, iv, i
d) ii, iii, iv, i
Explanation: Requirements gathering captures viewpoint from different users
followed by evaluation of those view points . Now comes the task of checking
the relative importance of the requirements and finally to consolidate or bind
together the information collected.

4. What are the types of requirement in Quality Function Deployment(QFD) ?

a) Known, Unknown, Undreamed
b) User, Developer
c) Functional, Non-Functional
d) Normal, Expected, Exciting
Explanation: According to QFD, Normal, Expected and Exciting requirements
maximizes customer satisfaction from the Software Engineering Process.
5. What kind of approach was introduced for elicitation and modelling to give
a functional view of the system ?
a) Object Oriented Design (by Booch)
b) Use Cases (by Jacobson)
c) Fusion (by Coleman)
d) Object Modeling Technique (by Rumbaugh)
Explanation: Use Case captures who does what with the system, for what
purpose, without dealing with system internals.

6. What are the kinds of actors used in OOSE ?

a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Ternary
d) Both Primary and Secondary
Explanation: A primary actor is one having a goal requiring the assistance
ofthe system whereas, a secondary actor is one from which system needs
assistance.There is no such thing as ternary actor in Software Engineering.

7. Why is Requirements Elicitation a difficult task ?

a) Problem of scope
b) Problem of understanding
c) Problem of volatility
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Users specify unnecessary technical detail that may confuse,
rather than clarify overall system objectives.Also, the customers/users are
not completely sure of what is needed, have a poor understanding of the
capabilities and limitations of their computing environment and they do not
understand that the requirements change over time.

8. What requirement gathering method developed at IBM in 1970s is used for

managing requirement elicitation ?
a) JAD
b) Traceability
c) FAST
d) Both JAD and Traceability
Explanation: Joint application design (JAD) is a process used to collect
business requirements while developing new information systems for a
company. Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the life
of a requirement and providing bi-directional traceability between various
associated requirements.
9. Requirements elicitation is a cyclic process
a) True
b) False
Explanation: Requirements traceability provides bi-directional traceability
between various associated requirements.

10. How many Scenarios are there in elicitation activities ?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Explanation: As-is Scenario, Visionary Scenario, Evaluation Scenario and
Training Scenario are the four scenarios in requirement elicitation activities.

1. Which of the following elicitation techniques is a viewpoint based method?

a) FODA
b) QFD
c) CORE
d) IBIS
Explanation: Controlled Requirements Expression(CORE) says that any
system can be viewed from a number of view points and that a complete
picture of system requirements can only emerge by putting together the
various viewpoints.

2. ___________ and ____________ are the two view points discussed in Controlled
Requirements Expression (CORE).
a) Functional, Non-Functional
b) User, Developer
c) Known, Unknown
d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: The CORE sessions includes the discussion of functional and
non-functional requirements.

3. What is the major drawback of CORE ?

a) Requirements are comprehensive
b) NFRs are not given enough importance
c) Role of analyst is passive
d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: In CORE the requirement specification are put together by all
users, customers and analysts, so a passive analyst will not get the
requirements properly.
4-Choose a framework that corresponds to Issue Based Information System
(IBIS).
a) Idea -> Question -> Argument
b) Question -> Idea -> Argument
c) Issue -> Position -> Justification
d) Both Question -> Idea -> Argument and Issue -> Position -> Justification
Explanation: IBIS is a simple and non-intrusive method that provides a
framework for resolving issues and gathering requirements.

5. How is CORE different from IBIS ?

a) Iterative in nature
b) Redundancies are removed
c) It is simple and an easier method to use
d) Consistency problems are addressed in CORE
Explanation: Preliminary data collection is done in CORE to get some broad
level data on each view point to structure the view point and to check
consistency from within and outside the viewpoints.

7. How many steps are involved in Feature Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA)?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five
Explanation: Context Analysis, Domain Modeling and Architecture Modeling
are the three steps involved in Feature Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA).

8. IBIS is a more structured approach than CORE.

a) True
b) False
Explanation: IBIS is a more structured approach as it captures information
which is consistent and important . On the other hand CORE gives
importance to every view point even if it is obsolete.

9. Which one of the following is not an actor in JAD sessions ?

a) User
b) Tester
c) Scribe
d) Sponsor
Explanation: A Tester’s role is seen in after coding phase rather than in
elicitation phase.
10. What of the following is not an output of a JAD session ?
a) Context Diagrams
b) DFDs
c) ER model
d) UML diagrams
Explanation: Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams are constructed
during the design phase of the SDLC.

1. How is brainstorming different from JAD ? Brainstorming sessions

a) last for about 2-3 hours
b) last for about 2-3 days
c) cover the technology used for the development
d) all of the mentioned
Explanation: Brainstorming is a group or individual creativity technique by
which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by
gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its member(s).The idea
is to quickly reach to an approved solution ASAP.

2. How is throwaway prototype different from evolutionary prototype ?

a) It involves successive steps
b) It involves just one task
c) The prototype is built with the idea that it will eventually be converted into
final system
d) It has a shorter development time
Explanation: Except option b all other options represent the characteristics of
an evolutionary prototype.

3-Keeping the requirements of QFD in mind which of the following is not an

example of an Expected Requirement ?
a) Ease of software installation
b) Overall operational correctness and reliability
c) Specific system functions
d) Quality graphical display
Explanation: Expected requirements are so fundamental that a customer
does not explicitly state them. System functions comes under the category of
Normal requirements in QFD which is compulsory to be defined ,hence is not
an expected requirement.

4. QFD works best if it has management commitment.

a) True
b) False
Explanation: QFD involves heavy investment in initial stages, thus bounding
the management to provide appropriate funding for the development
process .
5. Which of the following Requirement Elicitation Techniques is applicable to
messy, changing and ill-defined problem situations ?
a) Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
b) Prototyping
c) Soft Systems Methodology (SSM)
d) Controlled Requirements Expression (CORE)
Explanation: Soft systems methodology (SSM) is a systemic approach for
tackling real-world problematic situations . It is a common misunderstanding
that SSM is a methodology for dealing solely with ‘soft problems’ (problems
which involve psychological, social, and cultural elements). SSM does not
differentiate between ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ problems, it merely provides a different
way of dealing with situations perceived as problematic.

6. To ensure that a given root definition is rigorous and comprehensive, The

Lancaster team proposed several criteria that are summarized in the
mnemonic CATWOE in Soft Systems Methodology (SSM).Which of the
following alphabet is representing an entirely different meaning to SSM ?
a) C – Customer
b) A – Actor
c) T – Transformation
d) E – ER Model
Explanation: ‘E’ in CATWOE stands for Environmental constraints.

7. Choose the disadvantage of using SSM as an elicitation technique.

a) It incorporates human element into design
b) SSM is in its infant stage
c) SSM is suitable for new systems
d) Standard methodologies like Role Exploration, Issue Resolution and
Reorganization support SSM
Explanation: SSM is still in its infancy.It is evolving and its industrial usage is
low.

8. How many phases are there in Brainstorming ?

a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) All of the mentioned
Explanation: Preparation, Execution and Follow up are the three phases to be
achieved for a successful brainstorming session.
9. Who controls the FAST (Facilitated Application Specification Techniques)
meeting ?
a) System Analyst
b) Scribe
c) Facilitator
d) Manager
Explanation: A Facilitator (a customer/developer/an outsider) controls the
FAST meeting .His role is to ensure that the meeting is productive.

10. Arrange the steps in order to represent the conducting of Wideband

Delphi Technique.
i. Conduct a group discussion
ii. Conduct another group discussion
iii. Present experts with a problem
iv. Collect expert opinion anonymously
v. Iterate until consensus is reached
vi. Feedback a summary of result to each expert
a) i, iii, ii, iv, v, vi
b) iii, i, ii, iv, v, vi
c) i, ii, iii, iv, vi, v
d) iii, i, iv, vi, ii, v
Explanation: The sequence represents the working steps of a Wideband
Delphi technique .

1-Which of the following property does not correspond to a good Software

Requirements Specification (SRS) ?
a) Verifiable
b) Ambiguous
c) Complete
d) Traceable
Explanation: The SRS should be unambiguous in nature which means each
sentence in SRS should have a unique interpretation.

2-Which of the following property of SRS is depicted by the statement :

“Conformity to a standard is maintained” ?
a) Correct
b) Complete
c) Consistent
d) Modifiable
Explanation: The SRS is complete full labeling and referencing of all figures,
tables etc. and definition of all terms and units of measure is defined.
3. The SRS is said to be consistent if and only if
a) its structure and style are such that any changes to the requirements can
be made easily while retaining the style and structure
b) every requirement stated therein is one that the software shall meet
c) every requirement stated therein is verifiable
d) no subset of individual requirements described in it conflict with each
other
Explanation: Real world object may conflict with each other for example one
requirement says that all lights should be red while the other states that all
lights should green.

4-Which of the following statements about SRS is/are true ?

i. SRS is written by customer
ii. SRS is written by a developer
iii. SRS serves as a contract between customer and developer
a) Only i is true
b) Both ii and iii are true
c) All are true
d) None of the mentioned
Explanation: The SRS acts as a communication media between the Customer,
Analyst, system developers, maintainers etc. Thus it is a contract between
Purchaser and Supplier. It is essentially written by a developer on the basis of
customer’ need but in some cases it may be written by a customer as well.

5. The SRS document is also known as _____________ specification.

a) black-box
b) white-box
c) grey-box
d) none of the mentioned
Explanation: The system is considered as a black box whose internal details
are not known that is, only its visible external (input/output) behavior is
documented.

6. Which of the following is included in SRS ?

a) Cost
b) Design Constraints
c) Staffing
d) Delivery Schedule
Explanation: Design constraints include standards to be incorporated in the
software, implementation language, resource limits, operating environment
etc.
7. Which of the following is not included in SRS ?
a) Performance
b) Functionality
c) Design solutions
d) External Interfaces
Explanation: The SRS document concentrates on:”what needs to be done”
and carefully avoids the solution (“how to do”) aspects.

8. Arrange the given sequence to form a SRS Prototype outline as per IEEE
SRS Standard.
i. General description
ii. Introduction
iii. Index
iv. Appendices
v. Specific Requirements
a) iii, i, ii,v, iv
b) iii, ii, i, v, iv
c) ii, i, v, iv, iii
d) iii, i, ii
Explanation: The given sequence correctly resemble a standard SRS
prototype as per IEEE.

9. Consider the following Statement: “The output of a program shall be given

within 10 secs of event X 10% of the time.”What characteristic of SRS is being
depicted here ?
a) Consistent
b) Verifiable
c) Non-verifiable
d) Correct
Explanation: An SRS is verifiable, if and only if, every requirement stated
therein is verifiable.Here the given condition can be verified during testing
phase.

10. Consider the following Statement: “The data set will contain an end of file
character.”What characteristic of SRS is being depicted here ?
a) Consistent
b) Non-verifiable
c) Correct
d) Ambiguous
Explanation: An SRS is unambiguous if and only if, every requirement stated
therein has only one unique interpretation. The given statement does not
answer the question: “which data set will have an end of file character ?”.
11. Consider the following Statement: “The product should have a good
human interface.”What characteristic of SRS is being depicted here ?
a) Consistent
b) Non-Verifiable
c) Correct
d) Ambiguous
Explanation: An SRS is verifiable, if and only if, every requirement stated
therein is verifiable. The statement can only be answered on completion of
the software and customer evaluation but still human interface will vary from
person to person.

12. Narrative essay is one of the best types of specification document ?

a) True
b) False
Explanation: Narrative essay is one of the worst types of specification
document as it is difficult to change, difficult to be precise, has scope for
contradictions, etc.

1. Which of the following is not a diagram studied in Requirement Analysis ?

a) Use Cases
b) Entity Relationship Diagram
c) State Transition Diagram
d) Activity Diagram
Explanation: Activity Diagram comes under the design phase of SDLC.

2. How many feasibility studies is conducted in Requirement Analysis ?

a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) None of the mentioned
Explanation: Economic feasibility (cost/benefit analysis), Technical feasibility
(hardware/software/people, etc.) and Legal feasibility studies are done in
Requirement Analysis.

3. How many phases are there in Requirement Analysis ?

a) Three
b) Four
c) Five
d) Six
Explanation: Problem Recognition, Evaluation and Synthesis (focus is on what
not how), Modeling, Specification and Review are the five phases.
4. Traceability is not considered in Requirement Analysis.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the
life of a requirement and providing bi-directional traceability between various
associated requirements, hence requirements must be traceable.

5. Requirements analysis is critical to the success of a development project.

a) True
b) False
c) Depends upon the size of project
d) None of the mentioned
Explanation: Requirements must be actionable, measurable, testable, related
to identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail
sufficient for system design.

6. _________ and _________ are the two issues of Requirement Analysis.

a) Performance, Design
b) Stakeholder, Developer
c) Functional, Non-Functional
d) None of the mentioned
Explanation: Option a and c are the types of requirements and not the issues
of requirement analysis..

7. The requirements that result from requirements analysis are typically

expressed from one of three perspectives or views.WhaT is that perspective
or view ?
a) Developer
b) User
c) Non-Functional
d) Physical
Explanation: The perspectives or views have been described as the
Operational, Functional, and Physical views.All three are necessary and must
be coordinated to fully understand the customers’ needs and objectives.

8. Requirements Analysis is an Iterative Process.

a) True
b) False
Explanation: Requirements analysis is conducted iteratively with functional
analysis to optimize performance requirements for identified functions, and
to verify that synthesized solutions can satisfy customer requirements.
9. Coad and Yourdon suggested _______ selection characteristics that should
be used as an analyst considers each potential object for inclusion in the
requirement analysis model.
a) Three
b) Four
c) Five
d) Six
Explanation: Retained information, Needed services, Multiple attributes,
Common attributes, Common operations and Essential requirements are the
six criterion mentioned by Coad and Yourdon.

10. Requirements should specify ‘what’ but not ‘how’.

a) True
b) False
Explanation: ‘What’ refers to a system’s purpose, while ‘How’ refers to a
system’s structure and behavior.