NUMBER

SYSTEMS
Learning Outcomes

1. Distinguish the various number systems.

2. Perform number system conversion.

3. Perform number system arithmetic.

4. Represent data using the different data

representation techniques.
 NUMBER SYSTEMS

DECIMAL

BINARY

OCTAL

HEXADECIMAL
 VALID VALUES

DECIMAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BINARY
0 1

OCTAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HEXADECIMAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15

NUMBER SYSTEM
CONVERSION

WHOLE NUMBERS
WHOLE NUMBER CONVERSIONS

1) From Decimal to Other Number System

2) From Other Number System to Decimal

3) From Octal to Binary and Binary to Octal

4) From Hexadecimal to Binary and Binary to

Hexadecimal

5) From Octal to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to

Octal
 CONVERSION

From
DECIMAL
to
ANY NUMBER SYSTEM
CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO

BINARY, DIVISOR IS 2

OCTAL, DIVISOR IS 8

HEXADECIMAL, DIVISOR IS 16

Steps :

Divide the decimal number by the divisor until

the quotient becomes zero (0).

The remainder should be noted down for each

division step.

Then the remainders are read in reverse order.

 DECIMAL TO Division Quotient Remainder
BINARY 26
CONVERSION ------ = 13 0
2

Convert 26 to 13
binary ------ = 6 1
2

6
------ =3 0
26 = 110102 2

3
------ =1 1
2

1
------ =0 1
2
2 26 – 26 =0
2 13 – 12 =1
2 6 - 6 =0
2 3 - 2 =1
2 1 - 0 =1
2 0
26 = 110102
 13 6 3 1 0
2 26 2 13 2 6 2 3 2 1
26 12 6 2 0
0 1 0 1 1

26 = 110102
DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
Convert 426 to octal

Division Quotient Remainder

426
------ = 53 2
8

53
426 = 6528 ------ = 6 5
8

6
------ =0 6
8
26
8 26 – 24 = 2
8 3- 0=3
0

26 = 328
50
8 50 – 48 = 2
8 6- 0=6
0

50 = 628
75
8 75 – 72 = 3
8 9- 8=1
8 1 - 0=1
0
75 = 1138
DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION
Convert 348 to hexadecimal

Division Quotient Remainder

348
------ = 21 12
16

21
------ = 1 5
16

1
------ =0 1
16
348 = 15C16
50
16 50– 48 = 2
16 3 - 0 = 3
16 0

50 = 3216
75
16 75 – 64 = 11
16 4 - 0 = 4
16 0

75 = 4B16
Convert the following numbers to decimal the
specified number system:

88 (base 10) -> binary, octal, hexadecimal

 CONVERSION

From
ANY NUMBER SYSTEM
to
DECIMAL
CONVERSION FROM ANY NUMBER SYSTEM TO
DECIMAL

Take note of the positional weight of the digits in the

number systems

Binary number 1 1 0 1 02

Octal number 4 2 68

Hexadecimal number 1 5 C16

Multiply each digit to be converted with its positional

weight depending on the base of the number.
CONVERSION FROM ANY BINARY SYSTEM TO
DECIMAL

Example Binary number 1 1 0 1 02

Multiply each bit with its positional weight depending

on the base (radix) of the number system

= 1 X 24 + 1 X 23 + 0 X 22 + 1 X 21 + 0 X 20
= 1 X 16 + 1 X 8 + 0 X 4 + 1 X 2 + 0X1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 26

Hence 1 1 0 1 02 = 2610
16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 02
1 0 1 1 0 12

1 X 20 = 1
0 X 21 = 0
1 X 22 = 4
1 X 23 = 8
0 X 24 = 0
1 X 25 = 32
45
32 8 4 1

1011012=
4510
CONVERSION FROM ANY OCTAL SYSTEM TO
DECIMAL

Example Octal number 6 5 28

Multiply each digit with its positional weight depending

on the base of the number system

= 6 X 82 + 5 X 81 + 2 X 80

= 6 X 64 + 5 X 8 + 2 X 1
= 384 + 40 + 2
= 426

Hence 6528 = 42610

5 58
5 58

5 X 80 = 5
5 X 81 = 40
45
3 1 18
3 1 18

1 X 80 = 1
1 X 81 = 8
3 X 82 = 192

201
CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM TO
DECIMAL

Example Hexadecimal number 1 5 C16

Multiply each digit with its positional weight depending

on the base of the number system

= 1 X 162 + 5 X 161 + 12 X 160

= 1 X 256 + 5 X 16 + 12 X 1
= 256 + 80 + 12
= 348

Hence 1 5C16 = 34810

2 D16
2 D16

13 X 160 = 13
2 X 161 = 32
45
8 C16
8 C16

12 X 160 = 12
8 X 161 = 128
140
Convert the following numbers to decimal the
specified number system:

1) ABC (base 16)

2) 555 (base 8)
3) 11100111 (base 2)
ABC base 16 =
(10 × 16²) + (11 × 16¹) + (12 × 16⁰) =
2748 base 10

555 base 8 = (5 × 8²) + (5 × 8¹) + (5 ×

8⁰) = 365 base 10

11100111 base 2 =
(1 × 2⁷) + (1 × 2⁶) + (1 × 2⁵) + (0 × 2⁴) +
(0 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) =
231 base 10
1.ABC (16) 2748
2.555 (8) 365
3.11100111 (2) 231
CONVERSIONS

1) From Decimal to Other Number System

2) From Other Number System to Decimal

3) From Octal to Binary and Binary to Octal

4) From Hexadecimal to Binary and Binary to

Hexadecimal

5) From Octal to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to

Octal
 CONVERSION

From
BINARY to OCTAL
and
VICE VERSA
CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO OCTAL

In an octal number system the maximum

digit is 7, which is represented in binary as
1112
To convert binary to octal,

- Group the digits by 3s starting at the

least significant bit (LSB)

- Replace each group by the octal

equivalent
CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO OCTAL

Example 101 101 0102

- Group the digits by 3s starting at the least
significant bit (LSB)

101 101 010

- Replace each group by the octal equivalent

101 101 010

5 5 2

Hence 1011010102 = 5528

4 2 1 <- positional weight
1 1 1 = 7
0 1 0 = 2
1 0 1 = 5
 111 7
3 Bit
110 6
Equivalent
of each
101 5
Octal 100 4
Number 011 3
010 2
001 1
000 0
CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO BINARY

- Each octal digit is converted into a 3-

bit-equivalent binary number

- Combine all the digits to get the final

binary equivalent

Example 5528

5 5 2
101 101 010

Therefore : 5528 = 1011010102

CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO OCTAL

1) 11011101100112
2) 1001110110012
3) 10011101101012
CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO BINARY

1) 70028
2) 6418
3) 1018
 CONVERSION

From
BINARY to HEXADECIMAL
and
VICE VERSA
CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO
HEXADECIMAL

In a hexadecimal number system the

maximum digit is 15, which is represented
in binary as 11112

To convert binary to hexadecimal,

- Group the digits by 4s starting at the

least significant bit (LSB)

- Replace each group by the hexadecimal

equivalent
CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO
HEXADECIMAL

Example 1 0110 10102

- Group the digits by 4s starting at the least
significant bit (LSB)

0001 0110 1010

- Replace each group by the hexadecimal

equivalent

0001 0110 1010

1 6 A

Hence 1011010102 = 16A16

8 4 2 1 <- positional weight
1 1 1 1 = F (15)
4 Bit Equivalent of each
Hexadecimal Number

1111 F (15) 1001 9

1110 E 1000 8
1101 D 0110 7
1100 C 0110 6
1011 B 0101 5
1010 A 0100 4
0011 3
0010 2
0001 1
0000 0
CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO
BINARY

- Each hexadecimal digit is converted into

a 4-bit-equivalent binary number

- Combine all the digits to get the final

binary equivalent

Example 16A16
1 6 A
0001 0110 1010

Therefore : 16A16 = 1011010102

CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO
HEXADECIMAL

1) 11011101100112
2) 1001110110012
3) 10011101101012

CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

1) ACE16
2) 64116
3) CAB16
BEAD(16)
1 011 111 101 101

137455
137255
 CONVERSION

From
OCTAL to HEXADECIMAL
and
VICE VERSA
CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO
HEXADECIMAL

- Convert the octal number to its binary

equivalent
- Form groups of 4 bits starting from LSB
- Write the equivalent hexadecimal for
each group of 4 bits
CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO
HEXADECIMAL
Example : 5528
- Convert the octal number to its binary
equivalent
5 5 2
101 101 010
- Form groups of 4 bits starting from LSB
1 0110 1010 → 0001 0110 1010

- Write the equivalent hexadecimal for each

group of 4 bits
0001 0110 1010
1 6 A

Therefore : 5528 = 16A16

CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO
OCTAL

- Convert the hexadecimal number to its

binary equivalent
- Form groups of 3 bits starting from LSB
- Write the equivalent octal for each
group of 3 bits
CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO
OCTAL
Example : 16C16
- Convert the hexadecimal number to its binary
equivalent
1 6 C
0001 0110 1100
- Form groups of 3 bits starting from LSB
101 101 100 → 101 101 100

- Write the equivalent octal for each group of 3

bits
101 101 100
5 5 4

Therefore : 16C16 = 5548

CONVERSIONS

1) From Decimal to Other Number System

2) From Other Number System to Decimal

3) From Octal to Binary and Binary to Octal

4) From Hexadecimal to Binary and Binary to

Hexadecimal

5) From Octal to Hexadecimal and Hexadecimal to

Octal
References:

Digital Principles and Logic Design

A. Saba & N. Manna