Mechanics I

Chapter 1 – Vectors

Section 1.1 Geometric Vectors

(1) 1. What are the magnitudes of a unit vector and the zero vector?

(2) 2. Given two vectors u and v below, construct the vector 2u – v.

(3) 3. [G]
a. Describe how to geometrically add two vectors denoted u and v.

b. Construct the resultant vector of the following vectors.

Section 1.2 Coordinates of a Vector

(4) 4. Write the expression for the position vector of point M (9, –6) (m) in both the
Cartesian form and in the column notion.

(5) 5. Given P (0, 8 cm), Q (−2 cm, 1 cm), and PR = −4i + 2j (cm). Find 3QR − 2PR.

(6) 6. [G] i and j are unit vectors that point due East and North respectively in a coordinate
system. Points A(4.0 cm, 7.0 cm) and B(3.0 cm, –5.0 cm) and vector BC = (5.0 cm)i
+ (9.0 cm)j are in the same coordinate system. Find AC in vector notation.

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Section 1.3 Magnitude of a Vector and Unit Vectors

(7) 7. A force F is given by 6i − 8j (N). Find its unit vector. Represent the answer as the
product of a unit vector and the magnitude of F.

(8) 8. [G] A vector force F is given by 3i ‒ 4j (N). What is the magnitude of this force?

B11. (a) Define “unit vector”.

(b) Find the magnitude and direction of vector V = 8i + 4j.
(c) Find a unit vector u in the direction of vector V = 8i + 4j.

Section 1.4 Polar Coordinates of a Vector

B1.Find the modulus r and direction ᶿ of each of the following position vectors

a) (4, 4) b) (-3,4) c)(-1,-1) d)(0,7) e)(0,-4) f)(2,-5)

B2.find the magnitude and direction of each of the following vectors

a)3i+4j b)(-3m)i+(4m)j
(9) 9. In a certain Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System, a shell was launched with a
speed of 4.5 m/s in a direction that makes an angle of 143o with the positive sense of
the x-axis. Determine the initial velocity's components along the x- and y-axes.

(10) 10. [G] Find the magnitude r and direction θ of each of the following position vectors.
a. (6.0, 8.0)
b. (‒7.0, 7.0)

BG12. Given two forces F1 = (7 N)i + (9 N)j and force F2 = (8 N)i – (12 N)j. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant R of F1 and F2.

Section 1.5 Giving Directions Using Angles

B3. (11) 11. Express the following as a bearing.

a) N 50º E b) S 32º W c) S 40º E

d) N 60º W e) Due west f) Due north

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B4. Express using mariner’s compass a) A bearing of 90 b) A bearing of 120 c) A bearing of
180 d) A bearing of 240 e) A bearing of 270 f) A bearing of 340

BG14. Find a vector V of magnitude 8 and having the same direction as vector V1 which
has magnitude of 4 on a bearing of 120 degrees.

BG15.Given a = 12 km E 60 S and b = 20 km on a bearing of 300. Find a + b in terms

of i and j.

B5. (12) 12. Find the position vector of A if it is 8 units away from the origin at a bearing
of 120º.
B6. The position vector of A has a magnitude of 8km, a direction of N30 E and is denoted
by a. The position vector of B has a magnitude of 20km,B is at a bearing of 300 , and is
denoted by b. find a+b and express it in terms of i and j

B7. Point A has a position vector a = 15 m S 30 W and point B has a position vector b
= 10 m on a bearing of 120. Find AB in terms of i and j.

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Section 1.6 Distance and Midpoint Formulae

B9. (14) 14. Given A (2 m, –1 m) and B (–2 m, 0), find the distance between A and B and the
coordinates of M, the midpoint of segment AB.

(15) 15. Mary went out jogging. She moved from her house, considered as the origin of
space and time, along vector i + 2j for a distance of 5 km. Find the position vector
of the midpoint of her trip.

Section 1.7 Lines in Plane

B8. (13) 13. The point B is 4 units away from the origin on a bearing of 210º. If b is the
position vector of B, find the parametric equation of the line that has the same
direction as b and passes through A, whose position vector is a = 5i – 6j.

B10. (16) 16. Find the vector equation of the line that passes through the point M whose
position vector is given by m = 3i + 4j, and is parallel to v = i – 2j.
B13. Let xOy be a rectangular coordinate system where i is the unit vector along the x-
direction and j is the unit vector along the y-direction. Given A (–1, 5), B(3, 6) and C (–1,
–2). Find the parametric vector equation r of a straight line that passes through A and
through the midpoint of BC .

BG16. Find the parametric vector equation r of a straight line that passes through A of
position vector 5i – 6j and parallel to the vector V = 4 on a bearing of 210

Section 1.8 Scalar Products of Vectors

(17) 17. Given A = 2i − 7j and B = 5i − 4j. Find A.B and the angle between A and B.

(18) 18. [G] Find the scalar product of the vectors A and B, where A = 5i and B = 2i + 4j.

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Chapter 2 – Motion Along a Straight Line

Section 2.1 Displacement and Distance

B1. (19) 1.
a) State the difference between the length of path and the displacement of a particle
along a straight line.
b) A particle P moves along a directed straight line from point A of position x1 = 8.0
cm to a point B of position x2 = –4.0 cm.
i. Find the displacement and the length of the path of P.
ii. In what sense is the displacement of P? Why?

(20) 2. [G] An ant moves along a stick. At instant t0, the ant was observed at position x1 =
10.0 cm moving in the positive sense to position x2 = 15.0 cm at which it turned
back and moved to point x3 = −5.0 cm. Find the net displacement of the ant.

Section 2.2 Average Velocity vs. Average Speed

(21) 3. You drive 120 km along a straight road in one direction for 2.0 h, then in the
opposite direction back to the starting point in another 3.0 h.

a) What is your average velocity?

b) Verify that your average speed is 48 km/h.
c) It is unlikely, even impossible, that you were driving at 48 km/h all the time.
Think of some instants where the speed is much less than that value.
d) When is the speed necessarily zero?

BG2. (22) 4. [G] A particle P moves along a directed straight line. At t1 = 3.0 s the particle
is at a point of position x1 = 8.0 m, at time t2 = 8.0 s the particle is at position x2
=
−2.0 m and at time t3 = 12 s the particle is at a position x3 = 2.0 m.

a) G Find the average speed of P.

b) G Find the average velocity of P.
(c) Explain why the answers of parts a) and b) are not the same?

(23) 5. [G] Define and express average velocity.

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Section 2.3 Instantaneous Velocity vs. Instantaneous Speed

(24) 6. a) Why are not speedometers called velocimeters?

b) Is it always true that the speed of a body equals the magnitude of its
instantaneous velocity?

(25) 7. a) How fast does sound travel in air?

b) How fast does light travel in vacuum?
c) Convert both values to km/h.

(26) 8. [G] Define instantaneous velocity.

Section 2.4 Motion with Constant Velocity

B3. (27) 9. At an instant t0, taken as a time reference, two cars A and B, moving in
opposite directions with a constant velocity of 25 m/s, are spotted, one at 10 m to
the right of an observer moving to right and the other at 100 m also to the right of
the observer but moving to the left.
a) Choose the positive sense of motion to the right and the position of the observer
as origin.
b) Express the position of A as a function of time.
c) Express the position of B as a function of time.
d) Determine the time at which A and B meet.
e) Determine the position where the two cars meet.

B4. (28) 10. A body is moving with a constant velocity along a directed straight line. At t1 =
2.0 s the position of the body is x1 = 8.4 m and at time t2 = 7.0 s the position of the
body is x2 = −1.6 m.
Find the equation of motion and the velocity of that body.

(29) 11. [G] A body moves along a directed axis at a constant velocity of 2.0 m/s. At t = 0,
the position of the body was 5.0 m from the origin of the axis. Find the position at
t = 2.0 s if the body is moving
a. in the positive direction,
b. in the negative direction.

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Section 2.5 Position – Time Graphs

(30) 12. The x-t graph shown below represents the motion of a particle moving along a
horizontal axis in 20 s.

a) Determine the time interval during which the particle position does not change.
b) What can we say about the speed of the particle in that time interval?
c) What is the farthest point from the origin? What is the corresponding time?
d) At what instant(s) is the puck at the origin?

Section 2.6 Calculating the Average and Instantaneous Velocity using the x-t Graph
BG5.a) Define the following terms: Average speed, average velocity and instantaneous velocity.

G b) Explain how you can get the value of the average velocity or the instantaneous
velocity from the x-t graph.

B6. (31) 13. a) A body moves along a directed straight line at a constant velocity of 4.0
m/s in the negative sense. At time t = 5.0 s the body was at a position x = 10 m.
Find the position of the body at t = 10 s.
b) Draw the graph of the position versus time of this body, and find graphically the
position at t = 0.
c) How do we find graphically the velocity of that body?

B7. (32) 14. a) A car travels at 50 km.h–1 for the first hour and 40 km.h–1 for the second
hour. What is its average speed during the two hours?
b) A car travels at 50 km.h–1 for the first 100 km and at 40 km.h–1 for the second
100 km. What is its average speed?

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c) Knowing that in each of the above two parts, the first and second part of the
journey are along one straight line but in opposite directions, determine the
average velocity in each case.

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(33) 15. [G] The position-time graph of a person walking along the sidewalk is shown
below.

Calculate the person’s average velocity between the starting point and point V.
What is the instantaneous velocity at point I?

(34) 16. [G] Draw the x-t graph of a body in uniform motion. How are x0 and v obtained
from this graph?

Section 2.7 Acceleration

(35) 17. A car accelerates uniformly from rest to 100 km/h in 5 s, then moves at a constant
speed for 20 s after which it decelerates at 10 km/h/s until it stops. Find the speed
of the car at t = 4 s, 15 s, and 2 s before it stops.

(36) 18. [G] Define average and instantaneous acceleration.

(37) 19. [G] A car accelerates from rest to 108 km/h in 6.0 s. Find the average acceleration
over these six seconds.

(38) 20. [G] When is an object said to be accelerating or decelerating.

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Section 2.8 Velocity vs. Time Graphs (v-t graphs)

(39) 21. The graph represents the v-t graph of a motorcycle in 24 s.

a) Find the time interval (s) or instants where:

i. The velocity is positive.
ii. The velocity is negative.
b) Find the time interval (s) or instants where the velocity is positive and increasing.
i. What is the rate at which the velocity increases in this (these) case(s)?
ii. How can we describe the variation of speed in this (these) case(s)?

Section 2.9 Calculating the Average Acceleration using the v-t Graph

(40) 22.

a) Find the average acceleration of the body in the interval [2 s, 6 s]

b) What is the average acceleration in the intervals [1 s, 7 s] and [3 s, 6 s]?

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(41) 23. [G] A car is moving with a speed of 24 m/s when the driver sees a red light ahead.
He applies the brakes and stops in 3.0 s.
a) Sketch a speed-time graph.
b) Find the retardation of the car.

Section 2.10 Calculating the Instantaneous Acceleration using the v-t Graph

(42) 24. Can a body have zero velocity and still be accelerating?

(43) 25. [G] The velocity-time graph of a particle is shown below. What is the acceleration
of the particle at 5 s?

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Section 2.11 Drawing a Velocity-Time Graph from a Position-Time Graph (v-t from
x-t)

(44) 26. Make a graph of velocity versus time from the graph below.

Section 2.12 Displacement from a v-t Graph

B8. (45) 27. What does each of the following represent?

a) The slope of the x-t graph.
b) The slope of the v-t graph.
c) The area between the v-t graph and the t axis.

B9. (46) 28. The graph below represents the motion of a particle over 6 seconds.

a) Write the equation of motion of the body during the first 2 seconds.
b) Using the equation obtained in part a), calculate the displacement in that
interval.
c) Using the area under the graph, calculate the displacement in that interval.

(d) Using the area under the graph, calculate the displacement from 2.0 to 4.0s
(e) Using the area under the graph, calculate the displacement from 4.0 to 6.0s
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(f)Calculate the net displacement over the whole 6-second interval.

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(47) 29. [G] The velocity-time graph of a moving car is shown below.

What is the displacement of the car in 80 s?

Section 2.13 Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

BG10. (48) 30. A car moving along a straight line track accelerates uniformly from a velocity
of 25.0 m/s to a velocity of 45.0 m/s over a period of 30.0 s. It then maintains this velocity
for 50.0 s and finally decelerates at a constant rate, coming to rest in a further 22.5 seconds.
a) Draw the v-t graph.
b) Find the average velocity of the car over the whole journey.

BG11. (49) 31. [G] A particle, initially at point A and moving with a velocity of 3.0 m/s,
accelerates uniformly at a rate of 0.50 m/s2 along a straight line AB. It reaches
point B with a velocity of 5.0 m/s. Find the displacement AB and the time taken
by the particle to cover it.

Section 2.14 Solving Problems of Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion

(50) 32. A train moving on a straight track accelerates from rest at 2.00 m/s2 for 20.0 s. It
then moves at constant speed for 2.00 min. It then decelerates uniformly to a stop
in 10.0 s. Find its net displacement and draw the v-t graph.

(51) 33. A car moving at 10 m/s accelerated uniformly through a distance of 25 m at the
end of which the velocity of the car became 15 m/s. Determine the acceleration of
the car and the time taken to cover the 25 m.

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BG12. A car is accelerating uniformly while travelling along a straight road. Its speed increases
from 6 m/s to 20 m/s in 8 s. modeling the car as a particle find the distance travelled during this
time and the acceleration of the car.

B17. The driver of a car travelling on a motorway at 32 m/s suddenly sees that the traffic is
stationary at an estimated distance of 60 m ahead. He immediately applies the brakes, which cause
a deceleration of 6 m/s2 . Can a collision be avoided?

BG18. A car is moving with a speed of 24 m/s when the driver sees a red light ahead. He applies
the brakes and stops in a distance of 36 m.
(a) Sketch a speed –time graph.
(b) Find the time taken to come to rest.
(c) Find the retardation of the car

B19. A car is moving along a straight horizontal road at a constant speed 18m/s. At the instant
when the car passes a lay-by, a motor cyclist leaves the lay-by, starting from rest, and moves with
constant acceleration 2 m/s2. In pursuit of the car. Given that the motorcyclist overtakes the car T
seconds after leaving the lay-by, calculate
(a) The value of T
(b) The speed of the motorcyclist at the instant of passing the car

BG20. On a long straight road a car accelerates uniformly from rest, reaching a speed of 45 m/s in
20 s. It has to maintain that speed for 90 s behind a truck. The car then accelerates uniformly to 75
m/s in a further 20 s. After maintaining that speed for 4 minutes, the car is brought to a halt by a
uniform deceleration of 4 m/s2.
Illustrate the motion on a suitable diagram, and calculate
(a) the total distance traveled,
(b) the total time taken,
G (c) the average speed of the car in first 130s
(d) the average acceleration in the first 130 s.

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(52) 34. [G] A car, initially at a point A moving with a velocity of 5.00 m/s, accelerates
uniformly at a rate of 1.50 m/s2 along a straight line AB. It reaches point B with a
velocity of 25.0 m/s. Find the displacement AB and the time taken to cover it.

Section 2.15 Free Fall

B13. (53) 35. A stone is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 8.00 m/s from the roof of
a house that is 7.20 m above the ground. Find
a) the speed with which the stone hits the ground.
b) the time which elapses from the moment when the stone is released, until the
stone hits the ground.

BG14. (54) 36. A parachutist is descending vertically at a steady speed of 4 m/s when his
watchstrap breaks and the watch falls. If the watch hits the ground 4 seconds later
at what height was the parachutist when he dropped it? Find the speed with which
the watch hits the ground.

(55) 37. [G] A student throws her hair tie vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 8.0
m/s. Determine the height to which the tie will rise above its initial height. Use g
= 9.8 m/s2.

Section 2.16 Relative Velocity

(56) 38. A train moves at 65 m/s to the North. Lina, a girl in the train, runs to the North at
3 m/s. Find the velocity of Lina with respect to ground. What will her velocity be
if she runs back at 3 m/s with respect to the train?

BG16. (57) 39. On a windless day, a plane covers a distance of 350 km from town A to town
B in 2.5 h. On another day the same trip takes 2.8 h. Find the magnitude and direction of
the velocity of the wind with respect to the ground.

BG15. (58) 40. [G] (a)Mira cycles to the East at 20 km/h with respect to the ground and
Zeina cycles to the East at 25 km/h. Find the velocity of Zeina with respect to
Mira.
(b)A bus moves at 65 m/s to the north. Lina a girl in the bus runs to the north at 3
m/s. Find the velocity of Lina with respect to ground. What will be her velocity if
she runs back at 3 m/s with respect to the bus?

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Chapter 3 – Motion in a Plane: 2-D Kinematics

Section 3.1 Introduction

(59) 1. What is the movement of a point C (green) in the reference frame connected to a
swinging weight of a pendulum?

Section 3.2 Two-Dimensional Kinematics

B1. (60) 2. A baseball is shot from ground with a velocity v0. At any instant t, the position
and velocity of the ball are given by
r = (20.0 m/s)t i + [(15.0 m/s)t – (5.00 m/s2)t2] j, and
v = (20.0 m/s) i + [15.0 m/s – (10.0 m/s2)t] j
(x runs horizontally along ground level, and y increases upward)

a) What are the x- and y-components of the velocity?

b) Justify that at t = 0, v = 25.0 m/s.
c) Determine the displacement in the interval [0.5 s, 1.0 s].
d) Determine the position at which the baseball hits the ground. What is its speed
then? Conclude.

B2. At time t1 = 0 s, the position vector of a moving body is (-4i + 3j) m and its velocity is
(4i + 2j) m/s and at time t2 = 6 s the position vector of the same body is (6i - 5j) m and its velocity
is (2i - 4j) m/s
(a) Find the displacement of this body between t1 = 0 s and t2 = 6 s.
(b) Find the average velocity of this body between t1 = 0 s and t2 = 6 s
(c) Find the average acceleration of this body between t1 = 0 s and t2 = 6 s.

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(61) 3. [G] In a coordinate place, a body moves from point A (4.0 km, −5.0 km) to point B
(−3.0 km, 2.0 km) in two hours. Write down the average velocity vector of the body
during that time.

(62) 4. [G] The velocity of a body moving in a coordinate plane varies from (4.0 m/s, −5.0
m/s) to (−3.0 m/s, 2.0 m/s) in two seconds. What is the magnitude of the average
acceleration of this body?

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Section 3.3 Uniform Circular Motion

BG3. (63) 5. (a) Define uniform circular motion.

G(b) What is the relation between the instantaneous speed and the period of motion for
a body executing uniform circular motion of radius r?

BG4. A body M moves in a circle of radius 6.0 m at a constant rate of exactly one turn every
12s.At t = 0.0 s M is at point A on the positive y-axis and moving in the clockwise direction.

(a) Find the average speed in the interval t = 0.0 s and t = 3.0 s.
G(b) Find the average velocity in the interval t = 0.0 s and t = 3.0 s.
G(c) Find the average acceleration in the interval t = 0.0 s and t = 3.0 s.

B5. (64) 6. A body M moves, in the anti-clockwise direction, in a circle of radius 8 cm

at a constant rate of exactly 2 turns every 8 seconds. At t = 0.0 the body M is on
the positive x-axis.
a) Find the period of the motion.
b) Find the instantaneous speed at t = 1.0 s.
c) Find the instantaneous velocity at time t = 2.0 s.
d) Find the average velocity in the interval t = 0.0 to t = 2.0 s.
e) Find the average acceleration in the interval t = 0 s and t = 2 s

B6. A body B, of mass 0.20 kg, is moving in a circle of radius 0.50 m at a constant rate of
exactly 0.25 turns every second.

(a) What is the period of motion of this body?

(b) Find the direction and magnitude of the force acting on this body.

B7. (65) 7. Two bodies B1 and B2 are moving in uniform circular motion of radius r1 and r2
respectively. Given that r1 = 2r2, find the ratio of their accelerations if:
a) their speeds are equal, and
b) their periods are equal.

(66) 8. [G] A body moves describes a circle of radius 6.00 m at a constant rate of exactly
one turn every 12.0 s. At t = 0.00 s, the body is at point A on the positive y-axis and
moving in the clockwise direction.
Find the centripetal acceleration at t = 1.50 s.

(67) 9. [G] What is the angular speed of a body that moves along a circle of radius 10 cm
with a frequency of 4 Hz?

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Section 3.4 Relative Motion

B8. (68) 10. A yacht is traveling with velocity 21i + 16j (m/s) near a boat whose velocity
is 8i – 3j (m/s). Find:
a) the velocity of the boat relative to the yacht,
b) the speed of the yacht relative to the boat.

B11. (69) 11. A light aircraft is flying in still air at 180 km/h on a bearing of 52°. A steady
wind suddenly springs up, blowing due north at 70 km/h. Find the velocity of the
aircraft with respect to the ground.

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BG9. (70) 12. [G] The velocities of two particles A and B are (ai – 7j) m/s and (5i + bj)
m/s respectively. The velocity of A relative to B is (2i – 3j) m/s. Find the values
of a and b.
B10. A pilot wishes to fly his aircraft at 160km/h due east on a day when a southerly
wind is blowing at 120km/h. In what direction should he steer his plane, and at
what air speed will he travel?

B15. Two joggers, A and B, are each running with constant velocity on level parkland. At a
certain instant, A and B have position vectors (-60i + 210j) m and (30i – 60j) m respectively,
referred to a fixed origin O. Ninety seconds later, A and B meet at the point with position vector
(210i + 120j) m.
(a) Find, as a vector in terms of i and j, the velocity of A relative to B.
(b) Verify that the magnitude of the velocity of A relative to B is equal to the speed of A.

Section 3.5 Closest Approach - Uniform Motion

(71) 13. At noon, ship B reports sighting ship A due North and 10 km distant. Ship A is
moving due East with a speed of 20 km.h–1, while ship B moves with velocity 25
km.h–1 53° N of E.
Determine the distance of closest approach of the two vessels.

BG12. At 12:00 p.m. the position vector of ship A with respect to an origin O is (3i) km and that
of B with respect to the origin O is (2i - j) km.A move with a constant velocity (5i - 5j) km/h and
B with constant velocity (8i - 6j) km/h.
(a) Find the velocity of B relative to A.
(b) Find the position vector of B relative to A at time t.
(c) At what time are the ships closest together?

B14. At 2 p.m. the position vector, relative to a lighthouse, of a ship A is 10i km and A’s
velocity is (12i + 5j) km/h. At the same time another ship B, whose velocity is (–3i + 4j) km/h, is
in a position (20i – 4j) km relative to the same lighthouse.

(a) Find after t hours

(i) The position vector of A relative to the lighthouse.
(ii) The position vector of B relative to the lighthouse.
(iii) The position vector of A relative to B.

(b) Find the time when A is due north of B.

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Section 3.6 Similar Figures

B13. Boat b sets out from Mina zayed at 50 knots (nautical miles per hour) 60 N of E.
Boat a sets out simultaneously from the same port. After 12 minutes, a is spotted 6 nautical
miles due west of b. Find the speed of a

(72) 14. Ship A is moving due north at a constant speed of 12 knots relative to the ground.
Relative to an observer on ship A, ship B is moving on a fixed bearing of 145° at a
constant speed of 8 knots. Calculate, to 1 decimal place, the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of ship B relative to the ground.

Section 3.7 Problem-Solving Strategy: Relative Motion

(73) 15. A destroyer is traveling Northwest at a constant speed of 5 m.s–1. A gun mounted
on the ship can fire a shot with a horizontal muzzle velocity of 25 m.s–1. If the
target to be hit is due east of the ship find the direction in which the gun should be
aimed. (Ignore the vertical motion of the shot.)

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Chapter 4 – Newton’s Laws

Section 4.1 Introduction

(74) 1. Define kinematics and dynamics.

Section 4.2 Newton’s First Law–Galileo’s Principle of Inertia

(75) 2. A body is fastened to a string and whirled in a circle on a horizontal smooth table.
The string suddenly breaks. Describe the body’s subsequent motion.

(76) 3. Imagine the Earth’s rotation is suddenly stopped. What would happen then?

(77) 4. [G] State Newton’s first law of motion.

(78) 5. [G] Define inertia.

Section 4.3 Newton’s Second Law–Fundamental Principle of Dynamics

(79) 6. A body, of inertial mass 0.10 kg, initially moving at 3.0 m/s, is brought to rest by a
constant opposing force of magnitude 0.60 N. For how long will the body move
before it comes to rest?

(80) 7. [G] State Newton’s second law of motion.

BG1. (a) State Newton’s First Law of Motion.

(b) State Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
(c) Define the unit of force.

Section 4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion – The Principle of Action and Reaction

(81) 8. What is the reaction of the force exerted by thumb on the pen? What is the
consequence of this reaction?

(82)
9. Two springs, of constants k1 = 10 N/m and k2 = 20 N/m, are hooked to each other
and fastened to a wall at the end of the left spring. The free of the other spring is
displaced 12 cm to the right. Determine the elongation of each spring.
BG2. (83) 10. [G] State Newton’s third law of motion and give some properties of action and
reaction.
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 Mechanics I

Section 4.5 The Superposition Principle

(84) 11. Three parallel forces of magnitudes 3, 5 and 6 N act on one body. Determine the
minimum and maximum magnitude of their resultant.

Section 4.6 Weight

(85) 12. A body of mass 1.2 kg rests on a horizontal ground. Determine the force exerted
on it by the ground.

(86) 13. A body of mass 0.10 kg is suspended at rest from a vertical spring of constant 30
N/m.
a) Draw the free force diagram.
b) What is the elongation of the spring?
c) What is the reaction of the body’s weight?

(87) 14. [G] A box of mass 1.20 kg rests on a horizontal ground. Determine the force
exerted by Earth on the box. Use g = 9.80 m/s2.

Section 4.7 Free Fall

B3. A ball is released from rest at a certain height. What is its velocity after falling 256 cm?

B4. A ball is thrown upward with an initial speed of 30 m/s. How high does it go? What is its
speed after 4.0 seconds? How high is it at that time?

B5. A man standing on the roof of a building 90 meters high throws a ball vertically downward
with an initial velocity of 50 m/s as it leaves his hand.
(a) What is the velocity of the ball after it has been falling for 0.5 second?
(b) Where is the ball after 1.5 seconds?
(c) What is the velocity of the ball as it strikes the ground?

B6. A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 35 m/s from the top of a building.
Calculate the velocity and the position as functions of the time.

B7. Derive an equation for the trajectory of a projectile when the motion starts at the
origin, the range of a projectile shot from level ground, the maximum height
achieved by a projectile.

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 Mechanics I

B11. (88) 15. A plane is moving horizontally with a velocity of 55 m/s at an altitude of 750
m above the ground when a bomb is dropped from the plane.
a) Find the time taken for the bomb to reach the ground.
b) Find the horizontal distance that should be between the plane and the target
before the plane releases the bomb.

B13. (89) 16. A stone is thrown at an angle of elevation of 30º. If 1 s later it hits the ground 1
m below its point of projection, find:
a) the speed of projection,
b) the greatest height above the point of projection.

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 Mechanics I

BG8. (90) 17. [G] A shell is shot with a muzzle velocity of 120. m/s at an angle of 40
above the horizontal. Use g = 10.0 m/s2.

a. Find the maximum height above the point of projection.

b. What is the time taken by the shell to reach its maximum height?
c. Find the time taken by the shell to reach its initial level.
d. Calculate the magnitude of the shell’s displacement three seconds after being
shot.
(91) 18. [G] Write the equations of motion that describe a projectile in addition to the
equation of its trajectory and the maximum height reached.

BG9. A ball is thrown with an initial velocity of 15 m/s at an angle of 50 above the horizontal.
(a) Find the time taken to reach its maximum height.
(b) Find the distance of the ball from its point of projection 2 s after being thrown.

BG10. A ball is thrown from the top of a building, 35 m high, with an initial velocity of 20 m/s
making an angle of 30 above the horizontal.
(a) Find the time taken by the ball to reach the ground.
(b) Find the speed with which the ball hits the ground.

B12. A ball is thrown from O with a speed of 30 m/s at an angle of 30 above the horizontal.
Given that it just clears the top of a wall at a horizontal distance of 20 m from O, find the
height of the top of the wall from O.

B14. A gun fires a shell with an initial velocity of 770 m/s at an angle of 18 above the
horizontal. By modelling the shell as a particle find the range of the shell.

B15. A ball is thrown at 14 m/s at an angle of elevation of 60. Find the velocity of the ball 1 s
after projection.

B16. The top of a tower is 10 m above horizontal ground. A boy on the top of the tower fires a
stone from a catapult with a velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 30 below the horizontal.
Find how far from the foot of the tower the stone hits the ground.

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 Mechanics I

B17. A stone is thrown from the top of a cliff at an angle  above the horizontal and with a
speed of 19.5 m/s. The stone falls into the water 37.5 m from the foot of the cliff. Given
12
that tan = 5 , find the height of the cliff.

B18. An arrow is shot from the top of a building 26 m high. The initial speed of the arrow is 30
m/s. Find how long the arrow is in the air if it is fired at an angle of 20 below the
horizontal.

B19. Romario kicks a football from ground level with an initial upward velocity component of
15.0m/s and a horizontal velocity component of 25.0m/s

a) How much time T required for the football to reach the highest point of trajectory?
b) At the three times t1=T-1 s, t2= Ts and t3=T+1 s, find the x- and y- components of the position
vector.
c) At the three times t1=T-1 s, t2= Ts and t3=T+1 s, find the x- and y- components of the
acceleration vector.
d) At the three times t1=T-1 s, t2= Ts and t3=T+1 s, find the x- and y- components of the velocity
vector. Deduce the direction of v at these points.
e) Find the maximum height reached by the ball.
f) How much time has elapsed before the ball returns to ground level? How does this compare
with the time calculated in part (a)?
g) How far the ball travelled horizontally during this time?

B20. A military airplane on a routine training mission is flying horizontally at a speed of 120m/s
and accidentally drops a bomb at an elevation of 2000m

a) How much time is required for the bomb to reach the Earth?
b) How far does it travelled horizontally while falling?
c) Find the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity just before it strikes the Earth. Find
its velocity just before it strikes the Earth.
d) Where is the airplane when the bomb strikes the earth if the velocity of the airplane remains
constant?

B21. A war plane on a routine training mission is flying at an elevation of 2000m. A missile was
launched (with an initial speed of 100m/s) at an angle of 30below the horizontal. How far
does the missile travelled horizontally while falling?

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 Mechanics I

Chapter 5 – Statics 1: Translational Equilibrium

Section 5.1 Equilibrium

(92) 1. Define equilibrium and state the translational condition.

(93) 2. [G] What are the conditions necessary for an object to be considered at
equilibrium?

Section 5.2 Translational Equilibrium Problems Involving Newton’s First Law

B1 & 14. (94) 3. A body of weight 30 N lies on a rough horizontal table. A string inclined
at 30° to the horizontal pulls the body gently to the side. If the tension in the string
is 18 N, find
a) the magnitude of the frictional force exerted by the table on the body, and
b) the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the table on the body.

B2. (95) 4. A particle of mass 2.0 kg rests on a rough plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal.
A force F of magnitude 25 N acts up the plane on the particle. Find:
a) the force of friction exerted by the plane on the particle, and
b) the normal push of the surface on the particle.

B3. (96) 5. [G] A small block of weight 20.0 N rests on a smooth plane inclined at 30o to the
horizontal and is held in equilibrium by a light string inclined at 30o to the plane.
a. Find the tension of the string.
b. Find the normal push of the surface on the particle.

BG4. A trunk of weight 80 N rests in equilibrium on the loading ramp of a mover’s truck. The
ramp is smooth and has a slope of 25. How large a force P is necessary to move the trunk
with constant velocity up the ramp.

Section 5.3 Translational Equilibrium Problems involving Newton’s Third Law

(97) 6. A donkey pulls at a cart and the cart moves. But according to Newton’s Third Law,
the pull of the donkey on the cart is equal to the pull of the cart on the donkey. If the
donkey can never exert a greater force on the wagon that it can exert on him, how
can he budge the cart? Explain the error of reasoning contained in this question.

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 Mechanics I

(98) 7. [G] A box B of mass 2.0 kg rests on a rough inclined plane that makes an angle of
30° with the horizontal. A ball A of mass 1.0 kg rests on the back of the box as shown
below. Neglect friction between the ball and the box and use g = 10 m/s2.

What is the force exerted by the ball on the box?

Section 5.4 Tension in a Rope or String

B5. (99) 8. A light inextensible string of length 50 cm is fixed to a wall at one end A. A
particle of mass 4.0 kg is attached to the other end B. A horizontal force F applied
to the end B holds the particle in equilibrium at a distance of 30 cm from the wall.
Find the tension in the string.

B6. (100) 9. A particle A of mass 6.0 kg is suspended in equilibrium from a horizontal rod
by two strings inclined at 45° and 25° respectively with the horizontal. Find the
tensions in the strings.

BG7. A small box is suspended in equilibrium from a horizontal rod by two light inextensible
strings making an angle of 90 between them as shown in the adjacent figure. If the lengths
of the strings are 30 cm and 40 cm respectively find the tension in each string knowing that
the mass of the box is 0.4kg.
60
B8. A box of weight 50 N hangs from a chain that is linked to 
two other chains as shown in the figure.
Assuming that the weights of the chains are negligible, find
the tensions in the three chains.

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 Mechanics I

Section 5.5 Tension in a Spring

B9. (101) 10. [G] A spring, of natural length 20.0 cm, gets stretched to a length of 25.0
cm when a mass of 1.00 kg is suspended vertically from it.
a) What will be its length when the suspended mass is 2.0 kg? Use g = 9.80 m/s2.
b) What is the spring constant in SI units?
c) What will its length be when it is subjected to a tension of 14N?

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Section 5.6 Friction

(102) 11. Consider an object of mass 2.0 kg resting on a horizontal table.

a) What are the forces acting on the object?
b) Draw a free-body diagram for the object.
c) What is the value of the force of friction?
d) The object is pushed horizontally to the right by a force of magnitude 2.0 N
and the object does not move.
(i) Draw a free-body diagram to illustrate the situation.
(ii) Is the friction static or kinetic? Find its magnitude and direction.
(iii) The horizontal force is increased to 5.0 N and the object still does not
move. Find the friction force. Is it static or kinetic?
(iv) The horizontal force is increased to 10 N and the object is just about to
move. Find the force of friction. Is it static or kinetic?
(v) Sketch a graph of friction versus the horizontal force F.
(vi) Write down the range of values of static friction.

BG11. (103) 12. [G] A small block of weight 10.0 N lies on a rough plane inclined at 30
to the horizontal. A horizontal force F, applied to the block, is on the verge of
moving the block up the plane. If the coefficient of friction between the block
and the plane is 0.650, find the magnitude of the normal force between the block
and the plane and the magnitude of the force F.
(104) 13. [G] Differentiate between static and kinetic friction.

B10. A rope is attached to a body of mass 65 kg at rest on a flat surface. The maximum force

that the rope can exert on the body before it begins to move is 450 N. Find the coefficient

of friction between the floor and the body.

B12. A particle A of mass 5.0 kg lies on a rough horizontal surface. Particle A is connected to a
particle B of mass 2.5 kg by a light inextensible string which passes over a smooth fixed
pulley. Particle B hangs freely. If the system is in equilibrium find the smallest value of
the coefficient of friction between the surface and particle A.

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 Mechanics I

B13. A trunk of weight 80 N rests in equilibrium on the loading ramp of a mover’s truck.
The ramp is rough and has a slope of 25. How large a force P is necessary to move the
trunk with constant velocity up the ramp knowing that the coefficient of friction between
the ramp and the trunk is 0.60.

B15. A body of mass 5.0kg rests on a horizontal surface, and a horizontal force of magnitude T
pulls it gently to the side. A plot of force of friction f versus T gave the graph(refer Page-168)
a) Draw a free body diagram of the body
b) In what region of the graph is f static?
c) Show fmax on the graph.
d) In what region is the graph kinetic?
e) For what value of the graph does the slope=1.0000? why ?
f) T starts from zero, increases slowly to 15 N then decreases to 9.5 N. Determine quantitatively,
using Newton’s Second Law, what happens to the body?
g) Determine the values of µs, and µk.

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 Mechanics I

Chapter 6 – Statistics 2: Rotational Equilibrium

Section 6.1 Moment of a Force

(105) 1. The horizontal door handle is pressed down with a force of 1 N. The length of the
handle is 10 cm. If the force is applied strictly vertically and the point of its
application lies at the very end of the handle, what is the magnitude of moment of
this force? Where is it directed? Disregard any other forces acting on the handle.

(106) 2. [G] A force F  7i  3j N acts at point P of a lamina of position vector

rP  2i  5j  m  relative to a fixed origin. Calculate the moment of the force about

the origin.

Section 6.2 Resultant of Two Coplanar Forces

B1. F1 F2 F3

B C
A D

F4

The above diagram shows a light uniform rod in equilibrium in a horizontal position. Given that
AB = 55 cm, BC = 80 cm, F1 = 5N, F2 = 8N and F4 = 20N. Find F3 and the distance CD.

B2.(107) 3. In the diagram below three forces F1, F2 and F3 act on a light rod
AE. AB = BC = CD = DE = 0.5 m, F1 = 3 N, F2 = 4 N and F3 = 2 N.

a) Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant moment about a horizontal
axis through A of the forces acting on the rod AE.
b) When a force F is applied at E, perpendicular to the rod, the resultant moment is
zero. Find the magnitude of F.

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 Mechanics I

B3.(108) 4. In the adjacent diagram AB = 3 m, BC = 2 m and CD = 3 m. F1 has a magnitude

of 10 N and makes an angle of 45° with AD, F2 has a magnitude of 8 N and is
perpendicular to AD and F3 has a magnitude of 12 N and makes an angle of 30°
with AD. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant moment of the given
forces about the point A.

(109) 5. [G] Consider two forces F1 = 2i + 2j (N) and F2 = 2i (N) acting at r1 = 3j (m) and
r2 = 2i + j (m) respectively. Find resultant moment about the origin.

Section 6.3 Center of Gravity of a System of Point Masses

(110) 6. Particles of masses 8 kg, 3 kg, 9 kg and 6 kg are placed respectively at the vertices
A, B, C and D of a light square lamina of side 5 m. Find the distances of the center
of mass of the particles from AB and AD.

(111) 7. [G] Find the center of mass of the following three particles: 1.0 kg at 3.0i + 4.0j
(m), 4.0 kg at ‒1.0i + 1.0j (m), and 2.0 kg at 7.0i ‒ 1.0j (m).

Section 6.4 Center of Mass of a Uniform Rigid Body

(112) 8. Find the center of mass of a uniform triangular lamina whose vertices have
coordinates (3, 5), (– 2, 4) and (– 2, – 4).

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(113) 9. [G] A uniform wire OABC is bent into the shape of three sides of a trapezium, as
shown in the diagram. Given that OA = 4.0 m, AB = 6.0 m, and BC = 2.0 m, find the
coordinates of the center of mass of this wire.

Section 6.5 Center of Mass of a Composite Body

(114) 10. Find the center of mass of the uniform lamina shown below, composed of a
square of side a attached to an equilateral triangle.

B4.(115) 11. [G] A uniform lamina is formed by joining a rectangular lamina ABCD of
dimensions 8.00 cm and 10.0 cm and an isosceles triangular lamina CDE of base
CD = 8.00 cm and height 12.0 cm. Calculate the distance of the center of mass of
the lamina from AD and AB.

B5. A uniform square lamina ABCD has mass 5M. A particle of mass 2M is attached to B and
a particle of mass 5M to C. Find the distance of the centre of mass from AD and AB.

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 Mechanics I

B6.
y

A triangle AEF is cut off from a rectangular D C

lamina ABCD. Given that AF = 3 m, FD = 1 m,
DC = 8 m and EB = 2 m. F
Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of the
remaining lamina.

A x
E B

B7. A triangle AEF is cut off from a triangular lamina ABC. Given that AE = AF = 30 cm,
AB = AC = 60 cm and BC = 80 cm, find the position of the centre of mass of the remaining
lamina.

BG8. A uniform circular disc, with centre O and diameter AB, has radius 6 cm. A circular disc of
radius 3 cm, whose centre is at the midpoint of OB, is cut away from the larger disc. Find the
distance of the centre of mass of the remaining lamina from A.

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 Mechanics I

Section 6.6 The second Condition of Equilibrium

B9. A uniform beam AB of length 4 m and mass 21 kg has a particle of mass 15 kg attached at
A and a particle of mass 18 kg attached at B. The beam is balanced horizontally on a
single support at C. Find the distance AC.

B10. A uniform beam AB of length 6 m and mass 45 kg rests horizontally on supports at C and
D where AC = BD = 1.2 m. A man of mass 90 kg stands on the beam at E where AE = 2.4
m. Calculate the magnitude of the reaction at each of the supports C and D.

B11. A uniform rod AB of mass 6 kg and length 3 m is suspended horizontally from the ceiling
by two vertical strings one attached at A and the other at point C where AC is 2.5 m. Find
the magnitude of the tensions in the strings.

B12. Two weights, 20 N and 30 N, hang freely from the ends A and B respectively, of a
where a support should be placed so that the beam will rest horizontally.

B13. A uniform beam, of length 7 m and weight 80 kg is lying on a horizontal floor. A man
raises one end of it until the beam is inclined at 30 to the horizontal. He maintains it in
this position by exerting a force at right angles to the beam. What is the magnitude of the
force he exerts?

(116) 12. A rigid rod of negligible weight, resting on knife-edge O, carries a weight of
magnitude w1 at end A. Find the weight w2 of a second body attached at B if the
rod is to remain in horizontal equilibrium, and find the force exerted by the knife-
edge at O.

B14.(117) 13. [G] A uniform ladder of length 4.0 m and weight w rests in equilibrium
with its foot A on a rough horizontal ground and resting against a smooth vertical
wall at the top B. The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground is
1/3. Find the angle  between the ladder and the wall when the ladder is on the
point of slipping.

B15. Two men lift a 7 m uniform beam AB of weight 800 N onto their shoulders. The beam is
carried horizontally, but one man puts his shoulder at the end A and the second man puts
his shoulder at a distance of 5.5 m from end A. What are the magnitudes of the forces
exerted by the two men?

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 Mechanics I

BG16. A uniform beam, of length 8 m and

C
mass 10 kg is hinged to a fixed point at
one end A and bears a load of 20 kg at
the other end. The beam is held in a
horizontal position by a rope of length 5 G
A B
m joining the midpoint G of the beam to
a point C vertically above A.
(a) Find the tension in the rope.
(b) Find the magnitude of the force
exerted by the hinge.

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 Mechanics I

Chapter 7 – Applications on Newton's Second Law

Section 7.1 A Problem – Solving Strategy

(118) 1. The adjacent figure shows a trolley accelerating towards the right, with a mass m
placed against its vertical front surface. What minimum acceleration should the
trolley have for m not to slip, knowing that the coefficient of static friction between
m and the trolley is 0.40?

Section 7.2 Horizontal Acceleration

B2.(119) 2. A lorry of mass 2.5 tons experiences a resistance force of 800 N when
traveling along a level road. The engine is producing a driving force of 2400 N.
By modeling the lorry as a particle, find the acceleration of the lorry.

B3.(120) 3. A body of mass 2.0 kg is suspended at the end of a massless spring tied to the
ceiling of a bus. When the bus is accelerating, the string makes an angle α = 15°
with the vertical.
a) Find the tension in the string.
b) Find the acceleration of the bus.

(121) 4. The figure shows a boy pushing two blocks A and B with a horizontal force F.

Find the force exerted by B on A knowing that F = 20 N, mA = 3mB = 3 kg and the

surface is frictionless.

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 Mechanics I

B1.(122) 5. [G] A block of mass 5.00 kg is pushed along a rough horizontal surface. The
coefficient of friction between the block and the surface is 0.250.
a) Find the pushing force needed to produce an acceleration of 4.00 m/s2. Use g =
10.0 m/s2.
b) The same block is moving on a smooth surface and is subjected to the same force
found in part (a). Find the acceleration of the block.

BG4. Two masses m and 3 m are connected by an inextensible string S and being pulled by a
force F along a rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction between the surface and
the masses is 0.4. If the acceleration of the system is 2.5 m/s2, find
(a) the tension in the string.
(b) the magnitude of the force F.

Section 7.3 Vertical Acceleration

B5. A child of mass 50 kg is standing in a lift of mass 80kg accelerating upwards at 2.5 m/s2. .
(a) By modelling the child as a particle, find the force between the child and the floor
of the lift.
(b) If the lift is connected to a cable pulling it upward find the tension in the cable.

BG6. A particle A of mass 1.5 kg is suspended by a vertical string S1. A particle B of mass 2.0 kg
is suspended from A by means of another string S2. A force of 40 N is applied to the upper
string and the particles move upwards. Find the tension in S2 and the acceleration of the
system.

B9.(123) 6. The pulleys in the figure are massless and frictionless, determine the
acceleration of each of m1 and m2, given that m1 = 4.00 kg, m2 = 1.00 kg, and the
surface is frictionless and horizontal.

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 Mechanics I

(124) 7. [G] A massless inextensible rope carries two masses m1 = 4.0 kg and m2 = 2.0 kg
at either end. The rope passes through the groove of a massless pulley that can
rotate without friction around a horizontal axis through its center. What is the
acceleration of mass m1? Use g = 10.0 m/s2.

B7.(125) 8. [G] A man of mass 95.0 kg stands on a light bathroom scale inside a lift. The
mass of the lift is 300 kg and the lift accelerates downwards.
a) What is the reading of the scale if the acceleration of the lift is 1.50 m/s2? Use g =
10.0 m/s2.
(b) Find the acceleration of the lift when the reading of the scale is 950 N.

BG8. Two Particles of mass 5 kg and 2 kg are attached to the ends of a light inextensible string
which passes over a smooth fixed pulley. The system is released from rest.
(a) Find the acceleration of the system.
G(b) Find the tension in the string.
G(c) Find the distance moved by the 5 kg mass in the first 3 seconds assuming that
neither particle reaches the pulley.

BTG10 The diagram shows a box B, of

mass 0.4 kg , resting on the smooth horizontal B
surface of a table. An inextensible light string
connects B to another particle A of mass 0.1 kg.
The string passes over a small smooth pulley
fixed at the edge of the table. The system is
released from rest with the string taut and the A
hanging part vertical.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of B.
G(b) Calculate the tension in the string.

Section 7.4 Acceleration along an Inclined Axis

BG13.(126) 9. A particle of mass 2 kg rests in limiting equilibrium on a plane inclined at

25° to the horizontal. The angle of inclination is decreased to 20° and a force of
magnitude 20 N is applied up the line of greatest slope. Find the acceleration of the
particle.

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 Mechanics I

B11.(127) 10. A block of mass 1.6 kg is placed on a rough plane inclined at 45° to the
horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 0.25.
By modeling the block as a particle,
a) find the acceleration of the particle down the plane.
b) find the velocity of the block after 32 s, assuming that it starts from rest.

(128) 11. Two particles A and B, of masses 10 kg and 12 kg respectively, are connected by
a light inextensible string which passes over a light smooth pulley P. Particle A
rests on a smooth horizontal surface and B rests on a smooth plane inclined at 45°
to the horizontal. with the string taut and perpendicular to the line of intersection
of the table and the plane. The system is released from rest.
a) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the particles.
b) Find the tension in the string.

B12.(129) 12. [G] A parcel P of mass 5.00 kg is released from rest on a rough ramp of
inclination  = arcsin (3/5) and slides down the ramp. After 3.00 s, P has a speed
of 4.90 m/s. Treating the parcel as a particle, find the coefficient of friction
between the parcel and the ramp. Use g = 10.0 m/s2.

B14.The diagram shows a particle A, of mass 5 kg resting on

a smooth plane which is inclined at 30 to the horizontal. P
A light inextensible string connects A to a second particle B
of mass 3 kg which hangs freely. The string passes over a A
small smooth pulley P fixed at the top of the inclined plane,
and the portion AP of the string is parallel to a line of greatest B
30
slope of the plane. The system is released from rest with the
string taut and the hanging part vertical.
(a) Calculate the acceleration of A.
(b) Calculate the tension in the string.

B15. Two particles A and B, of masses 10 Kg and 12 Kg respectively, are connected by

a light inextensible string which passes over a light smooth pulley P. Particle A
rests on a smooth horizontal surface and B rests on a smooth plane inclined at 45
to the horizontal. With the string taut and perpendicular to the line of intersection
of the table and the plane. The system is released from rest
(a) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the particles.
(b) Find the tension in the string. A

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 Mechanics I

Section 7.5 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion

BG17.(130) 13. [G] A car of mass 1.2 tons goes at a speed of 72.0 km/h round a banked
curve of radius 200. m. If the surface is frictionless find the least angle between
the curve and the horizontal so that the car rounds the curve without skidding. Use
g = 10.0 m/s2.
(131) 14. [G] Calculate the centripetal force exerted on a 1200 kg car that negotiates a 250
m radius curve at 25 m/s.

(132) 15. [G] An aircraft travels along a circle at a speed of 120 km/h. What is the diameter
of the circle if the angle of banking is 7.0º?

B16. A pilot banks his aircraft at an angle of 15 to travel in a circle of diameter 2 km. If
air resistance is negligible, find the speed of the aircraft.

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 Mechanics I

Chapter 8 – Work, Energy, and Power

Section 8.1 Introduction

(133) 1. Is the application of Newton’s Second Law always the easiest method to solve a
problem? Explain.

Section 8.2 Work – Energy Theorem

BG1.(134) 2. [G]
a) State the work-kinetic energy theorem.
b) A package of mass 8.0 kg is pushed in a straight line across a smooth horizontal floor
by means of a constant horizontal force of magnitude 16 N. The package has a speed
of 3.0 m/s when it passes through point A and a speed of 5.0 m/s when it reaches
point B. Find the distance AB.

Section 8.3 Workless Forces

(135) 3. An ice puck of mass 1.0 kg moves with a speed of 2.0 m/s on a frictionless
horizontal surface.
a) What are the two forces acting on the body?
b) Find the work done by each force as the body moves through a distance of 1.0 m.

(136) 4. [G] What are the two cases in which a force does zero work on an object?

Section 8.4 Work Done by a Force

B2. (137) 5. A body of mass 5 kg moves on a horizontal rough surface. The body is
subjected to a force of magnitude 50 N making an angle of 30° with the
horizontal. If the coefficient of friction between the table and the surface is 0.15,
find the work done by the net force acting on the body to move it a distance of 100
m.

(138) 6. [G] A force F of magnitude 20.0 N acts on a box at an angle of 60 with the
horizontal. If the force applied to the box causes it to move horizontally through
10.0 m, what is the work done by F?

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Section 8.6 Work as Area Under the F-x Curve

(139) 7. [G] A force-displacement graph of a moving cart is shown below.

Determine the amount of work done by the force over the displacement 0 m to 5
m.

Section 8.7 Work Done by Gravity (near the surface of the Earth)

B3.(140) 8. A man lifts 20 boxes each of mass 15 kg through a height of 1.5 m. Find the
work done by the man against gravity.

B4.(141) 9. A box of mass 60 kg is released from rest on a rough inclined plane making an
angle α= sin–1 (2/7) with the horizontal. After traveling 90 m, the box reaches a
speed of 12 m/s. Find, using the Work–Energy Theorem, the coefficient of friction
between the body and the plane.

B6.(142) 10. A girl pushes her bicycle 120 m up a hill inclined at an angle αto the horizontal,
where sinα = 1/10. If the combined weight of the girl and her bicycle is 700 N,
a) find the work she does against gravity, and
b) find the total work done by the girl knowing that the average resistance to
motion is of magnitude 20 N.

(143) 11. [G] A woman of mass 60.0 kg takes a ride in a ski lift. Find the work done by
gravity on the woman as she goes up 100. m along a slope of 37.0°. Use g = 10.0
m/s2.

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Section 8.8 Power

B7.(144) 12. a) Define the following terms: average power, instantaneous power.
b) On a level track, a train has a maximum speed of 50 m/s. The total resistance
to motion is 28 kN. Find the maximum power of the engine.
c) A stone of mass 2 kg thrown vertically upwards reaches a maximum height of
30 m in 6 s. Find the average power developed by the stone.

BG8.(145) 13. A car of mass 1500 kg moves up a hill inclined at an angle 30° to the
horizontal. When the engine is working at 250 kW, the maximum speed is 20 m/s.
Find the resistance to motion.

(146) 14. [G] A man of mass 80.0 kg climbs up 25 stairs each of height 20.0 cm in 20.0 s.
What is the average power developed by the man? Use g = 10.0 m/s2.

(147) 15. [G] A box on a motorized cart starts from rest and moves with a constant
acceleration of 1.40 m/s2. A worker assists the cart by pushing on the box with a
force of magnitude F(t) = (5.00 N/s)t and along the same direction of the
acceleration. What is the instantaneous power supplied by this force at t = 4.00 s?

B9. (a) A car of mass 1.2 tonnes is travelling along a level road against a constant
resistance of 400 N. Given that the maximum speed of the car is 40 m/s, find the power
developed by the engine.
(b) With the car engine working at the same rate and the resistance unchanged the car
ascends a slope inclined at 10 to the horizontal. Find its maximum velocity up the hill.

1
B10. A car of mass 1000 kg is moving up a hill inclined at arcsin at a steady speed of 25
20
m/s.
(a) Given that the power developed by the engine is 20 kW, find the resistance to
motion.
(b) The road now becomes horizontal. Find the initial acceleration, assuming
the resistance remains unchanged.

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Section 8.9 Gravitational Potential Energy

B11b.(148) 16. A child of mass 30 kg slides 5 m down a playground slide inclined at 40°
to the horizontal. By modeling the child as a particle, calculate the potential
energy lost by the child.

B11a. (149) 17. [G] A box of mass 4 kg is raised vertically upward through a distance of 2
m. Find the change in the gravitational potential energy of the box. What is the
work done by gravity on the box? Use g = 10 m/s2.

Section 8.10 Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces

(150) 18. A 3.0 kg body is pulled vertically upward by a force P at a constant velocity
through a distance of 1.0 m. (Consider g = 10 m/s2)
a) What is the magnitude of P?
b) What is the energy transferred to the body by the person exerting P?
c) What is the energy transferred to the body by the Earth?
d) What is the net increase in the kinetic energy of the body?

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BG12.(151) 19. [G] What is the difference between conservative and non-conservative
forces? Give examples on each of these forces.

Section 8.11 Potential Energy of a Compressed Spring (Elastic Potential Energy)

(152) 20. A massless spring is compressed 0.20 m by a force of 20 N, and 0.30 m by a

force of 30 N.
a) What is the force constant k of the spring?
b) How much work is needed to compress the spring
i. by 0.20 m?
ii. by 0.30 m?
c) A 1.0 kg steel cube moving at 3.0 m/s on a frictionless surface collides with
the spring. How much will the cube compress the spring before coming to a
stop?

(153) 21. [G] A 15.0 cm long spring, of negligible mass, is stretched to 23.0 cm by a force
F acting on one of its extremities. The spring has a spring constant of 350. N/m.
What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring?

BG13. A 5.0 m long spring, of negligible mass is stretched to 6.0 m by a force F acting on one of
the extremities of the string, the second extremity being fixed. The spring has a spring
constant of 350 N/m.
G(a) What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
(b) Find F.

Section 8.12 Generalization of the Theorem of Kinetic Energy

(154) 22. A body of mass 4.0 kg is placed on a plane, inclined at 30° with the horizontal,
starting from rest. The body slides down from rest and attains a speed of 2.0 m/s
after 2.0 m. Calculate the force of friction, assumed constant, exerted by the
surface on the box.
a) If we consider the Earth, the plane and body as one system, list the forces
acting on the body and classify them as external or internal. What is then ∑Wext?
b) Find the change in kinetic energy of the body.
c) Find the change in potential energy of the body.
d) Evaluate the energy dissipated using Wext = ΔEk+ ΔU + Energy dissipated.
e) Knowing that the energy dissipated is nothing but the work done by friction f,
express this energy in terms of f and deduce the magnitude of f.
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5
B5. A particle of mass 4 kg is projected up a rough inclined plane making an angle arcsin
13
to the horizontal with a velocity of 8 m/s. Given that the coefficient of friction between the
particle and the plane is 0.2, find, by energy consideration, the distance the particle moves
up the plane before coming to rest.

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Section 8.13 Mechanical Energy

B14.(155) 23. A boy and his skateboard have a mass of 50 kg. The boy descends a slope
inclined at 12º to the horizontal starting from rest. At the bottom of the incline,
the ground becomes horizontal for 10 m before rising at 8º to the horizontal. The
boy travels 30 m up the inclined before coming to rest again. By modeling the
boy and the skateboard as a particle, find the distance the boy traveled down the
slope knowing that throughout the motion, the boy is subject to a constant
resistance of 20 N.

B16. (156) 24. [G] Two identical masses of mass m are connected by a light inelastic
string of length 2.00 m. One particle, A, rests in smooth contact with a horizontal
table and the other particle hangs freely over the edge of the table. The string is
perpendicular to that edge. If A is released from rest when it is at a distance 1.00
m from the table edge, use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to
find the speed of A when it reaches the edge. Use g = 9.80 m/s2.

B15. A bead is threaded on to a circular ring of radius 0.5 m and center O, which is fixed in a
vertical plane. The bead is projected from the lowest point of the ring, A, with a speed of
4m/s, and first comes to instantaneous rest at a point B. Contact between the ring and the
bead is smooth and there is no other resistance to motion. Find the height of B above A.

BG17. A small block A of mass 2m, is lying in smooth contact with a table top. A light
inextensible string of length 1 m is attached at one end to A, passes over a smooth pulley at
the edge of the table, and carries a block of mass m hanging freely at the other end.
Initially A is held at rest, 0.8 m from the edge of the table. If the system is released, find
the speed of A when it reaches the edge.

BG18. The seat of a swing is 0.4 m above the ground when it is stationary. A girl is swinging so
that she passes through the lowest point with speed 5.4 m/s. Find the height of the seat
above the ground when she first comes to rest.

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Chapter 9 – Impulse and Momentum

Section 9.1 Impulse and Linear Momentum

(157) 1. a) Show that the units of impulse and momentum are identical.
b) Correct the mistake in the following sentence: “The net impulse exerted on a
body is equal to its momentum”.

(158) 2. [G] A ball of mass 700. g hits a wall horizontally at 22.0 m/s and rebounds at 16.0
m/s. What is the impulse of the net force acting on the ball?
(159) 3. [G] A particle of mass 0.20 kg is moving with speed 5.0 m/s. Its speed changes to
8.0 m/s and its direction of motion is reversed. Find the change of momentum of
the particle.

BG1. (a) Define the following terms: impulse, momentum.

(b) State the impulse–momentum principle

(160) 4. [G] (c)A particle of mass 6 kg is at rest on a smooth horizontal surface. A horizontal
force of magnitude 12 N acts on the particle for 10 s. Find the final speed of the
particle.

Section 9.2 Newton’s Second Law

BG2.(161) 5. a) A particle of mass 0.2 kg is moving with speed 5 m/s. Its speed changes to 8
m/s and its direction of motion is reversed. Find the change of momentum of the
particle.
b) A ball of mass 0.5 kg hits a vertical wall with a horizontal speed of 45 m/s. It
rebounds with a speed of 30 m/s. Find the impulse exerted by the wall on the
ball.

B3.(162) 6. A ball of mass 0.4 kg is dropped from a height of 2.5 m. After hitting the ground
it rises to a height of 1.8 m. Considering the ball as a particle find
a) the speed with which the ball hits the ground,
b) the speed with which the ball rebounds from the ground, and
c) the impulse the ball receives from the ground.

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B4.(163) 7. A particle of mass 6 kg is moving with a velocity of 3i – 2j (m/s); 3 s later it has

a velocity of 7i + 3j (m/s). Find the magnitude and direction of the constant force
acting on the particle.

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(164) 8. [G] A particle of mass 6.00 kg is at rest on a smooth horizontal surface. A horizontal
force of magnitude 12.0 N acts on the particle for 10.0 s. Find the final speed of the
particle.

B5. (a) A ball of mass 2.5 kg moves at 8.0 m/s due west. Find the direction and the
magnitude of the impulse to be given to it such that it travels at 6 m/s due south.
(b) If the contact lasts for 0.02 s, find the average force acting on the ball.

Section 9.3 Impulse as the Area Under an F-t Graph

(165) 9. Consider the direction to the right as positive. Find the change of momentum
produced in each case, when the net force exerted on a body is
a) 10 N to the right for two seconds.
b) 10 N to the right for 1.0 s followed immediately by 20 N to the left for 2.0 s.
Draw the F-t curve for each case.

(166) 10. [G] A body of mass 3.0 kg moving along the x-axis in the positive sense with a
velocity of 5.0 m/s is subjected to a force of 9.0 N in the negative sense, for 4.0 s.
Draw the force-time graph and find the final velocity.

Section 9.4 The Principle of Conservation of Momentum

(167) 11. [G] What is the recoil velocity of a 3.60 kg rifle after firing a 30.0 g bullet with a
speed of 360. m/s?

BG12.(168) 12. [G] A particle A, of mass 3.0 kg and traveling at 5.0 m/s, collides head on with
a particle B of mass 2.0 kg traveling at 4.0 m/s. If, after impact, B moves in the opposite
direction at 2.0 m/s, find then the velocity of A.

B13. A particle A, of mass 0.2 kg, has a velocity (16i – 12j) m/s and collides directly with
another particle B, of mass 0.3 kg. Before the collision B is at rest. After the collision B
has a speed of 10 m/s. Find:
(a) The velocities of A and B after collision.
(b) The impulse received by A as a result of the collision.

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 Mechanics I

Section 9.5 Center of Inertial Mass

(169) 13. A 1.0 kg cart is attached behind a 2.0 kg cart, and both are moving together with
a velocity of 0.50 m.s–1. A spring pushes them apart. The cart in front increases its
speed to 0.70 m.s–1 in the same direction. Find the direction and magnitude of the
velocity of the second cart.

Section 9.6 Newton’s Third Law and Conservation of Momentum

B6.(170) 14. Starting from Newton’s Third Law, derive the Principle of Conservation of
Momentum.

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Section 9.7 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

B7.(171) 15. a) State Newton’s Second Law in terms of momentum.

b) How do we find the impulse from the F–t graph?
c) State the Principle of Conservation of Momentum.

BG9.(172) 16. A ball P moving with a speed of 4 m/s hits a similar ball Q moving with a
speed of 1 m/s in the same direction as P. After the impact, both balls move in
the same direction along the same straight line, but the speed of Q is twice that of
P. Find the speeds of the balls after impact.

B14.(173) 17. A 60 g bullet traveling at 500 m/s collides with a wooden block of mass 4.0
kg, placed on a horizontal surface, and becomes embedded in it.
a) Find the velocity of the bullet-block system immediately after collision.
b) Would you consider the collision to be elastic or inelastic?
c) What percentage of the kinetic energy is dissipated as heat?

BG8.(174) 18. [G] A small sphere A of mass 2.5 kg lies at rest on a smooth horizontal
table. A second small smooth sphere B of mass 1.5 kg is moving with speed 4.0
m/s and collides directly with A. The two spheres combine after impact.
a) Find their common speed after impact.
b) Calculate the (change) loss (in) of (the) kinetic energy of the system due to the
impact.

B10. A gun of mass 5 kg fires a bullet of mass 40 g. Given that the bullet leaves the gun with a
speed of 500 m/s,
(a) Find the initial speed of recoil of he gun.
(b) Find the gain in kinetic energy of the system.

BG11. A shell is travelling horizontally at 400 m/s when it explodes into 2 pieces whose masses
are in the ratio 2:3. The larger piece has a speed of 800 m/s in the original direction of
motion. Given that the smaller piece also moves horizontally after the explosion,
(a) find the velocity of the smaller piece.
(b) Find the increase in kinetic energy of the system as a multiple of the kinetic
energy of the original shell.

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(175) 19. [G] Differentiate between perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions.

Section 9.8 Impulsive Actions

B15.(176) 20. Two particles A and B of masses 2 kg and 6 kg respectively are connected by
a light inextensible string. Initially, they are at rest on a smooth table with the string
slack. A is projected directly away from B with a speed of 4 m/s.
a) Find their common speed when the string becomes taut.
b) Find the loss in kinetic energy caused by the jerk in the string.

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(177) 21. [G] A light inextensible string connects two particles, A of mass 5m and B of mass
3m. The particles are placed side by side on a smooth horizontal bench and A is
projected directly away from B with a speed 8.0 m/s along the bench. At the instant
when the string becomes taut, B is jerked into motion and A and B then move with
the same speed in the direction initially taken by A. Find the common speed of A
and B after the string becomes taut.

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Chapter 10 – Appendix

A.1 Prerequisite Concepts

(178) 1. When does a function have a local maximum or minimum?

A.2 Differentiation of a Vector with Respect to a Scalar Parameter

(179) 2. Given w = (6t2)i – 14tj, find dw/dt at t = 4.

A.3 Integration of a Vector with Respect to a Scalar Parameter

(180) 3. Given w = (6t2)i – 14tj, find
a)  wdt
4
b) 1 wdt

A.4 Calculus and Kinematics

(181) 4. A particle P moves so that, at time t s, its position vector, r m, relative to a fixed
origin O, is given by r = (t2 –4t)i + (t 3 + ft2)j, t > 0, where f is a constant
a) Find an expression for the velocity of P at time t.
b) Given that the particle comes to instantaneous rest, find the value of f.
(182) 5. A particle moving along a straight line starts at time t = 0 seconds with a velocity 4
m/s.
At any subsequent time t seconds the acceleration of the particle is (6t –8) m/s2.
Find the total time, in seconds, taken by the particle to return to the starting point.

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A.5 Other Applications of Calculus

(183) 6. What work is done by a force F = 6x2 + 1 (N) on a body during the first 2 m of
displacement?
(184) 7. Work done by a body is given by: W(t) = 3t2 –5t + 1 (J). What power does it
produce at the point t = 5 s.
(185) 8. A force acting on a body is given by F(t) = 8ti + 3t2j (N). Find the impulse exerted
by this force in the time interval between the t = 1 s and t = 3 s.
(186) 9. An unknown force F is acting on a body with momentum of p = (10t – t2)i – 2tj
N.s. What is the value force F at t = 2 s?

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