Current Electricity POINTS TO [REMEMBER ‘The study of electric charges in motion is called current electricity. 1. Electric Current The rate of flow of electric charges through a conductor is called electric current, Current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge Conventionally, the direction of current is taken along the direction of flow of positive charge and opposite to the direction of flow of negative charge (electron). Current is a scalar quantity. SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). 2. Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor A metallic conductor contains free electrons as charge carriers, while positive ions are fixed in the lattice. When no potential difference is applied, the motion of free electrons is random so there is no net current in any direction, When a potential dillerence is applied across the conductor the free electrons drift along the direction of positive potential so a current begins to flow in the conductor, the direction of current is opposite to the direction of the net electron flow. 3. Drift Velocity and Mobility rebte| A) Ata Os Moma | L@La! Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity with which the free electrons get drifte positive end of the conductor under the influence of an external electric field applied. It is by the relation where m mass of electron, ¢ = charge of electron E = clectric field applied mean free path + = relaxation time Toot mean square velocity of electrons Mobility ofan ion is defined as the drift velocity per unit electric field i, Current Electricity 974, Relation between Drift Velocity and Mobility with Electric Current Current, in terms of drift velocity [=nedv,, Current, in terms of mobility [=ne4pE, where, n = number of free electrons per metre’, A = cross-sectional area of conductor. 5. Ohm's Law It states that the current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across the conductor provided physical conditions, eg., temperature, pressure, etc. remain the same, LecV or Veel or V=RI where R is called electrical resistance. Its unit is volvampere or ohm, ‘Ohm's law is not applicable to all types of conductor. It is applicable only for those conducting materials for which 1-1 graph is linear. 6. V-l Characteristics: Linear and Non-linear — Ohmic and Non-ohmie Conductors The conductors or circuit elements for which 1] graph is linear are called ohmic conductors. The examples are metallic conductors. t t On the other hand, the circuit elements for 1 1 which IJ graph is non-linear are called non- ohmic conductors. The examples are junction =v Vv diodes and transistors. {er Ww oO = rr a a [a e) 7 ) Fe z fe) a Ohmic () Nor-ohmie Electrical Energy and Power 7. Joule’s Law of Heating The heat which is produced (or consumed) due to the flow of current in a conductor, is expressed in joules. Mathematically, amount of heat produced (consumed) is proportional to square of amount of current flowing through conductor, electrical resistance of wire and the time of current flow through i So, HalRt = n-fe J where J is a joule constant. 1 joule constant is 4.18% 108 J/k cal Prom, J J aR Where Vis the potential difference across wire. = oH 8, Power Rate of energy dissipation in a resistor is called the power ie., Ww a Power P= =Vi=PR= The unit of power is watt. 9. Resistivity (or Specific Resistance) Resistivity of a substance is defined as the resistance offered by a wire of that substance of | metre length and 1 square metre cross-sectional area. Resistivity depends only on the material and is independent of dimensions at a given temperature. The SI unit of resistivity is ohm X metre (Cm). 98 Xam idea Physics-Xil10. Conductance and Conductivity The reciprocal of resistance is called the conductance () aol, ie, G=z Its SI unit is (ohm) or mho or siemen (S). The reciprocal of resistivity is called the conductivity (6). he. ont Le 5 Its ST unit is hme metre (or mho mr!) or Smo 11. Temperature Dependence of Resistance The resistance ofa metallic conductor increases with increase of temperature. R,=Ry[l+a-t)] where Ry is resistance at 0°C and R; is resistance at °C and a is temperature coefficient of resistance. In general if variation of temperature is not too large, then Rk Rigahy Per’ Cor per K In terms of resistivity = Peo og K = 5 ay Per Cor Per However, the resistance of a semiconductor decreases with rise in temperature. 12, Electric Cell Its a device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. «y+ EMF of a cell (£) is defined as the maximum potential diflerence_,-—4—| when no current is being drawn from the cell. Terminal Potential difference (V) is defined as the potential ¢—____y_ difference when currentis being delivered to external load resistance. ca q Internal Resistance (r) of a cell is the hindrance offered by the + 2. } electrolyte of cell to the flow of current. Internal resistance of + Etemal battery — cell depends on () separation between electrodes. (i) area of immersed part of electrodes. (iti) concentration and nature of electrolyte. E=V+io > V=E-r When a current I is passed in cell in opposite direction by external battery, then terminal potential difference Y= E +r 13. Combination of Cells (@ When n-identical cells are connected in series Ena \__nE Rat Ray] Rar For useful series combination, the condition is Rag >> Rigg (i) When m-identical cells are connected in parallel —_ Fa _ iE “Rt, R+am Condition of useful parallel combination is R < r/m. (ii) When N’ = mn, cells are connected in mixed grouping (m-rows in parallel, each row containing cells in series) vu S Zz | wn S| e) Bs) fu K< fu K< (es) ima ye) ew 8 Current, fe L nE annE. Current, pe wht m Condition for useful mixed grouping is Rar = Riss Ratt ies = Current Electricity 99(@v) When two cells of different emf £, and £, and dilferent internal resistances 7, and 75 are connected in parallel as shown in fig, then net emf of combination is Fi gE pe Bet Ea ow Jagd" ag 4 i, Hiecioneraalvedeanert, Ey Hi Mle ga Rom Mt 14, Kirchhoff’s Laws (i) First law (or junction law): The algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction in an electrical network is zero, ie, w=0 This law is based on conservation of charge. (ii) Second law (or loop law): The algebraic sum of potential differences of different circuit elements of a closed circuit (or mesh) is zer0, ie, v=o This law is based on conservation of energy. 15. Wheatstone’s Bridge tis an arrangement of four resistances PQ, R, and S forming a closed Gircuit. A potential difference is applied across terminals A and C. A galvanometer is connected across B and D. The condition of null point (no deflection in galvanometer) is {er Ww oO = rr a a [a e) 7 ) Fe z fe) a Multiple Choice Questions Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions. 1, The resistance of a metal wire increases with increasing temperature on account of ICBSE 2020 (55/1/2)) (@) decrease in free electron density. (0) decrease in relaxation time. (©) increase in mean free path. (@) increase in the mass of electron. 2. Dimensions of a block are lem x lem X 100 cm. If specific resistance of its material is 3 x 10° O m, then the resistance between the opposite rectangular faces is @ 3x12 ® 3x107a @3x10a &| @ 3x 10F2 —! ot 3. Resistivity of a given conductor depends upon [CBSE 2020 (55/2/2)] @) temperature. (b) length of conductor. (0) area of cross-section. \ (@) shape of the conductor. 100 Xam idea Physics-xil9% 10. A cell of emf (£) and internal resistance r is connected across a variable external resistance R. ‘The graph of terminal potential difference Vas a function of R is [CBSE 2020 (55/4/1)) y q ‘. @ ® a o = tq te © @ e a cos o In a Wheaistone bridge, all the four arms have equal resistance R. If resistance of the galvanometer arm is also R, then equivalent resistance of the combination is R R @R Os oF Fy Consider a current carrying wire (current I) in the shape of a circle. Note that as the current progresses along the wire, the direction of J (current density) changes in an exact manner, while the current remain unaffected. The agent that is essentially responsible for is (NCERT Exemplar] (@) source of emf. (6) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the surface of wire, (©) the charges just behind a given segment of wire which push them just the right way by repulsion. (@) the charges ahead. ‘Two batteries of emf 6, and ¢ (¢, > 5,) and internal resistances r, and rz respectively are connected in parallel as shown in Figure. (NCERT Exemplar] (@) The equivalent emfs, ofthe two cells is between &, and é, 8 ie, 8)< by <5 n (b) The equivalent emf gy is smaller than €1. K, 5 (©) The ty is given by t= 6) + always (@) &q is independent of internal resistances r, and ry &2 "2 ‘The drift velocity of the free electrons in a conducting wire carrying a current jis v. If ina wire of the same metal, but of double the radius, the current be 2/, then the drift velocity of the electrons will be @ vA wwe ©» (@) The element of a heater is rated (F 7). Ifit is connected across a source of voltage ¥/2, then the power communed by it will be ICBSE 2020 (55/3/1)) @P 2P P Pe OF @F ‘A metal rod of length 10 em and a rectangular cross-section of Lem x em is connected to a battery across opposite faces. The resistance will be [NCERT Exemplar] (@) maximum when the battery is connected across Lem x cm faces. (© maximum when the battery is connected across 10. em x 1 cm faces. (©, maximum when the battery is connected across 10.em x em faces. (@) same irrespective of the three faces. Current Electricity 1011. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 7. 18. 19. Which of the following characteristics of electrons determines the current in a conductor? [NCERT Exemplar] (@) Drift velocity alone (6) Thermal velocity alone (©) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity (@ Neither drift nor thermal velocity. Temperature dependence of resistivity p(T) of semiconductors insulators and metals is significantly based on the following factors. [NCERT Exemplar] (@) Number of charge carriers can change with temperature 7. () Time interval between two successive collision can depend on 7: (©) Length of material can be a function of 7. (@) Mass of carriers is a function of 7, A cell of internal resistance is connected across an external resistance R can supply maximum current when [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)) @ R=r WR>r © R=y W@R=0 Kirchhoff’s junction rule is a reflection of [NCERT Exemplar) (@) conservation of current density vector. (6) conservation of charge. (©) the fact that the momentum with which a charged particle approaches a junction is unchanged (as a vector) as the charged particle leaves the junction, (@ the fact that there is no accumulation of charged at a junction, ‘The ratio of current density and electric field is called [CBSE 2020 (55/2/2)) (a) Resistivity (b) Conductivity (©) Drift velocity (@) Mobility ‘The electrical resistance of a conductor [CBSE 2020 (55/3/1)) (a) varies directly proportional to its area of cross-section. () decreases with increase in its temperature. (©) decreases with increase in its conductivity. (@) independent or its shape but depends only on its volume. For a fixed potential difference app! does not depend upon (@) free electron density in the conductor. (®) mass of the electrons, (6) length of the conductor (@) temperature of the conductor. ‘Two sources of equal emf are connected in series. This combination is, in turn connected to an external resistance 2. The internal resistance of two sources are r, and ry (rq > 1). If the potential difference across the source of internal resistance r, is zero, then R equals to [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) across a conductor, the drift speed of free electrons [CBSE 2020 (55/2/3)) ntn @ on a-n 1 itn © gm Om Ifn, ¢, t and m have their usual meanings, then the resistance of a wire of length | and cross- sectional area 4 is given by [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) net ml © Sneed ean mA ne*tA os ©) Sa 102. Xam idea Physics-Xil20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. A straight line plot showing the terminal potential difference (V) of a cell as a function of current (7) drawn from it, is shown in the figure. The internal resistance of the cell would be then ICBSE Sample Paper-2022), Term-1] 00s 40 15 20 — Tampere) (@) 2.8 ohms (b) 14 ohms (© 12 ohms (d) zero. A car battery is charged by a 12 V supply, and energy stored in it is 7.20 X 10° J. The charge passed through the battery is (CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1} (a) 6.0 x 10°C (0) 5.8 x 10° (0 8.64 x 10°] (d) 1.6 x 10°C We use alloys for making standard resistors because they have [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1} (a) low temperature coefficient of resistivity and high specific resistance temperature coeflicient of resistivity and low specific resistance (©) low temperature coellicient of resistivity and low specific resistance (@) high temperature coefficient of resistivity and high specific resistance A constant voltage is applied between the two ends of a uniform metallic wire, heat ‘P is developed in it. IF another wire of the same material, double the radius and twice the length as compared to original wire is used then the heat developed in it will be [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1} (a) 2 WH (©) 2H 4H ‘If the potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V with its temperature Kept constant, free electrons in a conductor [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1) (@) remain the same (0) become half of its previous value (c)_ be double of its initial value (d) become zero ‘A battery is connected to the conductor of non-uniform cross section area. The quantities or quantity which remains constant is [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-I] (a) electric field only (b) drift speed and electric field (©) electric field and current @ current only For a metallic conductor, the correct representation of variation of resistance R with temperature T is [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)) @ eR o® R © R @ oR 3 3 3] ; i ; i 2 3 g 3 é 2 2 | ¢ ¢ 1 14. i Tere Tero Temp A steady current flows through a metallic wire whose area of cross-section (4) increases continuously from one end of the wire to the other. The magnitude of drift velocity (v,) of the free electrons as a function of ‘4’ can be shown by [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)) @) ve he ©) va | © vw @) ve A A a B Current Electricity 10328. A current of 0.8 A flows in a conductor of 40 @ for 1 minute. The heat produced in the conductor will be [CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)) @ 1443) (b) 1536 J (©) 1569] (d) 1640 J 29. A cell of emf E is connected across an external resistance R. When current ‘T is drawn from the cell, the potential difference across the electrodes of the cell drops to V. The internal resistance ‘r’ of the cell is (CBSE 2023 (55/2/1)) £-V E-V (E-V)R E-V w Ee w(t) PE (EEE 30, The current density due to drift of electrons in a conductor is given by (symbols have their usual meanings) [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)] nAng ng @ neany oO Oy W@ nev, Answers L© 2.6) 3.(@) 4.6) 5.(@) 6. (6) 7. (@) 8. (b) .@ 10. (@) 11. @ 12. (@), (4) 18. (a) 14. (b), (@) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (@) 18. (6) 19. 6) 20. (a) 21. (@) 22. (a) 23. ©) 24. (0) 25. (d) 26. (2) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. d) 30. (d) Assertion-Reason Questions In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (@) ®) © @ 1 Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. Ais true but R is false. Ais false and R is also false. Assertion (4): An electron has a high potential energy when it is at a location associated with a more negative value of potential, and a low potential energy when at a location associated with a more positive potential. [CBSE Sample Paper-2022, Term-1} Reason (R) + Electrons move from a region of higher potential to region of lower potential Assertion (4) + The current density is a vector quantity. Reason (R) Current density has magnitude current per unit area and is directed along the direction of current. Assertion (4): The connecting wires are made of copper. Reason (R)_: Copper has very high electrical conductivity. Assertion (4): Material used in construction of a standard resistance is constantan. Reason (R)_ + The temperature coefficient of resistance of constantan is negligible. Assertion (4): An clectrical bulb starts glowing instantly as itis switched on. Reason (R) + Drifi speed of electrons in a metallic wire is very large. [ams 2017} Assertion (A): With increasein drift velocity, the current flowing through a metallicconductor decreases. Reason (R)_ + The current flowing in a conductor is inversely proportional to drift velocity. 104 Xam idea Physics-Xil7. Assertion (4): The current flows in a conductor when there is an electric field within the conductor, Reason (R)_: The electrons in a conductor drift only in the presence of electric field 8. Assertion (4) The conductivity of an electrolyte is very low as compared to a metal at room temperature. Reason (R)_ : The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much smaller as compared to number density of free electrons in metals. Further, ions drift much more slowly, being heavier. [4M 2015) 9. Assertion (4): The internal resistance of a cell is constant. Reason (R)_ + Ionic concentration of the electrolyte remains same during use of a cell [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)) 10. Assertion (4): When three electric bulbs of power 200 W, 100 W and 50 W are connected in series to a source, the power consumed by the 50 W bulb is maximum, Reason (R)_ + Ina series circuit, current is the same through each bulb, but the potential difference across each bulb is different. [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)) 3.@) 4. @) 5.0) 6 @) 7. (@) 10. @). Case-based/Passage-based Questions Read the paragraph given below and answer the questions that follow: 1, Eel: The Electric Fish Electric fish are able to generate current with biological cells called electroplaques, which are physiological emf devices. The electro-plaques in the South American ell shown in the photograph that opens this chapter are arranged in 140 rows, each row stretching horizontally along the body and each containing 5000 electro-plaques. The arrangement is suggested in figure each clectro-plaque has an emf (¢) of 0.15V and an internal resistance (7) of 0.252. The water surrounding the eel completes a circuit between the two ends of the electroplaque array, one end at the animal’s head and the other near its tail Elecoplgue <—, (i) If the water surrounding the eel has resistance R, = 800 © how much current can the eel produce in the water? (a) 6.6 ma () 6.6 (6) 0.93 A, @ 93 mA Current Electricity 105(i) If the cell has on emf of 4 V and the internal resistance of this cell is 0.2 0, it is connected to resistance of 3.8 ©, terminal voltage through the cell will be (@) 38V wav (02V () 18V (iii) For a cell, the terminal potential difference is 3.6 V, when the circuit is open. If the potential difference reduces to 3 V, when cell is connected to a resistance of 5 0, the internal resistance of cell is @ia 20 4a 8a (io) A group of girls connected 10 identical cell first in series and then in parallel across a bulb of resistance 50 Qand they see that the reading of the ammeter 1 A in both cases. Then the internal resistance of any one cell will be (@) 1000 () 500 (@ 102 5a or If n identical cells emf and internal resistance r are connected parallel then the equivalent emf of the combination will @e we oF @ te 2. An experiment was set up with the cireuit dia Given that R, = 102, Ry = Ry \gram shown in figure 2,7 = 0.2 and F = 5V [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1, Modified] @ The points with the same potential are @ bed Of hs Ode @) 4,5,j (ii) The current through branch dg is L, 1 2 @) 1A OsA OgA @sA The power dissipated in R, is @ 2W O25W o3w @45W (iv) The potential difference across R, is @ L5V @2Vv ©25V @3v oR ‘The potential difference (V,- V,) between the points 4 and B in the given figure is Va 20 ae 20 Va $n" >» —_w___—' A 1228 5 @ -3V W+3V © -13V @ +13V 106 Xam idea Physics-Xil1. @ (© The total emf, £,,, along a row of 5000 electro-plaque Exo = 5000 E = 5000 X 0.15 = 750 V Now, Total internal resistance in row, From = (50007 = (5000 x 0.25) = 1250.0. ‘The equivalent resistance of this combination, Tow _ 1250 _ fea OD T8932 Ene ™ Fron Hence, I produce by eel in water, Ry = 800.2 Eva 750 B Ber, 7 300+ 893 ~O927A=0.98.A (Note: In parallel combination of cell having equal internal resistance, Eye = E] BE __4 4. Rey 3at0g 4 '* (@) (a) Here, Now, V = E-Ir=4-1x02=88V (it) (@) Given, 38.6 VV = 3V, R 5a then, r= Le Now, a re 10 () (b) Case I: When cells connected in series, Eygy = 10 E Eve 10E 1 = Re lor ~ 50+107 i Case Il: When cell connected in parallal, Eng = E E, p= FE (ii) Re 504 Now, in both case ammeter reading is same, ieee 5 10E E 50+10r cm 50+ 75 > 500+ =50410 = oF = 450 r= 222500 10 9 OR (©) In parallel combination of cell, + 2 (b) Here, = 0, so no potential drop across Ped of cell = V,-V, = (5-0) = 5V Current Electricity 107Now, F, = 5V, V, = OV From the circuit, common points a,b, i,¢ have same potential and common points h, g, j-f have same potential. (i) (©) Potential difference across bg, asv Vig= t5-0=5V Current through branch bg, Ye s100 ing (ai) (b) Power dissipated in Ry, : pire 28 oa, “ R 10 10 7 (i) (¢) Potential difference across ef branch, “Vv = 6-0) =5V t 1 ty = Ry + Ry = (5 +5) = 102 eet Vy e Teas ipa8 a Ry=s2 Then, potential difference across R,, fo Va IR, = bx 25v ee OR Lil Sp (@) From KVL, Vane nnn 4} ann $e % 2a” gy 5 Vay = Vy-Vy = 2X24 542%2 =445+4=13V CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS QL Ans. When a potential difference is applied across the ends of a conductor, how is the drift veloc of the electrons related to the relaxation time. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/2)) 4] yr welaity ng cle dena. vg a give by ee: Ss ssa y Backers & rioted She je the” schovakien Some! ___[fopper’s Answer 2019) 108 Xam idea Physics-XilERs Ans. Q3. Ans. Q4 Ans. Q5. Ans. Q6 Define the term ‘Mobility’ of electrons. Give its SI unit. [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)) Mobility is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity acquired by it in a unit electric field. The SI unit of mobility is m?/Vs or mV “1s How does the mobility of electrons in a conductor change, ifthe potential difference applied across the conductor is doubled, keeping the length and temperature of the conductor constant? [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)) Mobility is defined as the magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field. Il ee En Em At constant temperature and length, there is no change in relaxation time i, t does not depend on potential difference. Hence, on changing the potential dference, there is no change in mobility of electrons. Define electrical conductivity of a conductor and give its SI unit. On what factors does it depend? [CBSE Delhi 2014, (East) 2016, CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)) The conductivity ofa material equals the reciprocal of the resistance of ts wire of unit length and unit area of cross-section. Its ST unit is __a__4 it Spares 1 Gis mews) or ohm! me! or (mho m1!) or siemen my It depends upon number density, nature of material, relaxation time and temperature. Plot a graph showing variation of current versus voltage for the material GaAs. [CBSE Delhi 2014) The variation of electric current with applied voltage for GaAs is as shown. Non Negative Tinear rita region __“region| <= Curent ima) | venage wy) Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs is shown in the figure. Identify the region of Current) = a Valiage V—= (@ negative resistance (ii) where Ohm's law is obeyed. ICBSE Delhi 2015) @ In region DE, material GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) offers negative resistance, because slope AV ar <° (ii) The region BC approximately passes through the origin, (or current also increases with the AV > 0, increase of voltage). Hence, it follows Ohm’s law and in this region Current Electricity 109Ans. Qs Ans. Q10. Ans. Q 18. Ans. Plot a graph showing the variation of resistance of a conducting wire as a function of its radius, keeping the length of the wire and its temperature as constant. [CBSE (F) 2013] Resistance of a conductor of length f, and radius r is given by 1 1 R=e-5; thus Re xP e ‘The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? 5 Give reason. [CBSE Delhi 2013) aa (@ In an open circuit, the emf of a cell and terminal voltage are same. Gi) In closed circuit, a current is drawn from the source, so, V = E ~ Ir, itis true/valid, because each cell has some finite internal resistance. ‘Two materials Si and Cu, are cooled from 300 K to 60 K. What will be the effect on their ity? [CBSE (F) 2013) Insilicon, the resistivity increases. In copper, the resistivity decreases. TK TKI Plot a graph showing the variation of current ‘P’ versus resistance ‘R’, connected to a cell of emf F and internal resistance ‘r’. E 7+R T= —) Give an example of a material each for which temperature coefficient of resistivity is ( positive, (ii) negative. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] (@ Copper (Cu) (Temperature coetlicient of resistivity (a) is positive for metals and alloys.) (i) Silicon (Si) (For semiconductors, a is negative) A cell of emf ‘<’ and internal resistance ‘r’ draws a current ‘P. Write the relation between terminal voltage ‘V’ in terms of c, I and r. {CBSE Delhi 2013) ‘The terminal voltage V < ¢, so V ———* pe 7 ea Under what condition will the current in a wire be the same when connected in series and in parallel of n identical cells each having internal resistance r and external resistance R ? [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)) e-ir When internal resistance of cell r is equal to external resistance. Letn identical cell of internal resistance r connected in series and parallel with external resistance R. ate ne Ss Rear TO Rutr 110 Xam idea Physics-XilQu. Ans. Q. 15. Ans. Q 16. Ans. Qi Ans. According to question, ne Ratr =R+nr=Rntr > mr-r=Rn-R Sr(n-l) = R@-l) r=R ‘Two wires, one of copper and the other of manganin, have same resistance and equal thickness. Which wire is longer? Justify your answer. [CBSE Guwahati 2015] Let /; and ly be lengths of copper and manganin wires having same resistance R and thickness ive, area of cross-section (A). oh Resistance of copper wire, R Resistance of manganin wire R = oe. ily =Pale (As pl = constant) ince py<>> lp Hence, copper wire would be longer, > ‘Two wires one of manganin and the other of copper have equal length and equal resistance. Which one of these wires will be thicke [CBSE (Al) 2012, (South) 2016} [HOTS] Be A” Resistivity p of manganin is much greater than that of copper, therefore to keep same resistance for same length of wire, the manganin wire must be thicker. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and same radius are connected in series. Current I is Resistance R passed through them. Which wire gets heated up more? Justify your answer. [CBSE (Al) 2017] ae Tf aoror ch ba th. = eohen T ronséant | | te beet paocterced 6 comet : = et Hx R = ee | pof . frh hégher fos éebsomoe | % Ro brgines e Mage feat de st ' ‘ ippers Answer 1-V graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures, T, and * T, is as shown in the figure. Which of the two temperatures is lower a and why? [CBSE Allahabad 2015} Ifa constant current I flows through the conductor, resistance at i co temperature 7 and T, is 1 v, { i R=F 1 % and R= a Ce Since Vy>V, > Re>R The resistance of the wire increases with rise of temperature. Hence, 7, is lower than T; . Current Electricity 111Qs. Q19. Ans. Q.20. Ans. Qazi. Ans. Q22. Ans. Q.23. Ans. ‘Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a de supply. Plot of I-V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a parallel combination of the resistors and why? , [CBSE Bhubaneshwer 2015] t 1 8 v= Line A represents the parallel combination. ' A Reason: Ata given potential difference V, current in the combination A} is more than in the combination B. e ies Ig >In Y and R= = I i, > SR, The variation of potential difference V with length 1 in the case of two potentiometer P and Q is as shown. Which of these two will you prefer for comparing the emfs of two primary cells and why? [CBSE (East) 2016] {HOTS} For greater accuracy of potentiometer, the potential gradient (slope) P ‘must be as small as possible. Inthe graph given the slope “is smaller for a potentiometer Q; hence we shall prefer potentiometer Q for comparing | . the emf of two cells. 1 V graph for two identical conductors of different materials A and B is shown in the figure. Which one of the two has higher resistivity? A [CBSE (Chennai) 2015] [HOTS] é 1 ‘The resistivity of material B is higher. Reason Vg>Vy,and from Ohm’s law Ry > Ry. Hence the resistivity of the material Bis higher. oT f the same amount of the current flows through them, then For household electrical wiring, one uses Cu wires or Al wires. What considerations are kept in mind? (NCERT Exemplar] Two considerations are required: (i) cost of metal, and i) good conductivity of metal. Gost factor inhibits silver. Cu and Al are the next best conductors. Why are alloys used for making standard resistance coils? (NCERT Exemplar] Alloys have (@ low value of temperature coefficient and the resistance of the alloy does not vary much with rise in temperature. (a) high resistivity, so even a smaller length of the materia resistance. The LV characteristics of a resistor are observed to deviate from a straight t line for higher values of current as shown in the adjoining figure why? (HOTS) | At higher value of current, sufficient heat is produced which raises the temperature of resistor and so causes increase in resistance. sullicient to design high standard 112. Xam idea Physics-XilQs. Q19. Ans. Q.20. Ans. Qazi. Ans. Q22. Ans. Q.23. Ans. ‘Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a de supply. Plot of I-V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a parallel combination of the resistors and why? , [CBSE Bhubaneshwer 2015] t 1 8 v= Line A represents the parallel combination. ' A Reason: Ata given potential difference V, current in the combination A} is more than in the combination B. e ies Ig >In Y and R= = I i, > SR, The variation of potential difference V with length 1 in the case of two potentiometer P and Q is as shown. Which of these two will you prefer for comparing the emfs of two primary cells and why? [CBSE (East) 2016] {HOTS} For greater accuracy of potentiometer, the potential gradient (slope) P ‘must be as small as possible. Inthe graph given the slope “is smaller for a potentiometer Q; hence we shall prefer potentiometer Q for comparing | . the emf of two cells. 1 V graph for two identical conductors of different materials A and B is shown in the figure. Which one of the two has higher resistivity? A [CBSE (Chennai) 2015] [HOTS] é 1 ‘The resistivity of material B is higher. Reason Vg>Vy,and from Ohm’s law Ry > Ry. Hence the resistivity of the material Bis higher. oT f the same amount of the current flows through them, then For household electrical wiring, one uses Cu wires or Al wires. What considerations are kept in mind? (NCERT Exemplar] Two considerations are required: (i) cost of metal, and i) good conductivity of metal. Gost factor inhibits silver. Cu and Al are the next best conductors. Why are alloys used for making standard resistance coils? (NCERT Exemplar] Alloys have (@ low value of temperature coefficient and the resistance of the alloy does not vary much with rise in temperature. (a) high resistivity, so even a smaller length of the materia resistance. The LV characteristics of a resistor are observed to deviate from a straight t line for higher values of current as shown in the adjoining figure why? (HOTS) | At higher value of current, sufficient heat is produced which raises the temperature of resistor and so causes increase in resistance. sullicient to design high standard 112. Xam idea Physics-XilQa. Ans. Q.25. Ans. KI graphs for parallel and series combinations of two metallic resistors are shown in figure. Which graph represents parallel combination? 8 Justify your answer, [HOTS] Graph ‘4’ represents parallel combination. 0 t 4 Reason: In series combination the effective resistance, R = | is more than V/ T parallel combination. The slope of a line of I! graph represents resistance. ‘The slope of B is more than A. Therefore B represents series combination = and A represents parallel combination. Draw a graph to show a variation of resistance of a metal wire as a function of its diameter keeping its length and material constant. [CBSE Sample Paper 2017] 0 = eta mr" xp 1 ie Rey Hence, graph of resistance (R) versus diameter (D) is of the following form. R Very Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. QL Ans. Define the terms (i) drift velocity, (7) relaxation time. [CBSE Delhi 2011, (Al) 2013) (@ Drift Velocity: The average velocity acquired by the free electrons of a conductor in a direction opposite to the externally applied electric field is called drift velocity. The drifi velocity will remain the same with lattice ions/atoms. (éi) Relaxation Time: The average time of free travel of free electrons between two successive collisions is called the relaxation time. Define the term ‘mobi conductor. Obtain the ity’ of charge carris relation for mobility in terms of relaxation time. [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)] Nhl, 6 sgoleeily ales umd bhethee file ek foe alg ane 0 ‘erable 3B ship, ts concbecldr Ae Anon, abyfl relly va BE, Maa Cot setexalion | ttn, anal “a eh ar ms eas apt oayaien Now, om fests food vd Oe ie accedannsim’ Bop EA fag On Fina cbevickich Ly [Topper’s Answer 2020] Current Electricity 113Qs. Qa Ans. Ans. Define the term ‘drift velocity’ of electrons in a current carrying conductor. Obtain the relationship between the current density and the drift velocity of electrons. [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)) The average speed with which electrons move when an electric field or potential difference is applied is called drift velocity. 1 > _-eEt % > E=1R+1) = 12=05(R+4) R=2%4-4=200 ‘Terminal voltage across the bauery, Vp=E-Ir=12-0.5x4=10V Write two differences between the emf and terminal potential difference of a cell. What the most important precaution that one should take while drawing current from a cell? [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)) ( EMFis the maximum potential difference thata | (j) Terminal voltage is the potential difference cell is able to produce when there is no current flow across it. (ii) EMF is measured using a potentiometer. across of the terminals when the switched on. [i iis measured using volumeter, due to open circuit. (ii) The value of EMF is always greater than TPD EMF due to the potential drop. (ii) The value of ZPD is always lower than that of| Precaution: (1) Some external resistance should be connected to cell in series. (2) Short circuiting should be avoided. 114. Xam idea Physics-XilQ.7. Plot a graph showing variation of voltage verses the current drawn from the cell. How can one get information from this plot about the |, emf of the cell and its internal resistance? [CBSE (F) 2016) Ans. V=e-irar= 2a! t ar UNE : « £ When V= 0, Ara ‘The intercept on y-axis gives the emf of the cell. The slope of graph gives the internal resistance. Q.8. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.2 © and 0.3 0 respectively are connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell. [CBSE Delhi 2016) do Tampere) —» 15x 0.3+2x02 02+03 Ligh itt a 4% Internal resistance of equivalent cell, Th _(02K03), _ 0.06 5 _ gee (aeros)®~ 93 27 022 7 05 Q.9. When 5 V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of electrons is 2.5 x 10 m/s. If the electron density in the wire is 8 x 10° m™, calculate the ty of the material of wire. (CBSE (North) 2016] v L Ans. We know I= nedu, I= pand R= oy 5 Vv So Rm ned v_lRA lv evt nev, 1 5 ° Om = 1.56 x 10% Om 3x 10x 1.6% 102.5 x 107 XO = 1.610% 0m Q.10. Two conducting wires X and ¥ of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires. {CBSE (Al) 2011) Ans. In series current is same, So, y= = nea, For same diameter, cross-sectional area is same Current Electricity 115Qu. Ans. Q12 Ans. Q.13. Ans. A potential difference V is applied across the ends of copper wire of length / and diameter D. What is the effect on drift velocity of electrons if [CBSE Ajmer 2015} ( Vis halved? (ii) Lis doubled? ii) Dis halved? Drift velocity, ¥ = > (As vj 4, when Lis doubled the drift velocity is halved. (ii) As vy is independent of D, when D is halved drifi velocity remains unchanged. A steady current flows through a wire AB, as shown in the figure. What happens to the electric field and the drift velocity along the wire? Justify your answer. [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)) According to Ohm's Law, J = o£ : 4 So, Jak = Bot Along the wire if A increases then E will decreases. Drift velocity, vy = pe constant) 1 (Here, cE yt Similarly, if A increases vg will decreases. A wire of length Lg has a resistance Ro. It is gradually stretched till its length becomes 2 Ly. (a) Plot a graph showing variation of its resistance R with its length L during stretching. (0) What will be its resistance when its length becomes 25 ? [CBSE 2020 (55/4/1)) ol @ Imially, R= = Ay On stretching, the total volume is constant Ajly=AL [Where A and L are area and length after stretching] () When L = 20 R=4Ry 116 Xam idea Physics-XilQ.14. Find the magnitude and direction of current in 10 resistor in the given circi [CBSE (South) 2016] ev pg ry 10 30 a 30 ‘Ans. For the mesh APQBA -6=Mlp-1)) + 31, =0 or -he+ 4h=6 @ For the mesh PCDQP By 94BIy4 U(ly = 1) =0 or 6h, = 9 t) Solving (i) and (i), we get 45 42 L=ggd and = agA Current through the 1 © resistor = (l,— 1) = ¥yA Hence the direction of current in 1 Q resistor from Qt P in the circuit, Figure shows two circuits each having a galvanometer and a battery of 3 V. When the R, iq Qs. galvanometers in each arrangement do not show any deflection, obtain the ratio. 7 [CBSE (A1) 2013] 40. a, 6a on 30V 1.200 Ans. For balanced Wheatstone bridge, no current flows through the galvanometer. is 1G, Ro 4x9 _ = R= H00 For another circuit, Current Electricity 117Q.16. Using Kirchoff’s rules determine the value of Z 10 unknown resistance R in the circuit so that no [ . current flows through 4 0 resistance. Also find ais the potential difference between A and D. - 0 A [CBSE Delhi 2012] [HOTS] ly Ans. Applying Kirchholl’s loop rule for loop ABEFA, 4 plying P P . O+644x049=0 r= 5 ay ° T=15A ) For loop BCDEB 3+IR+4x0-6=0 IR=8 Putting the value of J from (i) we have oxr=3 = R=20 Powential difference between A and D through path ABCD, 9-8-IR=Vyy Boe 3 OF 9-B-Fx2=Vy = My=3V Q.17. In the circuit shown in the figure, the galvanometer 5000 ‘G’ gives zero deflection. If the batteries A and B have aaa s negligible internal resistance, find the value of the resistor R. [CBSE (F) 2013] {HOTS} Ans. If galvanometer G gives zero deflection, than current 12V-> 8 es AT™ of source of 12 V flows through R, and voltage across R becomes 2 V. 5 f 2 __ 12 Gurrentin the ereuit I= REE = STR and y= IR= 12.0 (soon) R=? > 12R = 1000 + 28 = 10R = 1000 R= 1000 Q.18. The plotof the variation of potential difference acrossa combination of three identical cells in series, versus current is shown alongside. gy What is the emf and internal resistance of each cell? | [CBSE (Central) 2016] [HOTS] Ans. We know that for a cireuit V=E,—hy @ From graph, when / = 0A, then = 6 Vand when = 1A ° tar then Y= 0V Putting, V = 6 Vand 1 = 0A ineg. @) 6=Ey-0ty > Ey =6V Ey =e ++ 5 = And, when I= 1 A,and V=0V 0-6-1 > Tg = TA Mets DM = =Ts 118 Xam idea Physics-XilQs. Ans. 2.20. Ans. Qa. Q.22. Ans. A voltmeter of resistance 998 (2 is connected across a cell of emf 2 V and internal resistance 2.0. Find the potential difference across the voltmeter and also across the terminals of the cell. Estimate the percentage error in the reading of the voltmeter. [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)) We have, V=E-m = oes x 1= 2-31 @ > 1000 x 1= 2 2 Toog = 0.0024, Now, V = 0.002 x 998 sn 20 V= 1.996 V Wy Then AV = 2- 1.996 = 0.004-V % error = & oe 100= 0.2% ‘Two wires A and B of the same material and having same length, have their cross sectional areas in the ratio 1 : 6. What would be the ratio of heat produced in these wires when same voltage is applied across each? [CBSE Sample Paper 2017] As given, Aq: Ap = 1:6 ol =" a ah H=VUR doRra=F H, Vx H, A Bh, Ee Se BE a Beets oA, A; ~ Hy ol “Wud, ~ Hy Ay ‘Two cells of emf 10 Vand 2 V and internal resistance 10 and 5 Q respectively, are connected in parallel as shown. Find the effective voltage across R. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016] R av aes Toy wa ‘The effective voltage across Its given by e,, ells of same emf F but internal resistance r; and r, are connected in series to an external resistor R (Fig.). What should be the value of R so that the potential difference across the terminals of the first cell becomes zero. INCERT Exemplar] {HOTS} : __EtE e g 8 From the circuit shown, f= =o he Current Electricity 119Q-28. (a) Draw a graph showing the variation of current versus voltage 4 4 voltage in an electrolyte when an external resistance is also | 0-16- connected. Glace: (6) The graph between resistance (R) and temperature (1) for Hg © is shown in the figure. Explain the behaviour of Hg near 4K. os [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)) Woe Ans. (a) Note : Award this 1 mark even if the student draw the following or some other non linear graph 1 | OR y — (@) Ata temperature of 4 K, the resistance of Hg becomes zero. 1 Note - Award this 1 mark if the student writes that Hg becomes a super conductor at temperature of 4 K [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/4/1)] Q.24, Atroom temperature (27.0°C), the resistance of a heating element is 100 ©. At what temperature does the resistance of the element change to 117 (2? Given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is 1.70 x 107°C {NCERT] Ans. Given, Ry = 1000, R, = 1170, ¢= 2,a= 1.70 1047C R,- Rey Temperature Coefficient, & = 3 ~7—ss temperature /is unknown, Pt Rj, 27" “Ps = 117-100 08 100 x 1.70 x 104 > (= 1000 + 27 = 1027°G Q.25. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 (is being charged by a 120 V de supply using a series resistor of 15.5 ©. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit? [NCERT] ‘Ans. When battery is being charged by a 120 V de. supply, the av current in bauery is in opposite direction than normal {Hw connections of battery of supplying current. So the potential 052 ] difference across battery E=V+iR 4 R155 0 Given E = 8V,r=0509,R = 15.59 — . _ 120-8 _ 112 ae Current in circuit, 1= 755595 7 16 V=84+7x05=115V Series resistance limits the current drawn from external de source. In the absence of series resistance the current may exceed the safe-value permitted by storage battery. 120 Xam idea Physics-XilShort Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 5 marks. Q.1. A variable resistor R is connected across a cell of emf £ and internal resistance r. (a) Draw the circuit diagram, () Plot the graph showing variation of potential drop across R as function of R. (0) At what value of R current in circuit will be maximum? [CBSE Sample Paper 2027} Ans. (a) j x 1 ved % Ve v= =( Wank TF > (© Maximum current is drawn when R = 0, 1 = Rr Q.2. A storage battery of emf 8 V and internal resistance 0.5 ohm is being charged by d.c. supply of 120 V using a resistor of 15.5 ohm. (a) Draw the cireuit diagram. (6) Calculate the potential difference across the battery. (6) What is the purpose of hi Ans. (a) Circuit diagram: ig series resistance in this circuit? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021) ‘ | asa a | 8v 1 |}. oy Sa = te 120-8 112 © ha Ber T5505 16 ~ 7A Applying Kirchoff"s rule, Vy + 0.5(7)+8=V, +8115 =%-Vy sy Potenti difference, y= Vg= 115 V (©) Series resistance limits the current through the source. Q.3. (a) Two cells of emf E, and E, have their internal re: ances r, and rz, respectively. Deduce an expression for the equivalent emf and internal resistance of their parallel combination when connected across an external resistance R. Assume that the two cells are supporting each other. (8) In case the two cells are identical, each of emf £ = 5 V and internal resistance r = 2 0, calculate the voltage across the external resistance R = 10 2. [CBSE 2020 (55/1/1)) Current Electricity 121Ans. @ ©) Let /, and [ybe the currents leaving the positive, terminals of the cells, and at the point B l=hth wld) Let V be the potential difference between points 4 and B of the combination of the cells, so V=E\-hy ei) and V=Ey- hry ii) From equation (i, (i) and (ii), we get (iv) Fig, (0) shows the equivalent cell, so for the same potential difference V=Ey—Mq or I =f) En, 7, va and 2 "a ‘On further solving, we have 1 eA(gt 5x2+5x2 © Eg~ a4 z, = _ 8 5, Now Rey, 10+1 r Ca ~ Voltage across R, V = Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between current density and the applied electric field E. The acceleration, @=—£E The average drift velocity is given by, v4 (¢ = average time between collisions or relaxation time) If nis the number of free electrons per unit volume, the current / is given by 1 neal, 122. Xam idea Physics-XilAns. @ ©) Let /, and [ybe the currents leaving the positive, terminals of the cells, and at the point B l=hth wld) Let V be the potential difference between points 4 and B of the combination of the cells, so V=E\-hy ei) and V=Ey- hry ii) From equation (i, (i) and (ii), we get (iv) Fig, (0) shows the equivalent cell, so for the same potential difference V=Ey—Mq or I =f) En, 7, va and 2 "a ‘On further solving, we have 1 eA(gt 5x2+5x2 © Eg~ a4 z, = _ 8 5, Now Rey, 10+1 r Ca ~ Voltage across R, V = Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between current density and the applied electric field E. The acceleration, @=—£E The average drift velocity is given by, v4 (¢ = average time between collisions or relaxation time) If nis the number of free electrons per unit volume, the current / is given by 1 neal, 122. Xam idea Physics-Xiltm |E| But I= |j| A (where j= current density) Therefore, we get 2 ne’ Tete. u ne? The term “tis conductivity. net 7 - [=F Q.5. A metal rod of square cross-sectional area A having length / has current I flowing through it when a potential difference of V volt is applied across its ends (figure (j)). Now the rod is cut parallel to its length into two identical pieces and joined as shown in figure (ii). What potential difference must be maintained across the length 2! so that the current in the rod is still? [CBSE (F) 2016] x @ co) Ans. Let resistance of metal rod having cross sectional area 4 and length [be Ry ‘Also, resistance of metal rod having cross sectional area 4 and length 2 2 ened] =42, Let /” be potential difference maintained across rod. When the rod is cut parallel and rejoined by length, the length of the conductor becomes 2/ and area decreases by For maintaining same current, viv je RR, aE . ae tae ee aad ‘The new potential applied across the metal rod will be four times the original potential (V). Q.6. Twometallic wires, P, and P, of the same material and same length but different cross-sectional areas, A, and Ay are joined together and connected to a source of emf. Find the ratio of the drift velocities of free electrons in the two wires when they are connected (i) in series, and (i) in parallel. [CBSE (F) 2017) Ans. We know that, a neA Let 2, and Ry be resistances of P & Ps and Ay & Ay are their cross sectional areas respectively. Tandy, = y Current Electricity 123Pr P2 P Ps %, May Q7. (a) The potential difference applied across a given resistor is altered so that the heat produced per v second increases by a factor of 9. By what factor does the applied potential difference change? \ () In the figure shown, an ammeter A and a resistor maa of 4 Qare connected to the terminals of the source. My ‘The emf of the source is 12 V having an internal resistance of 2 . Calculate the voltmeter and ammeter readings. [CRSE (AD) 2017) Ans. T5@} Veal pee gecond ds _v | [ntigatly y= Ww? Toe Res | a ee é ° Si Tren = 1 iy= dw? = gyP= Guvir® 7 = R- Rp roi The_potenecar deference & emorased by a —— factor of 3° — Ls ae Ve B= Te Mo¢al _cussen¢ = Sacalenot L JoCal zevdtance ee 418 ~ o+4 = = =1O = aia! saws @ L “The ororncter seaderg. ds aA The vollionet ee Leacterg S$ v=¢-Ts = -la— axe = —la—4 x [Toppers Answer 2017) | 124 Xam idea Physics-XilQs Ans. Qs Ans. Q 10. ‘Two identical cells of emf 1.5 V each joined in parallel supply energy to an external cireuit consisting of two resistances of 7 2 each joined in parallel. A very high resistance voltmeter reads the terminal voltage of cells to be 1.4 V. Calculate the internal resistance of each cell. (CBSE (North) 2016) Here, E = 1.5.V,V = 14V Resistance of external circuit = Equivalent resistance of two resistances of 72.connected in parallel RR, 1x7 7a oe 8s: wi or R= RTA Te Om 85OR Let r’ be the total internal resistance of the two cells, then 1 io E 15-14 ans va(EPr)a=(Aay*)as=o250 i eV { As the two cells of internal resistance r cach have been oi | connected in parallel, so Ay tis a2 8 Lo asoxa- 15V oat Ta TT > T= 02AXxI=0.52 fv Show, on a plot, variation of resistivity of (i) a conductor, and (ii) a typical semiconductor as a function of temperature. Using the expression for the resistivity i between the collisions, explain how resist terms of number density and relaxation time in the case of a conductor increases while it decreases in a semiconductor, with the rise of temperature. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)) We know that m e=e net Where m is mass of electron = charge density, ¢ = relaxation time thos e = charge on the electron. é (i) In case of conductors with increase in 2 temperature, relaxation time decreases, 02 so resistivity increases. z (i In case of semiconductors with increase 3 in wemperaure number density (n) of & | free electrons increases, hence resistivity 60 10 150T decreases. ‘Twelve wires each having a resistance of 30 are connected to form a cubical network. A battery of 10 V and negligible internal resistance is connected across the diagonally opposite corners of this network. Determine its equivalent resistance and the current along each edge of the cube. [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)) % Applying loop rule to ABCC’EFA, BI4+35-+3/-10 =0 % Current Electricity 125