Torsion Lab Report
Torsion Lab Report
5 Conclusions.(CO2:PLO4) 10
6 Safety .(CO3:PLO9) 5
8 Q&A (CO3:PLO9) 10
2.0 Introduction
The purpose of torsion testing usually parallels that of uniaxial tension tests. In
this experiment, solid cylindrical specimen of steel or brass will be subjected to
a torsional load. The test will be conducted until failure (i.e. it will end in the
fracture). During the test, the angle of twist and the applied torque are measured
as the test proceeds. From the applied torque, the student will calculate the shear
stress and shear strain of the tested material. The modulus of rigidity will be
obtained from the plotted graph and compared to reference value.
3.0 Background
Figure 1
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G = TL / J and
G=τ /γ
where; T = applied torque
L = length of the shaft
G = modulus of rigidity
= angle of twist within the tested length.
The largest shear stress occurs at the outside surface of the material and can be
calculated using the following relationship:
τ = Tr / J
where; τ = shear stress
r = radius of the shaft
J = polar moment of inertia of the shaft
The shearing strain occurs along the tested length of the shaft can be determined
using the following relationship:
γ=r L
E = 2G (1+v)
T = G (J )
4.0 Apparatus
WP 500 torsion testing machine, caliper, solid cylindrical specimens (steel and
brass). Sketch the specimen with complete dimensions.
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Figure 2
5.0 Procedure
Note:
It is best to count the number of rotations and then later convert it to degrees
when writing the report. Record the final torque reading of the specimen at
failure and also measure the new diameter at the fracture point.
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6.0 Result
Table 1: Experimental and calculation data of tested specimen
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Table 2: Determine the following properties for the tested
specimen
Maximum shear stress, τmax (Pa) 474.80× 106 270× 106 74.85
2. Graph
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ii. Shear stress vs shear strain
Sketch
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Calculation
Modulus of rigidity, G
𝑇𝐿
G=
𝐽𝛷
(0.15)(0.0903)
G=
(1.27×10−10 )(0.03)
=3555118110 Pa
Shear stress, τ
𝑇𝑟
τ=
𝐽
(0.15)(0.003)
τ=
(1.27×10−10 )
= 3.54 MPa
Shear strain, γ
𝑟𝛷
γ=
𝐿
(0.003)(0.03)
γ=
0.0903
= 0.000997
Poisson ‘ s ration, 𝑣
E = 2G (1+v)
83G = 2(3555118110)(1+v)
v = 10.67
Torque, T
T = G(J𝜃)
𝐽∅
= 𝐺( )
𝐿
(1.27x10−10 )(0.03)
= 3555118110 ( )
0.0903
= 0.15 Nm
Error
Empirical value−theoretical value
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥=
theoretical value
= 75.85%
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7.0 Discussion
1. From this experiment, the values of modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear stress, and
shear strain are different from the reference values. The modulus of rigidity value
is 35.55 GPa and the reference value is 40 GPa. The error of these values is -
11.13%. Also, the Poisson's ratio value in the experiment is 12.64, whereas the
reference value is 0.31. The error in these values is 3977.42%. Otherwise, the
maximum shear stress is 474.80 x 10^6 Pa, but the reference value is 270 MPa.
The error in these values is 75.85%.
5. Hollow bars can withstand higher torques than solid bars of the same material
and cross-sectional area. This is because the higher polar moment of inertia is the
ore torque it can withstand, because the polar moment of area is called the
resistance zone where torsional loads are resisted. Hollow shafts have more polar
moment of inertia. It can also absorb more torque than a solid shaft.
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8.0 Conclusion
At the conclusion of this test, the stiffness modulus, maximum shear stress, maximum
shear strain, and Poisson's ratio of the specimen can be determined. In addition, the linear
elastic behaviour of specimens under torsion can be investigated to determine the
relationship between torsional load and torsional angle over the full range from strain to
failure. I said I tested steel, but the results of steel are where it breaks very easily where
the force is still small, and it breaks very easily. It is used in ballistic impacts and more.
To make this torsion test more accurate and efficient, it is necessary to avoid mistakes in
this test. This means that this test cannot be done manually. By using a robot, we can get
more accurate and consistent values for each sample. Different types of materials have
different elastic limits. The higher the value of the modulus of rigidity G, the more
torsional stiffness the material has. Deformation occurs when the material exceeds its
elastic limit, which is the goal of this experiment.
9.0 References