Chapter 01-Introduction

In the first section of this chapter, we will go through the background of BIM, and Blockchain.
In the second section, we will go through the Study’s aim and objectives, and further move into
the research questions, and research gaps. Onward there is an explanation of the research
methodology. AN explanation of the research structure at the end.
1.1 Background
Over the past few decades, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has seen widespread adoption
in the building industry. The origins of what is now known as building
information modelling (BIM) may be traced back to the development of computer-aided design
(CAD) software in the 1970s. Initially, CAD software allowed professionals in the construction
industry to create 2D digital models of a building's components. As technology advanced, CAD's
2D capabilities were superseded by 3D modelling, which sparked the concept of BIM (Peterson,
2011).

Figure 1 Components of 3D BIM model (Sampaio, 2018)

In the 1990s, the phrase "Building Information Modelling" was coined to describe the process of
creating and maintaining digital representations of a building's physical and functional attributes
(Migilinskas, 2013). The ability of BIM to integrate disparate data sets (including geometry,
time, cost, and materials) into a single digital model is largely responsible for its meteoric
increase in popularity. This all-encompassing approach has enhanced collaboration,
communication, and decision-making in the construction business (Ma, 2018).
As BIM's use grew, the advantages it offered in construction project management became clear.
Architects, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, and owners are just a few of the
many parties involved in a construction project. With the help of BIM, all of these parties were
able to work together more efficiently and share information more freely (Latiffi, 2013).
The ability of building information modelling (BIM) to identify potential conflicts between
structural, architectural, mechanical, and electrical systems in a structure prior to construction is
a major advance. This avoided the need for time-consuming and expensive repairs, sped up the
building process, and enhanced the end product's quality (Li, 2017).
The use of building information modelling (BIM) continues to rise around the world as a crucial
tool in the construction sector. Building information modelling (BIM) is becoming increasingly
important to the success of building projects of all sizes and complexity levels, as it helps to
increase productivity, cut costs, and enhance results. BIM is projected to play an even larger role
in influencing the future of construction project management as technology continues to progress
(Shaqour, 2022).
Blockchain, when applied to construction project management, acts as a shared ledger that
cannot be altered, and in which all transactions and data pertaining to the project are recorded in
near real-time. Everything from blueprints to contracts to requests for supplies to reports on
progress to financial transactions has its place here. There is much less potential for fraud and
data manipulation when data is cryptographically linked together in a chain (Hargaden, 2019).

Figure 2 Blockchain sequence blocks (Hewavitharana, 2019)

The construction sector will not be immune to blockchain technology's transformative
implications. You can think of blockchain as a distributed ledger that verifies and records
transactions without any trusted third party. When several users need to make changes to the
same database, this method does away with the requirement for intermediaries (Kim, 2020).
Lack of transparency, inefficiencies in supply chain management, and trust and accountability
issues are just a few of the difficulties that blockchain technology can alleviate in building
project management. By using blockchain to securely store and communicate data like contracts,
change orders, and payment details, all parties engaged in a project may reap the benefits of
immutability, transparency, and traceability. Smart contracts, which are blockchain-based
contracts that execute themselves based on predetermined rules, can automate and streamline
construction industry transactions (Qian, 2021).
Since blockchain is distributed, no single entity is required to verify or keep track of transactions.
Instead, it facilitates confidential direct communication between parties such as architects,
engineers, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, and clients. This simplified communication and
data exchange eventually shortens the project duration by allowing for quicker decision-making
and collaborative problem-solving (San, 2019).
One of Blockchain's most important functions is automating the execution and settlement of
contracts through the use of "smart contracts." These contracts are self-executing since they have
conditions and actions written into them. In the case of a construction project, for instance, the
smart contract can trigger the transfer of funds upon the achievement of a predetermined
milestone. As a result, fewer arguments over payments, delays, and extra paperwork are avoided
(Sonmez, 2022).
Incorporating BIM, blockchain, and digital twins in project management is where the
construction industry has the greatest potential for further revolution. When combined, these
technologies can increase the quality of judgements, the effectiveness of construction projects,
and the security of transmitted data.
1.2 Research Aim
The aim of this systematic investigation is to provide a thorough analysis of contemporary and
prospective implementations of digital technologies for the management of construction projects.
1.3 Research Objectives
1. To examine the potential of digital tools to improve project performance and identify their
limitations.
2. To examine the challenges that have been faced in the utilization of digital technologies
within the context of construction projects.
3. To provide instances of successful and unsuccessful implementation of digital tools in the
management of construction projects.
4. To propose potential avenues for the advancement of digital technology in the realm of
construction project management.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What impact do digital technologies have on construction industry stakeholders' ability to
communicate and work together on projects?
2. How do Building Information Modelling (BIM) and other digital tools influence the final
results of building projects?
3. When it comes to data privacy and other digital technologies used in construction project
management, what are the potential ethical and legal implications?
4. In the realm of building project management, what new digital tools are now being utilised?
1.5 Research Gap
Various digital tools and technologies that have been used by the construction industry would be
identified and analysed in a systematic study of emerging digital technologies in construction
project management. Insights on the present state of technology adoption can be gained from
such analyses, although there may be research gaps that could be filled by other studies.
There are many people and organisations involved in managing a construction project, and they
all use their own unique set of applications and resources. It would be helpful to address
interoperability issues in the sector if research were conducted into the difficulties and possible
solutions associated with integrating diverse digital technologies and enabling seamless data
interchange between different platforms.
It's not just the efficiency of the tools that matters when it comes to technology adoption in the
construction business; it's also the openness of construction professionals to try new things.
Stakeholder perspectives on new digital technologies in the building industry and the factors that
influence their adoption could be investigated.
Concerns about data privacy and cybersecurity are on the rise as the construction industry
becomes increasingly reliant on digital technologies. The weaknesses and threats of digital
technology adoption, as well as methods to strengthen data privacy and security, could be the
subject of future study.
A trained staff is essential for the efficient implementation of digital technologies in construction
project management. Studies could look into the best ways to improve construction workers'
digital literacy and competence by determining their specific training needs.
1.6 Research Methodology at a Glance
It was determined that a literature review of the applicable literature would best serve the aims of
this inquiry. The following topics will be covered in the literature review: The potential for
increased awareness in the development of adopting BIM, and Blockchain for construction
project management is explored, along with the constraints of these technologies and the
difficulties of managing global construction projects. The research strategy for this study will be
conducted using a qualitative approach. There have also been applications of the research
philosophy to the field of interpretive research.
1.7 Motivation
The ever-increasing demand for innovation and efficiency in the construction sector served as
the impetus for conducting a comprehensive study of developing digital technologies in the
administration of building projects. It's possible that traditional methods of project management
won't be enough to meet the issues that the construction industry is facing in the future because
building projects are getting more difficult and demanding. This systematic review attempts to
discover unique solutions that can promote collaboration, optimize decision-making, and
streamline project processes by investigating and assessing the most recent digital technology.
The purpose of this assessment is to equip construction professionals with the knowledge
necessary to adopt cutting-edge technology and promote transformative change in the practices
used for project management by identifying the digital tools and processes that hold the most
promise. In the end, the objective is to prepare the way for a construction industry that is more
robust, sustainable, and productive, and that can keep up with the ever-changing requirements of
the modern world.
1.8 Structure of Dissertation

Figure 3 Dissertation Structure

1.9 Conclusion
The conversation that was started in the previous chapter regarding the fundamental framework
of the dissertation is brought to a close here. A brief history of BIM, and Blockchain has been
covered in this chapter's discussion. It has been decided to debate the draught of the write-up on
the study aim, objectives, and research question. Following that, we moved on to the research
methodology, some motivation for the research, and the structure of the dissertation, which was
established by a flow chart that is presented in Figure 1.
 Chapter 02- Literature review
2.1 BIM in construction project management
BIM is a digital strategy for managing building projects. Making a comprehensive digital
representation of a building's layout, materials, and systems BIM facilitates real-time
coordination, the identification of potential conflicts, and the generation of precise cost and
quantity estimates. Throughout a project's lifecycle, this technology improves visualisation, cuts
down on errors, and aids in making decisions. Although BIM has many advantages, it does
require some preliminary expenditure, training, and standardisation work. It completely changes
the way construction projects are coordinated, managed, and maintained throughout their entire
existence.
BIM has several potential applications; it can be used in the AEC industry as well as in the
design and construction of a variety of buildings and infrastructure. BIM makes it feasible to
create smarter, higher-tech products. As a result, BIM has implications for the use of sustainable
technologies in building construction. Even if the system undergoes changes to reflect those in
the project, the data saved in BIM remains accurate and consistent. In most cases, the software
accomplishes its goal of making construction, maintenance, and operation more efficient and
productive despite the inherent uncertainty of each individual project (Bryde, 2013).
 Figure 4 BIM Activity Diagram (Doumbouya, 2016)
2.1.1 Benefits of BIM
Here are some of the benefits of BIM given below:
1. Better communication and fewer misinterpretations are the results of the real-time
collaboration made possible by BIM. Project coordination is simplified when multiple teams
can use the same model at the same time.
2. The design and building processes of a project can be visualised using BIM. Complex spatial
relationships can be visualised for easier comprehension, conflict detection, and decision-
making.
3. Clashes and conflicts between components, such as structural and mechanical systems, can
be automatically identified by building information modelling software. As a result,
construction projects run more efficiently and with fewer errors.
4. Materials and component information are represented in great depth in BIM models. The
project's budget and supply list can now benefit from more precise quantity takeoffs and cost
estimations as a result.
5. BIM models have been used throughout a building's existence, not just during construction.
This includes O&M. As a result, property managers are better able to keep track of assets and
undertake necessary repairs.
6. Project managers can reduce the chance of difficulties during construction and minimise risks
by using BIM to identify and address potential concerns during the design phase.
7. Project managers can better view and optimise construction schedules based on the
information in the model thanks to the compatibility of BIM with project scheduling tools.
8. By using BIM, designers can quickly evaluate design modifications and their results. This
shortens the time it takes to implement changes and reduces the likelihood of complications.
9. Models created in BIM can be used to verify that the construction meets all local ordinances.
This lessens the possibility of problems with noncompliance during and after construction.

Figure 5 Benefits of BIM (Latiffi, 2013)

2.2 Blockchain in construction project management
Low productivity, poor regulations, insufficient cooperation, and inadequate information sharing
and payment methods are just some of the problems that plague the construction industry
(Jadidoleslami, 2022; Dobrucali, 2023; Reddy, 2019). While most industries have increased their
productivity thanks to technological advancements and other factors, construction has seen its
productivity drop by half since the 1960s (Barbosa, 2017) and even further when compared to
the production sector, whose productivity has doubled during the same time period. As a result, a
change is imminent in the building business. Considering construction productivity, the National
Society of Professional Engineers reports that a lack of continuous connection between
construction managers and project stakeholders has resulted in a complex and disorderly flow of
project information. Their agreements are sometimes difficult to read and fraught with cliches
and stale disagreements. Thus, each side has optimal legal backing for its protections. Typically,
contractual ties lead to inefficiency since corporations put their own success above that of the
project (Hargaden, 2019).

Figure 6 Integrating Structure (Ni, 2021)

According to many sources (Mackey, 2017; Treiblmaier, 2018), block-chain is a decentralized
database that ensures the safety and transparency of digital asset information. Different sectors
can greatly reap the rewards of block-chain technology. In New York, for instance, some
businesses are attempting to sell solar energy to neighbour by eliminating the need for
middlemen through the use of block-chain technology. The largest business complex in Austria
is working on a block-chain programme for the energy industry in Vienna. The more transparent
the programme is, the more secure the exchange process will be. As reported by Basden and
Cottrell (2017), the German Electricity Authority (Innogy) is working on a block-chain platform
to bill electric vehicles. This new technology has several potential applications, including but not
limited to cryptocurrencies, supply chains, scientific data storage centers, public health, and
smart cities (Bamakan, 2021; Catalini, 2018). However, research by Li et al. (2019) shows that
the construction industry's slowness to accept new technologies is a significant barrier to
development when compared to other sectors, such as those listed above (Barima, 2017).
Therefore, contrary to popular opinion, recording FX trades is only one use case for block-chain
technology. Employers in the cryptography industry have been working on innovative
approaches to construct an immutable universal ledger for quite some time now. The entire team
will be able to see what has been done on the project thanks to the distributed ledger technology
(block-chain), and managers will have a much easier time tracking their progress. This indicates
that the introduction of block-chain technology into project management will do away with all
bureaucracy. Since everyone is linked through the block-chain, there is no room for exaggeration
about actual performance. In this way, block-chain ensures that everyone involved in a project is
held to account. In addition to recording transactions, block-chain technology may also be used
to keep track of things like reports, payments, the distribution of funds, the dissemination of
information, the completion of a job, and more. This is a key advantage of using block-chain as a
platform for managing projects. Any new technology that can have an effect on a project and its
longevity will also have an effect on how projects are managed and how sustainable they are
(Iansiti, 2017).
2.1 Limitations to BIM in construction project management
There are some limitation factors of BIM in construction project management
2.3.1 The Role of Technology
Technological restraints refer to things like the limitations of BIM-based software. One of the
problems cited as holding back widespread use of building information modelling is a dearth of
suitable software. There are a lot of companies making money off of BIM software that doesn't
take into account all the processes involved, but only the quantitative ones.
Because BIM is supposed to include the ability to transmit and reuse information in the graphical
model, a lack of information exchange may be seen as a limiting factor to BIM's deployment.
According to Enshassi, (2019) the absence of data interoperability is the primary barrier to
widespread adoption of building information modelling (BIM). "the ability of two or more
systems or components to exchange information and use the information that has been
exchanged," as described by Rakib (2019). In any stage of a building project, the horizontal
fragmentation of the team due to the employment of different software packages is a potential
source of the interoperability issue. But proponents of computable digital design data, such as
Sun, (2017) have voiced their opinions.
2.3.2 Aspects of Price
The high price of implementing BIM has been cited as a major obstacle in the building sector.
Construction companies that adopt BIM must invest in new software and hardware, as well as
the time and money to teach their employees to utilize it efficiently, driving up the cost of every
project. The total cost of implementing BIM should include the expenses for maintaining and
updating the software (Fazli, 2014).
2.3.3 Management Considerations
Lack of senior management support, lack of client demand, cultural mismatches, the fragmented
structure of the construction process, changing the workflow, time, and lack of understanding are
all management problems that hinder BIM implementation. When a technology is still relatively
new and not enough data and input have been gathered from past construction projects, a
company's senior manager may have reservations about introducing it into the company.
Concerns about the learning curve associated with BIM have been voiced by certain managers.
One problem with BIM adoption is that people don't know enough about the process to move
beyond conventional approaches (Peterson, 2011).
Business as usual won't do while implementing BIM. To accomplish this, there must be a
dramatic shift in company culture. When a company decides to implement new procedures, it
must also alter its culture. With BIM, firms no longer have to rely on physical walls to share and
collaborate on project data. In order to adapt to the demands of BIM application, members will
need to rethink their responsibilities and the way their company operates as a whole (Sears,
2015)
According to Goedert, (2008) developing a 3D as-built drawing with BIM takes longer than
doing so with more conventional approaches (such as creating a 2D drawing). Changes in file
administration, client billing, deliverable, and organizations are just a few examples of the
numerous areas where BIM implementation requires additional time for adoption. The
efficiency and productivity of building projects are significantly impacted by fragmentation.
Because of the disjointed nature of the building process, most project members are not eager to
utilize BIM tools. The absence of BIM expertise among key stakeholders was identified as a
major barrier to BIM deployment, and this knowledge gap must be closed for BIM to be
successfully implemented. All parties involved must work together to successfully implement
BIM; otherwise, tensions could arise.
The failure of designers and site workers to effectively collaborate is more likely to be to blame
for inaccurate project data than any flaws in the software itself. More customers do not need to
use BIM because they do not know the value of the BIM process. According to Elhendawi,
(2020) and colleagues, private sector clients are less demanding than government clients when it
comes to implementing building information modelling. Therefore, addressing management
concerns is crucial for realising BIM's benefits.
2.3.4 Employee Variables
Implementation of BIM in the AEC industry has been hindered by a lack of well skilled BIM
specialists, as BIM development is reliant on education and training. Sun, (2017) cite a shortage
of trained BIM professionals and IT-educated individuals as a significant challenge to
widespread adoption of BIM. The use of BIM has exacerbated the existing skill gap. Companies
that want to fully implement BIM technology within their organisation need to either hire new
employees with experience using BIM or retrain their present workforce to accommodate the
necessary behavioural and structural shifts. Employee reluctance to abandon familiar practises in
favour of BIM is another potential roadblock in the building sector. Financial value of BIM
adoption is difficult to assess, even with an expert senior management, as demonstrated by
studies by Enshassi, (2019). Designers and engineers, according to Ashcraft, (2008) have a
greater obligation than consumers do to embrace and take advantage of emerging technologies.
But many designers and engineers still don't see the value in BIM. The lack of case study proof
of the advantage of BIM, according to H. Yan and P. Demian, is the main reason why the AEC
industry is not ready to invest in BIM.
2.3.5 Aspects of Law
The team's ability to keep the BIM model's private information safe from prying eyes is crucial
to its success, but doing so comes with a certain degree of danger. BIM raises a wide range of
legal concerns, such as those related to ownership and intellectual property, as well as the
obligation of care. Owners can lay claim to a design for their building if they foot the bill for it.
On the other hand, the designer may insist that the idea is still theirs. As the building sector
progresses towards fully-integrated Level 3 BIM, establishing ownership is becoming
increasingly complex. It's possible that no one person can claim ownership of the model if it was
created as a group effort (Fazli, 2014).
There is also the legal issue of relying on data, which includes questions such as who owns the
data, who would make choices and allocate resources based on the data, and who would be
accountable for any problems that arise. To mitigate this threat, the BIM protocol should
establish individual responsibility for any mistakes made in its own contributions. The BIM
Model could be considered a product under the law due to the likelihood of clients making
unrestricted use of design documentation. If there is a problem with the BIM model, the
contractor or designer may be held responsible (Sardroud, 2018).
When exchanging data electronically, one of the most pressing legal concerns is the veracity of
the sender, as it is easy to forge digital records or alter timestamps and other metadata. In the
event of a lawsuit, the opposing court is free to disregard any and all evidence presented by the
plaintiff or the defendant. According to Enshassi, (2019) tracing the origin of an email that was
sent through a business information management (BIM) system or extra net and afterwards
confirmed to have originated from a particular machine is not trivial. In order to mitigate these
considerable dangers, it is essential that the building contract address these legal concerns.
2.4 Limitations to Blockchain in construction project management
Blockchain technology has garnered interest and has the potential to be applied in a variety of
industries, including construction project management. However, it is essential to keep in mind
that blockchain technology does have some restrictions to consider in this setting (Nawari,
2019). The following are some restrictions that must be taken into account:
2.4.1 Scalability
When it comes to managing a high number of transactions, blockchain systems have difficulty
scaling up to meet the demand. Construction projects include a large number of people and
activities, which results in an enormous volume of data being produced. It's possible that
blockchain networks will have trouble processing and validating all of these transactions in a
timely manner, which might lead to bottlenecks in the network (Singh, 2020). Public blockchains
scalability: An examination of sharding and segregated witness. Blockchain cybersecurity, trust
and privacy.
Second, it's difficult to recreate a working block chain application in a new environment. When it
comes to insurance contracts and land records, for example, the benefits of block chain are vastly
different.
2.4.2 Integration into previously established systems
Integrating blockchain technology into construction project management already established
procedures and infrastructure is necessary for successful implementation. There is a possibility
that legacy systems and databases will not be compatible with blockchain technology, which
would make the process of integration more difficult and expensive. In order to adjust to the new
system, it may also be necessary to retrain both personnel and stakeholders (Kiu, 2022).
2.4.3 Cost
Implementing and maintaining blockchain technology can be prohibitively expensive. Building a
blockchain network and keeping it operational involves a large amount of computational power,
storage space, and energy usage. In addition, the costs are increased by taking precautions to
safeguard the network from potential vulnerabilities and assuring the network's security (Belle,
2017).
2.4.4 Challenges posed by laws and regulations
Numerous stakeholders, convoluted contracts, and regulatory compliance are common
components of successful construction projects. The decentralized nature of blockchain as well
as the smart contracts it enables have the potential to assist simplify procedures and increase
transparency; yet, it is possible that legal and regulatory frameworks will not be fully modified to
suit new technologies. In a system that is built on blockchain technology, resolving legal issues
and guaranteeing compliance with preexisting laws can be difficult tasks (Shemov, 2020).
2.4.5 Protection of personal information and privacy
In spite of its transparency and immutability, blockchain technology raises concerns about users'
ability to maintain their privacy and the safety of their data. The handling of sensitive data, such
as financial information or intellectual property, is frequently required during construction
projects. The potential for unwanted access and data breaches is a concern that may be raised if
such information is stored on a public blockchain. Implementing permissioned or private
blockchains is one way to solve some of these concerns; but, doing so may restrict the benefits of
increased openness (Yang, 2020).
2.4.6 Governance and techniques for reaching consensus
In order to validate transactions and keep the integrity of the system intact, blockchain networks
demand the use of consensus methods. On the other hand, coming to a decision that is acceptable
to the project's many different stakeholders can be a difficult task. The formation of consensus,
which is necessary for the adoption and use of blockchain technology, could be hampered by
decision-making procedures and conflicts of interest (Sonmez, 2021).
2.4.7 Adoption of the software by users and instruction
The widespread adoption of blockchain technology among users and extensive education are
prerequisites for its application in the administration of construction projects. There is a
possibility that not all participants in the project are aware with blockchain or comprehend the
benefits it offers. This could result in resistance and unwillingness to accept new processes and
tools (Tezel, 2020).
In spite of the fact that blockchain technology shows promise for enhancing construction project
management in terms of enhancing efficiency, transparency, and trust, these constraints need to
be taken into consideration and solved before the technology can be successfully implemented
and utilized.
2.5 Challenges faced in the utilisation of BIM
Digital representations of the physical and functional properties of buildings and infrastructure
are created and managed through the process known as Building Information Modelling (BIM).
BIM can improve teamwork, productivity, and the quality of built asset management. There are,
however, some risks or issues associated with BIM that you should be aware of. Here are some
of the most frequent ones, along with solutions (Bosch-Sijtsema, 2021).
Managing the massive amounts of data created and traded between many parties and mediums is
one of BIM's biggest obstacles. In order to guarantee data quality, consistency, and
interoperability, data management necessitates meticulous planning, coordination, and
standardization. Create well-defined data needs, protocols, and formats for your project, and
employ efficient means of storing, organizing, and disseminating data. Keep track of when and
how often data is updated and which versions are active (Peterson, 2011).
2.5.1 Coordination and Discussion
Architects, engineers, contractors, owners, and operators all need to work well together and
communicate clearly for BIM to be successful. For a project team to effectively communicate
and collaborate, there must be an atmosphere of openness, honesty, and shared objectives.
Communicate and coordinate effectively by establishing clear roles and responsibilities for all
parties involved and establishing shared procedures and deliverable. Tackling problems,
suggestions, and disagreements that crop up is essential to the success of any project (Olofsson,
2008).
Competencies Acquiring and keeping up-to-date with the BIM-related competencies may prove
difficult. Technical proficiency is essential for BIM, but so is a broad comprehension of the
project's goals, parameters, and needs. Spend time and money on professional development so
that you can adapt to changes in the BIM industry and provide the finest service possible to your
clients. Make sure that your employees, partners, and customers who may be unfamiliar with
BIM or have varying degrees of expertise receive the proper training and assistance they need
(Aladag, 2016).
2.5.2 Questions of Law and Contract
The usage of BIM in a project could lead to legal and contractual complications, which would
need to be addressed. There may be intellectual property, liability, or confidentiality concerns
with the sharing and use of data in BIM. Make sure that all aspects of data ownership, access,
usage, and security are covered by detailed agreements, policies, and procedures. Follow all
local, national, and international norms and guidelines regarding BIM use (Abd., 2018)
2.5.3 Engineering and New Ideas
Another challenge may be keeping up with the constant technological and scientific
advancements that underpin the growth and widespread use of BIM. New tools, methodologies,
and solutions for BIM are being developed all the time. Take use of the chances and positive
outcomes that technology and innovation provide, but don't forget to weigh the costs and
drawbacks. Identify the best innovations and technologies for your project, and make sure they
can easily be integrated into your current infrastructure (Levy, 2018).
2.5.4 Management of Change
The last obstacle is adjusting to the new norms that BIM imposes on a project's team and the
company as a whole. For BIM to work, the design, building, and operation phases must be
tackled in a new way, one that emphasizes cooperation, integration, and simultaneous work.
Promote a climate of trust, adaptability, and creativity, and involve everyone who has a stake in
the outcome. Keep an eye on BIM's progress and results so you can make the necessary tweaks
and enhancements (Mäki, 2015).
2.6 Challenges faced in the utilisation of blockchain
The utilisation of blockchain technology in construction management faced many challenges
which of discussed below:
2.6.1 Adoption and Awareness
In the building business, blockchain technology is still novel and poorly understood. It's possible
that many experts haven't heard of it, let alone considered how it could improve their work. The
widespread use of blockchain technology in managing construction projects may be stymied by a
lack of familiarity with the technology (Hargaden, 2019).
2.6.2 Integration with Existing Systems
Blockchain integration with preexisting infrastructure and applications is not without its
challenges. Construction projects frequently necessitate the use of numerous applications,
databases, and operating systems. The effort and technical know-how needed to ensure
blockchain technology's compliance and seamless integration with these existing systems can be
substantial (Kiu, 2022).
2.6.3 Scalability and Performance
Data volumes and participants in construction projects are both high. When it comes to real-time
processing and validation of a large number of transactions, blockchain networks may
experience scalability and performance issues. It is a huge difficulty to ensure that the blockchain
network can support the needs of a large-scale building project (Akram, 2020).
2.6.4 Cost and Investment
Blockchain networks can be expensive to set up and keep running. Already limited by funding,
construction projects may struggle to cover the hardware, software, and infrastructure costs
associated with implementing blockchain technology. Cost-effectiveness and a positive return on
investment are essential for widespread use (Perera, 2020).
2.6.5 Legal and Regulatory Aspects
There are several rules and laws that the building business must follow. Data privacy, ownership,
and liability are just a few of the additional legal and regulatory factors that must be taken into
account with the advent of blockchain technology. It can be difficult to address legal concerns
and modify existing legislation so that they work with blockchain technology (Hargaden, 2019).
2.6.6 Knowledge and Competence Deficit
It takes a particular level of technical understanding and knowledge to adopt and use blockchain
technology in building project management. The construction business could need more people
with understanding of and experience with blockchain technology. Successful blockchain
implementation requires closing the skill and knowledge gap through training and education
(Khalfan, 2022).
2.6.7 Data Privacy
There is a lack of confidentiality in public blockchains (Lu, 2017). Due to the lack of privileged
users, all nodes in the blockchain have unrestricted access to all blockchain data, and anybody
can join and contribute to the public blockchain network without the need for special
authorisation. As a result, public blockchains have a serious problem with data privacy. Users
that value the privacy of their information may find private blockchains more appealing. Many
different approaches have been proposed and deployed to address data privacy concerns,
including private blockchain, data encryptions, membership management, and channels. The
construction industry can benefit from storing confidential information off-chain to avoid data
privacy issues, even in a public blockchain (Xu, 2019).
2.6.8 Data Storage
Xu et al. (2019) argue that the enormous data volumes and slow velocity of data taken for
processing make blockchain unsuitable for storing Big Data. The quantity of data that can be
saved on a public blockchain is limited (Lu, 2017). A majority of the network's nodes must also
approve a transaction before it can be added to the ledger. Keeping a lot of information around
will slow down the mining and block making process. To address this problem, we will only
store the most essential data on the blockchain, while keeping all other data off-chain. There is a
ton of information involved in a building project. However, the blockchain ledger can only
contain the information that is necessary for the blockchain's underlying processing.
2.7 Implementation of BIM in construction project management
There are many factors to think about and measures to take when incorporating Building
Information Modelling (BIM) into building project management. The steps involved in the actual
implementation are as follows:
2.7.1 Establish Objectives and Goals
Lay down your expectations and requirements for using BIM in managing construction projects.
First, zero in on the desired results, such as streamlined communication, clearer visuals, more
accurate cost projections, or less time spent fixing mistakes (Murphy, 2014).
2.7.2 Plan and Allocate Resources
Budget, IT infrastructure, software licencing, and personnel should all be accounted for in the
implementation strategy you create. Spend enough time and money on training and education
(Popov, 2016).
2.7.3 Select BIM Software and Tools
Select the best BIM software and solutions for your project and company. Think about the
features, the compatibility with your current setup, the ease of use, and the vendor's commitment
to your success (Popov, 2016).
2.7.4 Develop BIM Execution Plan (BEP)
Develop a BIM Execution Plan to guide your BIM usage throughout the project's duration. The
cooperation methods, standards for the project, level of detail (LOD), and role assignments
should all be laid out in the BEP (Popov, 2016).
2.7.5 Train and Educate Project Team
Team members need to be thoroughly educated on BIM principles, workflows, and
tools. Modelling, data management, conflict resolution, data visualisation, and teamwork
instruction are all part of this package (Kisel, 2019).
2.7.6 Establish BIM Standards and Protocols
Consistent and interoperable BIM use across all project phases and parties requires the
establishment and dissemination of clear standards and conventions. Formats for sharing data,
coordinating models, checking data, and naming files are all part of this (Sacks, 2016).
2.7.7 Collaborative Workflows and Information Sharing
Get everyone involved in the project to work together and share what they know. To reap BIM's
full benefits, encourage an atmosphere of open dialogue and information sharing. Real-time
collaboration can be facilitated through the use of cloud-based collaboration platforms or shared
data environments (Alazmeh, 2018).
2.7.8 Model Creation and Management
Create a methodical strategy for modelling, management, and collaboration. Establish model
validation processes, define the LOD criteria for each project step, and guarantee that your
digital representations match up to the real thing (Eadie, 2013).
2.7.9 Clash Detection and Coordination
Use building information modelling (BIM) software for clash detection and coordination, which
entails finding and fixing conflicts between various building systems and components. Maintain
up-to-date clash reports and share them with project participants to speed up the resolution of
any issues (Akponeware, 2017).
2.7.10 Integration with Construction Processes
Incorporate building information modelling (BIM) into standard construction procedures. Make
better decisions about budgeting, timing, and materials, as well as in managing projects on the
ground, with the help of BIM data (Khosrowshahi, 2012).
2.7.11 Monitor and Evaluate
Maintain constant vigilance over the implementation process and assess BIM's contribution to
the project's success. Solicit input from project team members, analyse the results, and make any
necessary revisions to the way BIM is used (Ayinla, 2021).
2.7.12 Continuous Improvement
Encourage a mindset of constant enhancement by documenting successful BIM-implementation
strategies. Make use of project-related feedback and learnings to better processes, BIM
standards, and future project management (Dakhil, 2019).
The integration of BIM into construction project management demands a multifaceted strategy
that centres on people as well as tools and procedures. To achieve this goal, all parties involved
in the project must work closely together and be fully committed to using BIM to its full
potential throughout the whole project lifecycle.
 Figure 7 BIM in action (Li, 2022)

2.8 Implementation of blockchain in construction project management

Due to the high probability of failure, you should proceed with caution. To properly adopt
blockchain, consider these guidelines (Hewavitharana, 2019; Hargaden, 2019).
2.8.1 Introduce a use case
If you want to put blockchain technology to good use, you must first grasp its necessity. Get in
the habit of wondering things like, "Why do I need it?" Which problem(s) does it fix?
What exactly am I going to get out of it for my company? Who will make use of it?
When I put it into action, what do I hope to achieve?
Check out this article to learn more about the revolutionary potential of blockchain technology
and its many applications in different fields of business.
Develop a Working Model
When ready to move further, a proof of concept must be created. The procedure will show you
whether or not this technology is useful for your company. Ask yourself, "What problems am I
trying to solve with my business?" if you need some guidance.
To what end am I working?
What changes can I make to my company by using blockchain technology?
2.8.2 The correct Blockchain must be chosen.
No single blockchain solution exists for all industries. That's why it's crucial to zero down on the
one that works best for your needs. Some of the most well-known platforms today are Ethereum,
Quorum, Hyper ledger Fabric, Corda, Stellar, and Open Chain.
Considerations such as these are used to make a call:
Open or Confidential?
 In what quantity do you count the users?
 Access Restricted or Unrestricted?
 In what ways is secrecy essential?
 For what purpose do we need this? Dapps, coins, and NFTs?
 Should network access be managed centrally or distributed?
2.8.3 The Blockchain as a Service
Blockchain as a service is always an option for companies looking to deploy the technology.
They can save money and time on the infrastructure's creation by using this method.
Companies can take advantage of Amazon Web Services' (AWS) blockchain models and
architectures (El Khatib, 2021).
 Oracle on Microsoft's Cloud
2.8.4 Solutions are being built and tested.
When starting off, it's best to go for blockchain solutions that can be tailored to your specific
business needs. To begin, they could go to-
How many different platforms and chains the technology can function on.
Technology level; whether or not it is compatible with public blockchain.
Making use of an intermediary is unnecessary if smart contracts are used to establish the rules.
Make sure your app works by putting it through its paces on the sandbox network.
Integration and onboarding of new partners
If you want to run an efficient business, you'll need to connect your blockchain to a legacy
system that your partners are already familiar with. You still require their services for your
company, and if you neglect this connecting component, you will miss out on many exciting
possibilities (El Khatib, 2021).
2.8.5 Control and direct
Prepare for launch by constructing the fully-featured first block. The next step is to establish a
backup link to facilitate communication throughout the organization. The first stage is to get the
word out, and the second is to prepare the groundwork for others to take in that message
(Graham, 2019).
2.8.6 Deployment
Activating the blockchain on the blockchain network is a necessary next step. Hybrid solutions,
which involve both on-chain and off-chain components, should first be hosted in the cloud (Lu,
2013).
Choose a reliable consensus method.
 Generally speaking, five different consensus protocols exist. You need to choose on one
for your company.
 For solving difficult equations, miners are rewarded in this protocol based on its "proof of
work" system.
 The next protocol's creator is selected by a variety of random qualities in this proof of
stake system.
 In a more democratic system known as delegated proof of stake, stakeholders vote on
which miner will create the next block.
 Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) is a protocol that allows for the possible failure of
individual parts while still relying on the group as a whole to reach a consensus.
 The miner's cryptocurrency holdings are used as "proof of weight" in this system.
 Put together a system
Create an environment to facilitate communication and trust among participants as the number of
stakeholders grows. This can be done by settling on -
 The rules of the game
  The impartial sharing of both costs and benefits.
 Structures of authority

Figure 8 Management structure of BIM and Blockchain integration (Ni, 2021)

2.9 Potential awareness in the advancement of BIM

When BIM is used to its full capacity, it enables continuous collaboration, in which workshops
and universal access to data and design not only help to prevent delays but also dramatically
accelerate processes and advance projects (Ghaffarianhoseini, 2017).
At Merit, for instance, we start every project with an emphasis on vertically integrated
collaboration between all relevant disciplines, such as design, manufacture, and installation.
We have established an internal Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) group charged with
providing detailed model information for the purpose of automating processes and increasing
efficiency in areas such as design, off-site manufacturing, and R&D (Adel, 2022).
The team's goal is to streamline and optimize the entire building process for all of our projects by
optimizing and automating procedures to simplify data mapping between the various
departmental systems.
2.10 Potential awareness in the advancement of blockchain
Smart contracts, which are enabled by blockchain technology, can be programmed to be
automatically enforced. There would be less opportunity for fraud and no need for paper
contracts if this were implemented. Construction sites can utilize blockchain to keep track of
their supplies and verify that only approved products are used. The quality and assurance of
products would also increase. At last, blockchain technology might be used to build an exact
digital replica of a physical building. The ability to track development in real time could be used
to spot problems before they cause delays (Hargaden, 2019).
2.11 Conclusion
According to the findings of the research, the management of construction projects is getting
increasingly sophisticated, and it is necessary to develop a reaction that is both more swift and
more adaptive to the continuing alterations in management techniques. According to the research
that has been done, digital technologies have been utilized in some of the building projects that
have taken place recently. Nevertheless, in order to put any digital methodology into practice,
specific tactics are required. To ensure the long-term viability of projects, there has to be more
published information on the exact date that digital technology techniques were first applied in
the construction business. This information can be found in literature. Concerns regarding digital
technology and management obstacles are also brought up, which highlights the continuous need
of recognizing the variables that, despite the use of novel techniques, continue to limit the
progression of construction project management.
 Chapter 03- Research methodology
It is essential to lay forth the methodology used to gather data and perform the study. As a result,
the following environment contains all the necessary study components to conduct a thorough
examination. New strategies and methods have been adopted by the researchers to improve data
collection for analysis. Methods and methods for this research are outlined here.
3.1 Methodology of Research
When we speak of a research technique, we are referring to "a method employed in acquiring
new knowledge or comprehending the research field more thoroughly". We cover both of the key
study methods identified by Al-Ababneh et al. (2020).
3.1.1 Research Approaches
The following are two methods that will be utilised in research:
3.1.2 Deductive Approach
One possible definition might be a process whereby a conclusion is reached after careful analysis
of available information. The starting point of this tactic is a casual chat, following which more
focused dialogue can ensue. Typically, it is employed to stick to a path that has already been
scouted (Mitra, 2012).
3.1.3 Inductive approach
Using this approach, you can learn more about how different people value different things that
have happened to them. It makes use of a qualitative method of data collection and can produce
in-depth understanding of the study's setting (Alnaggar, 2019).
3.2 Research Methods
According to Patten (2017), a research technique is "the decisions the researcher makes
concerning cases to study and procedures to be employed for data collecting and data analysis
planning, as well as the carrying out of the research study." According to Metwally (2012), a
research technique also includes the strategies, methods, and procedures that were utilized to
achieve the study's aims and objectives. Research methods used by academics in the field of
construction management were examined by Dainty (2008). In his research, he found that the
three most common sorts of research strategies are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. In the
next paragraphs, we'll go deeper into these techniques.
3.2.1 Quantitative approaches
Quantitative research can be defined as a "formal, systematic, and objective procedure in which
numerical data is used to gain information regarding the research issue" (Burns and AlSanad,
2015). Deductive research, of which the quantitative approach is a part, is often called "top-
down" since it seeks to test and verify ideas and hypotheses by analysing data (Goel, 2019). This
approach places a premium on employing a wide range of statistical analytic tools and
procedures on the collected numerical data (Goel, 2019). Questionnaire surveys are just one type
of research instrument and method used in quantitative research to collect primary data. There
are a variety of other methods and equipment used in study. Advantageously, the results of a
study conducted using the quantitative research method can be delivered in a format that is both
trustworthy and conducive to quantitative analysis (Goel, 2019).
3.2.2 Qualitative Approach
Inductive research, also called a 'bottom-up' methodology, involves gathering facts and
information first, and then developing theories and hypotheses based on those findings.
Typically, in a qualitative method, inductive research involves drawing conclusions and
hypotheses from preexisting data. (Goel, 2021). The goal of this method is to gain an in-depth
understanding of human behavior and the underlying causes of specific types of behavior.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, pays more attention to the quality of the information
gathered than it does to its quantity. Perspectives and evaluations made by participants are
considered and analyzed in qualitative research. One of the major limitations of qualitative
research is that it can only generalize its findings to a small group of people because of the small
size of its sample (Goel, 2021).

Figure 9 Caparison of research approaches

3.2.3 Mixed Method
To achieve the aims of a single study, the mixed approach employs both quantitative and
qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. Integrating the best features of both methods
is important to this strategy (Chilisa, 2014).
3.3 Research design
Quantitative and qualitative information was analysed in this study. Information was gathered by
means of surveys and a review of existing literature. Research designs like literature reviews and
questionnaires have proven effective for gathering and arranging the thoughts of subject matter
experts. To that end, they (the researchers) handed out questionnaires about things like building
information modeling, blockchain technology, and digital twins. However, the survey's primary
focus was on statistical data for BIM, and Blockchain. Asking open-ended questions in the
Survey and consultation can elicit biased and nonsensical responses. The analysis of new digital
technologies has been conducted with value-neutral information for the sake of objectivity.
Researchers disseminated secondary and primary data as a result, with discoveries about BIM,
and Blockchain as well as green construction methods. In contrast, our hypothesis is grounded in
empirical evidence gleaned through a thorough review of relevant literature and restated here in
terms of our research objectives. Based on its ability to help reach the research goal, this study
design deserves a High Effectiveness and Authenticity rating (AlSehaimi, 2013). This Research
Plan is Highly Efficient and Authentic in Achieving Its Goals (Wiley, 2016). The findings
supported the use of quantitative research methodologies in eliciting and assessing attitudes and
behaviors among respondents. The analysis of the participants' actions led to several significant
and useful conclusions. Thanks to both qualitative secondary research and quantitative primary
research methodologies, specialists can receive the information they need based on the
experiences of the respondents. A deadly respiratory failure can be avoided if experts learn from
past mistakes and get ready for current problems.
The selection of an acceptable research approach for a dissertation is contingent upon the
inherent characteristics of the research. Qualitative secondary data analysis is particularly
advantageous when examining intricate interpretations and contextual elements within pre-
existing qualitative data. This methodology is well-suited for inquiries that necessitate thorough
analysis and profound understanding, all while optimising the utilisation of time and resources.
On the other hand, employing a quantitative primary data methodology is deemed more
advantageous for doing hypothesis testing, statistical analysis, and establishing causal linkages
by means of quantifiable data. The utilisation of this methodology, which is grounded in the
collection of empirical data, provides the capacity to manipulate variables, employ larger sample
sizes for the purpose of generalizability, and potentially yield substantial statistical insights. In
the final analysis, the decision is contingent upon the study objectives: employing qualitative
analysis to get insight and facilitate exploration, utilising quantitative analysis to achieve
measurable and generalizable results, or maybe adopting a mixed methodologies approach to
conduct a more comprehensive examination.
3.4 Data collection
The "Data Collecting" process gathers facts and figures relevant to the research topic. In order to
gather useful information for this investigation, the researcher conducted a comprehensive
literature review. All of our goals, to learn more about green building practices and to assess
digital technologies’ strengths and weaknesses, have been addressed in the available literature.
We used a quantitative approach and a survey to collect data that was useful for our study of the
construction sector and its emphasis on environmental responsibility. Conversely, a quantitative
approach was taken to apply the survey findings and make suggestions on how to implement
digital technologies in construction project management. The research's goals, objectives, and
questions informed the construction of a thorough literature review.
Using the aforementioned inclusion/exclusion criteria, we applied the proper filters to our
searches of the Scopus database, the American Institute of Pakistan Studies (AIPS), Google
Scholar, Science Direct, and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). About three
thousand separate studies were combed via the Scopus Database and Science Direct for relevant
keywords in abstracts and titles. On the other hand, for each keyword combination, about a
hundred were looked at utilizing heriot-watt discovery. Three hundred results were culled after
the initial inspection of their abstracts, titles, and keywords. About eighty documents were
downloaded after this initial search and examined for relevance.
3.4.1 Literature review
The inquiry involved a thorough analysis of the comments given by the respondents in order to
factor in what is already known about the use of BIM, and Blockchain in the management of
building projects. The literature review was conducted with the help of credible literature
sources. The goal of these materials is to analyse the potential of digital tools to enhance project
performance, determine their limitations, and analyse the difficulties that have been encountered
when applying digital technologies to the context of construction projects. They consist of
scholarly articles retrieved from databases and search engines as well as previous research in the
form of theses and books. Information that has previously been made public is useful for
assessing the topic's global significance and analysing the facts surrounding it. Standardized data
acquired from numerous books and scientific papers allowed the Researchers to carry out a
thorough investigation, which helped prove the existence of issues with digital technology and
the necessity of implementing management best practices. In order to get more pertinent results,
the researchers used keyword searches to perform their literature evaluation. One of the most
important aspects of the research factors was finding obligatory peer-reviewed articles. Using a
literature review and review cycle, also known as an upward spiral (Hawlitschek, 2018), is an
effective strategy for learning from the work of earlier researchers.
3.4.2 Quantitative research
The study used primary and first-hand data for quantitative research. Surveys and in-person
interviews form the backbone of the data collection process. Both qualitative and quantitative
researchers were tasked with achieving the study's goals and objectives. Using a quantitative
research approach, this study aimed to document both successful and unsuccessful uses of digital
tools in construction project management, and to suggest new directions for the development of
digital technology in this field. During the Survey, researchers distributed in-depth
questionnaires to all participants. In order to collect both complete and meaningless data, the
Survey had both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The data collected from this Survey
was relied upon as it was deemed reliable thanks to the honesty of the respondents. The survey
questions asked important, pertinent topics in a concise format. As a result, they were able to
share everything they knew about keeping data safe during digital transmission, including their
own thoughts and opinions. The respondents chosen for this study are experts in the field of
construction and key players in the BIM, and Blockchain in construction communities.
Therefore, the study draws on the first-hand knowledge of professionals in the relevant subject.
During the quantitative investigation, we zeroed in on our area of interest with laser-like
precision so that we could accomplish our goals. A Likert scale was used to create the survey
questionnaire. This technique of question formulation encourages impartial and well-considered
responses from respondents (Schönbeck, 2020).
3.5 Data analysis
The information acquired during the literature review was analyzed. The consensus between
researchers was largely that the proposed answer was reliable. The study assignment was
completed and timely results were generated by adopting a suitable format, which was then used
to assess the data. To conduct the qualitative secondary analysis, a systematic strategy was
adopted. Theoretical analyses of the gathered data were used by the researcher.
The overwhelming majority of respondents agreed that this was the best answer. The analysis of
a big dataset was given a suitable structure in order to speed up the research process and provide
tangible results. The data was analyzed statistically with the help of the researcher's copy of
SPSS. The survey data were analyzed by the researchers using this software. A t-test was
employed to find the indemnity and compare it to the dependent variable. Correlation analysis
allowed us to compare and contrast data at both the micro and macro levels. SPSS was used to
analyse the data.

Figure 10 Likert Scale Multiple-choice Questions options (Joshi, 2015)

3.6 The Research Process
It was determined that a sequential presentation of the research procedures was necessary to
eliminate ambiguity about any of the issues addressed and guarantee a complete understanding
of the study's findings. The following flowchart illustrates the methodical approach taken to
carry out the research and achieve its aims. Using the results of the content analysis of the
literature review, the current issues with the performance of building projects will be explored.
Once this is complete, we can connect the dots between the challenges we saw and what we
learned in our study of project management and the benefits of employing digital technologies in
building projects. This can help pinpoint how BIM, and Blockchain may impact the performance
difficulties found in the academic literature. Since the proposed use of digital technologies in
construction projects is the subject of this investigation, the literature review will also seek out
information about practitioners' familiarity with and thoughts on digital technologies' viability
and future adoption in public construction projects, as well as any obstacles to putting this
proposal into action.

Figure 11 Research Process (Author)

3.7 Ethical considerations
The ethical implications of the investigation were carefully considered at every stage. All
relevant information about the study and its aims was publicized in order to meet ethical
requirements for informed consent. By including crucial details and the original data received
from respondents without making any misinformed modifications, we ensured accountability and
the validity of the ethical requirements (Thompson, 2021).
3.8 Conclusion
In this section, we'll go over the methods employed in this study and how they helped us
accomplish our goals. Methods, research design, and data collection strategy have all been
explained. Two methods of analysis were employed to improve the findings and suggestions in
this study. The first two goals were studied using a qualitative approach with secondary data,
whereas the third and fourth goals were studied using a quantitative approach with primary data.
The data used in this analysis came from the questions asked in the survey and the results of the
literature study. Figure 9 is a flowchart that describes the entire study procedure.
 Chapter 04- Beneficiaries
Beneficiaries refer to individuals, collectives, or entities that derive advantages from the
outcomes and impacts of a specific programme or project. Beneficiaries might encompass not
only individuals, but also groups or organisations. The recipients of industry drawback plan
encompass individuals from diverse backgrounds and may be classified into several unique
categories, which include:
4.1 Policy-makers, governments
This systematic analysis examines the potential benefits of developing digital technologies in the
field of construction project management, with a particular focus on their implications for policy-
makers and governments at different levels. The review offers a thorough examination of recent
developments and emerging trends in key technologies such as BIM, and Blockchain, Its purpose
is to support policymakers in the formulation of rules and policies that are pertinent to these
areas. Stakeholders can enhance their comprehension of the prospective advantages and
obstacles associated with the use of these technologies, hence facilitating their ability to make
well-informed decisions pertaining to infrastructure development, building standards, and
industry rules. Moreover, the study may also elucidate effective case studies from diverse
countries or areas, fostering cross-border knowledge acquisition and cooperation (Shen, 2018).
4.2 Public sector agencies or bodies
This systematic assessment offers significant information for public sector bodies tasked with
overseeing construction and infrastructure projects. Gaining a comprehensive comprehension of
the possibilities of digital technologies in the field of construction management can facilitate the
augmentation of project efficiency, cost reduction, and overall enhancement of project delivery.
By developing a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities and constraints of BIM, and
Blockchain, these organisations may strategically allocate resources towards suitable
technologies, resulting in improved project outcomes and the delivery of public services (Li,
2019).
4.3 International organisations
The conclusions of this research can be utilised by international organisations engaged in
construction development, standardisation, and policy-making to facilitate the global promotion
of best practices. The review aims to provide insights into the adoption and use of digital
technology in construction project management across various countries and regions. Through
the identification of prevalent obstacles and effective approaches, international organisations
have the capacity to promote the interchange of knowledge and collaboration among member
nations, thereby cultivating a building sector that is both more proficient and sustainable on a
worldwide level (Li, 2019).
4.4 The commercial/private sector
This comprehensive review might serve as a significant resource for organizations operating
within the construction industry. The analysis of current technological developments can provide
private sector firms with valuable insights into prospective investment opportunities and areas
for enhancing project management processes. By actively acquiring knowledge about emerging
technologies such as BIM, and Blockchain (Jadidoleslami, 2022)
4.5 Professional or practitioner groups
This assessment can provide substantial benefits to professional groups and organisations that
represent architects, engineers, project managers, and other stakeholders within the construction
sector. The function of this platform is to operate as a repository of knowledge, providing
practitioners with up-to-date information regarding the newest breakthroughs in digital
technologies that are pertinent to their respective fields. The evaluation may further emphasise
the identification of training requirements and areas for skill development, thereby assisting
professional organisations in the design of educational programmes and certificates. This ensures
that their members remain well-informed about the most recent industry trends and tools.
Ultimately, this phenomenon has the potential to cultivate a workforce in the construction sector
that possesses enhanced skills and competence (Tezel, 2019).
 Chapter 05-Project management
It is possible that the operational efficacy of environmentally friendly building projects could be
improved with the use of digital technologies such as BIM, and Blockchain in the project
management process. Technology such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), and
Blockchain can help project managers plan, design, implement, and monitor ecologically
responsible building projects. Project management for sustainable construction could be greatly
improved with the help of Building such digital technologies (Kiu, 2022). The following are only
some of the possible improvements:
5.1 Collaboration and coordination
Within the realm of construction project management, the incorporation of emerging digital
technologies, such as BIM, and Blockchain tools has the potential to greatly augment
collaboration and coordination among the diverse stakeholders engaged in the project. BIM
enables the generation and dissemination of digital representations of the project, thereby
providing a centralised platform for all stakeholders to collaborate. This fosters enhanced
communication and minimises the occurrence of errors. Blockchain systems facilitate the real-
time monitoring of goods, equipment, and resources, hence enhancing the efficiency of logistics
and coordination among suppliers and contractors. Digital twins provide a virtual representation
of physical structures, allowing stakeholders to visually see and analyze advancements, hence
improving cooperation and decision-making (Ni, 2021).
5.2 Imagination and Simulation
The integration of growing digital technologies into the realm of building project management
presents novel opportunities for the exploration of imagination and simulation. BIM, as an
illustrative example, enables project teams to generate three-dimensional (3D) models of the
project, so providing a comprehensive perspective on the design and construction of the building.
Simulation tools are utilised to execute several scenarios and anticipate potential obstacles or
dangers, empowering project managers to make well-informed decisions and enhance project
plans. (Jadidoleslam, 2022).
5.3 The Management of Lifespan
Digital technologies are of utmost importance in the management of lifetime, a process that
encompasses the comprehensive planning and design of a building or infrastructure, considering
its whole lifecycle. Building Information Modelling offers significant advantages in this
particular context because to its capacity to integrate project-related data pertaining to materials,
components, and systems. This integration facilitates the efficient management of long-term
maintenance and assets. Through the utilisation of BIM, and Blockchain, project managers have
the ability to establish proactive maintenance schedules, monitor the performance of assets, and
strategize for future upgrades or replacements over the course of a building's lifespan (Scott,
2021).
5.4 The management of expenses
The effective administration of expenditures is a pivotal component of building project
management. The utilisation of digital technologies such as Building Information Modeling
(BIM), and Blockchain has the potential to facilitate cost control and optimisation. BIM
facilitates the detection of clashes and conflicts during the design phase, hence mitigating the
necessity for subsequent modifications and the consequent financial burdens during the
construction process. Blockchain management systems facilitate the real-time monitoring of
material pricing and inventory, so enhancing the ability to make informed buying decisions and
exercise effective cost control. Moreover, Blockchain have the potential to aid in the monitoring
of construction advancement, resource usage, and productivity, enabling project managers to
detect inefficiencies and enhance resource distribution, ultimately resulting in financial savings
(Sonmez, 2021).
5.5 Exploration and Investigation
The first two weeks of the research will focus on identifying potential research subjects
associated with construction project management. Using a brainstorming session to generate
potential topics will help narrow down the best ones. Once you've settled on a good subject for
your research, you may pin out its specific goals and objectives, proving the proposal's worth.
After then, the research proposal for the project management dissertation can officially begin.
The next step in developing the study strategy involves laying the groundwork for information
exchange, fostering an atmosphere of mutual understanding and maybe establishing a reliable
working relationship among the participants. Gant chart will represent the whole processes in the
milestones of the project.
 Project Start June 6, 2023 06-Jun-23 13-Jun-23 20-Jun-23 27-Jun-23 04-Jul-23
Project End Aug 14, 2023 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Task Start End T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M
Title Selection Milestone 01
Aims and Objectives 06/06/2023 09/06/2023
Proposal Submission 09-Jun-23 13/06/2023
Proposal Approval 13/06/2023 15/06/2023
Literature Review Milestone 02
Submission 16/06/2023 23/06/2023
Feadback 23/06/2023 25/06/2023
Approved 25/06/2023 26/06/2023
Introduction C Milestone 03
Research GAP 27/06/2023 28/06/2023
Submission 28/06/2023 01/07/2023
Approved 01/07/2023 03/07/2023
Research Methodology C Milestone 04
Research Methods 04/07/2023 07/07/2023
Submission 07/07/2023 08/07/2023
Approved 08/07/2023 10/07/2023

Project Start June 6, 2023 11-Jul-23 18-Jul-23 25-Jul-23 01-Aug-23 08-Aug-23

Project End Aug 14, 2023 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Task Start End T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M
Data Collection C Milestone 05
Secondary Data Collection 11/07/2023 13/07/2023
Survey Questionnaire 13/07/2023 18/07/2023
Primary Data Collection 18/07/2023 20/07/2023
Data Analysis C Milestone 06
Analysis Secondary Data 21/07/2023 23/07/2023
Analysis Primary Data 23/07/2023 27/07/2023
Finalise The Data C Milestone 07
Verify All the results 28/07/2023 30/07/2023
Disseminations C Milestone 08
Online dissemenations 31/07/2023 02/08/2023
Project Collaboration 02/08/2023 07/08/2023
Final Submission 07/08/2023 14/08/2023

Figure 12 Project time line

 Chapter 06- Dissemination
In order for the findings of academic research to have an impact on society, they must be handled
appropriately beyond publication and reading by colleagues. How the specified end-users and
beneficiaries will be involved in the proposed research will be discussed below. In addition, we
will use the knowledge translation planning template (Barwick, 2015) to craft a strategy for
disseminating the study's findings to the people who may most benefit from them.
The potential for revolutionising the construction sector lies in the thorough assessment of
developing digital technologies in construction project management, which includes BIM, and
Blockchain. However, in order to optimise its effectiveness, it is essential to ensure proper
dissemination to key stakeholders (Li, 2019). This article presents a comprehensive overview of
customised dissemination techniques designed for various stakeholders, including policy-makers,
governments, public sector agencies, international organisations, the commercial/private sector,
and professional or practitioner groups.
6.1 Policy-makers, governments
Policy-makers and governments, operating at different levels ranging from municipal to
transnational, assume a crucial role in formulating regulations and policies pertaining to
infrastructure development. In order to facilitate access, it is recommended that the systematic
review be disseminated via open-access repositories and scholarly journals, to ensure convenient
availability. In addition, it is possible to arrange seminars and conferences with a focus on
building and infrastructure development, with the intention of inviting policymakers and
government officials to participate. Engaging in partnerships with government agencies and
industry groups facilitates the opportunity to deliver direct presentations to influential decision-
makers, enabling them to make well-informed decisions regarding the integration of digital
technologies. Through the utilisation of digital platforms and social media, the dissemination of
concise summaries or visually appealing infographics can effectively captivate the attention of
policy-makers and government representatives, hence facilitating an enhanced comprehension of
the advantages and obstacles associated with a certain subject matter (Li, 2019).
6.2 Public sector agencies or bodies
The information provided by the study might be of great advantage to public sector organisations
and entities tasked with overseeing building projects. Producing executive summaries or policy
briefs that emphasise the most pertinent findings will effectively address their particular
requirements. Disseminating the review report via official channels and mailing lists will
facilitate broad dissemination across the aforementioned agencies. Furthermore, the utilisation of
webinars and online presentations has the potential to effectively captivate a wider and more
diverse audience across various geographical locations. Through establishing collaborations with
public sector agencies, it becomes possible to organise targeted training sessions and workshops.
These initiatives aim to provide participants with the necessary knowledge and tools to
effectively integrate technology into their job (Sonmez, 2021).
6.3 International organisations
International organisations, due to their emphasis on global construction development and
standardisation, might employ the review process as a means to advance best practises on a
global scale. Disseminating the research outcomes by participation in international conferences,
forums, or symposiums facilitates the exchange of knowledge and promotes collaboration across
borders. Engaging in partnerships with these groups to disseminate the review through their
publications or websites has the potential to significantly enhance its outreach. The development
of multilingual summaries has the potential to accommodate a wide range of individuals, hence
promoting increased global engagement and comprehension (Baghalzadeh., 2022: Li, 2019)
6.4 The commercial/private sector
The commercial/private sector, as a pivotal participant in the building industry, necessitates
focused and enterprise-driven methods of information distribution. Disseminating the review
report among industry associations and chambers of business will serve as a catalyst for fostering
private-sector involvement. The act of disseminating articles or news releases in trade periodicals
and websites pertaining to the construction industry has the potential to garner interest from
pertinent parties. The utilisation of industry-specific webinars and online seminars will facilitate
direct interaction with private-sector enterprises, thereby promoting knowledge and stimulating
the adoption of technology (Li, 2019).
6.5 Professional or practitioner groups
The evaluation can provide significant benefits to professional and practitioner groups within the
construction sector, including architects, engineers, project managers, and other relevant
stakeholders. Engaging in partnerships with professional groups to organise webinars or
seminars can effectively disseminate up-to-date information regarding improvements in digital
technology to the members. Developing concise summaries or informational sheets will address
the unique requirements of individuals, hence promoting effective knowledge retention. The
utilisation of social media platforms can enhance the level of engagement among professional
groups, hence facilitating chances for discourse and networking (Olanipekun, 2021).
 Chapter 07-Recommendations
This chapter includes the future recommendation based on the study given to the student who
will further work on this topic and find out the results on the basis of analysis. Following are the
recommendations:
7.1 Long-term Performance Assessment
The systematic review offers valuable insights into the potential advantages of digital tools in the
realm of construction project management. However, it is imperative to carry out longitudinal
studies in order to evaluate the sustained performance of projects that have implemented these
technologies over an extended period of time. By monitoring and evaluating projects over
prolonged durations, researchers can gain insights into the enduring effects of digital tools on
project results and detect any latent obstacles that may not be readily apparent (Scott, 2021).
7.2 Comparative Studies
In order to enhance comprehension about the strengths and weaknesses of particular digital
technologies, forthcoming study endeavours should prioritize the examination of comparative
studies encompassing diverse instruments. For example, doing a comparative analysis of the
efficacy of alternative BIM software packages, Blockchain platforms, within a range of
construction project contexts can facilitate the identification of the most appropriate solutions for
varying project scopes and scales (Aleksandrova, 2019).
7.3 Addressing Implementation Challenges
The review may elucidate the difficulties associated with the implementation of digital
technologies in construction endeavours. Future research should prioritise the resolution of these
difficulties through the identification of optimal strategies for effectively implementing
solutions. Conducting an enquiry into the various elements that contribute to the effective
adoption of digital tools, and exploring their potential use in diverse situations, holds significant
value for professionals in the business (Erri., 2019)
7.4 Exploring Integrative Solutions
Given the escalating intricacy of construction projects, there is potential for future study to
investigate integrative solutions that amalgamate various digital technologies in order to
establish a comprehensive approach to project management. For example, a study examining the
use of Building Information Modelling (BIM), and Blockchain to augment cooperation and
decision-making across the whole duration of a building project could result in novel strategies
for project management in the construction industry (Hirusheekesan, 2023).
7.5 Adoption Strategies and Change Management
The comprehension of the proper adoption of digital technology by enterprises is of paramount
importance. Future research may focus on investigating adoption methods and change
management approaches within the construction industry. This research might explore the ways
in which construction businesses can effectively address resistance to change, provide enough
training to their staff, and develop a digital culture that facilitates the successful application of
technology (Sonmez, 2021).
7.6 Cost-Benefit Analysis
In order to facilitate decision-making processes for construction project managers and
stakeholders, it is recommended that future research endeavours do thorough cost-benefit
evaluations pertaining to the implementation of digital technology. By conducting an assessment
of both the immediate expenses associated with the adoption of technology and the prospective
long-term advantages, a more comprehensive understanding of the return on investment and the
financial consequences of incorporating these technologies into construction endeavours can be
obtained (Wang, 2020).
7.7 Sustainability Integration
Given the increasing significance of sustainability within the construction sector, it is imperative
to explore the potential of digital technology in enhancing the incorporation of sustainable
practises within project management. The investigation of the potential contributions of Building
Information Modelling (BIM), and Blockchain to sustainable construction processes, resource
management, and environmental impact assessments is expected to gain significant significance
(Li, 2019).
7.8 Ethical Considerations and Data Security
Given the extensive reliance of digital technologies on data gathering and sharing, it is
imperative for future research to comprehensively examine the ethical considerations and data
security challenges that arise from their deployment. The criticality of retaining trust and
confidence in the adoption of digital tools necessitates a thorough examination of best practises
for data protection, compliance with regulations, and the security of sensitive project
information.
By considering these forthcoming suggestions, researchers can enhance the knowledge and
comprehension of the involvement of digital technology in construction project management.
Additionally, industry practitioners can derive advantages from evidence-based guidance to
make well-informed decisions while incorporating these technologies into their projects (Wan,
2020).