Analytic Functions and Line Integrals (Examples 19-20)

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Analytic Functions and Line Integrals (Examples 19-20)

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Br Puscos Camper Variable [524 Dose lyfiarl Be eles Hence epg ttt taht w fa(ehtifnd i, Now Hogi = Hog (cos Qnty 41 Hog AO ant 1y0/2 = teeny. ‘Therefore Fag one Be 2. Solve the equation cosz02, tpn, 960) Weare giesthat — HetteHya2, on CP-as1m0, oe Hazeve-0, Therefore ‘emog (22¥9)+200, = ax~tlog Q2V3)~ BF og (243), Eramples 18 [Express in the form A+B : 1 2 log (itv). a Hoan. %69} 4, sech (+9). S. cos"! eri, 6 aH Gor. 3} 7. Braluate og(=1+4)=log (=I). [Rooree ME, 1980) | 8 Prove that sn (log) =—1, (Roorkee, 1980) 8. 10. At watog an +39) prove that tanh uta 2. Prove that Isinz|2esiatesiaby, an loorhs|?=sink?aeory. (Roorkee, 1966) UL, Find [2] and Je], and show that lee se te™, — (Roonee, ME, 7 22 Sow that "!ze! ig?! oak A, 6 13. row that tan“ 2). (44x) 4 0g3 (0=0, 1,2, ooze, ME, 199) 1, Prove that Sab" 2mine+(—1 og 24V(e41)). Rooke, 1 15, ttsine=2i, show that eS 331 Li [35 sar(—1)"*4 og (5-2), where ne0, £1, 22, 16, Solve the equation cosh z=—1, 17. Find al the roots of the equation sinz=cosh & 18, Mutinasio™ (oti), prove that wi ae ara a llohabad, . Tec, 1904) 1B. Iain esien?, show hat reV{j(cosh2y~cos20)) and @=tan~* (cot x tank), Dedace tat Roorkee, 1988) 53. Limits. We say that the complex number z=xtiy approuches, or tends to, a fixed complex. number Z=¥otijy when rx, and yyy Graphically this means that the point zis in the neighbourhood of the point zon the Argand gram, and approaches it. Tt is evident that this approach can be made in an infinite umber of ways from different directions. Let w=f(e) be a function of z, and let u(x, ), v(x,y) denote the real and imaginary parts of w. Let wo=u+ivg be a fixed complex number. We say that the the limits of 2) as z tends to 2, i8 wy, and write Jim,.,,/@)=Wo, @ when ulé,y)->us and vox, y)-r¥, as xr, and yyy Graphically the relation w=f) maps a point z in the z-plane to a corresponding point w in the w-plane. So-the relation (1) means that the point w in the w-plane136) uncon of « Compr Vtible [sat approaches the point w, when z approaches zy, The idea that the point z is in the neighbourhood of ‘% and approaches za can be expressed by saying that Jz-zp] <8, where 6 is an arbitrarily small positive number. This ‘means that z lies within the circle of radius 6 drawn with centre at zg By choosing é smaller and smaller, z can be made to approach 2 as nearly as we please. ‘The idea that flz)+Wo as 2-+z» can be expressed by saying that for every €>0 there exists @ 0 such that Ufe)=ma| #3). Use the complex function wa loge iB 1 prove thatthe charge density at point «stant trom te line of intersection on the plane a pote oektimoy) ‘being the dielectric constant ofthe med, Roor, ME, 9] 54, Conformal transformation, It has been said in Ant $2 that a relation w=/(2) between two complex variables. is represented graphically by taking two separate Argand diagrams, the z-plane and w-plane. For every point x+iy in the z-plane the relation w=ftz) defines a corresponding point wiv in the w-plane, We call this a mapping of the z-plane into the w-plane, and say that the point zp maps into the point womf(z. Wy is also known as the image of 2 Leta point P move along a curve C in 2 plane. Then the different positions of P will map into different images which will lie, in general, on some curve C’. Thus the relation w=j{2) maps a curve C in z-plane into a curve C’ in the w-plane. Similarly, different regions in z-plane will map into other regions in w-plane. Consider for example the relation waz i, utivetiy) Pe)162) Ponctons of = Compr Verale 155 channel shown in the r Figure. The velocity at usa isgiventobeu. ® ‘ow wall give c=, 24, Find the Schwarz-Christolel transformation which maps the shaded region of w-plane onto the upper half of the z-plane. 55, Integration. The complex function f(2) i a function of two independent variables. Hence its integral can be defined only as ay, line integral. Let C be any eS continuous curve in the z-plane. mt Divide C into n parts by the points Zp Zo ow Ze 8 in the figure, and put Az,=2,-z,_,. Then the limit of a the sum & fe) Ae, Q) x as ne arid each Az,*0, if it exists, is known as the integral of fz) over the contour C. It is denoted by Sc fle) de. By putting z=x,4i), in (1), and then taking the limits, we easily see that Sof) dz=f_ (utiv) deeriy) @) HS (udev dy) tif (v detudy), 55] Iegrtion [63 Furthermore, if the parametric equation of C be =, = 00), then u(x,)+iv(2,y) and x+iy can both be expressed in terms of t. Then (2) gives Sofa) de ffl) Sa, where =a and t=b are the extremities of the curve C. Ex 1. Integrate f@)=2* from ACI, 1) t0.BG,4) along 7. @ the line-segment AD parallel to xxi and DB parallel to yi (Gi) the straight tine AB joining the wo points; Gil) the curve C:x=, y=? @) Since z=1+1.1 for a point on AD, and 2=2+ly for a point oa DB, we have Saale Septet hag? deaf, (oti) det fi 4H) dy =[her| how Hho 044 e+ap-e+p, =Ho+4?—(1+0)}=—234~a. Gi) The equation of AB is Jott ‘Therelore for a point on 4B zee HlGe-2) ° escar-2)) atetice-2)) i [ere-op) =Heray-asi) Gi) [.2dem J, Gety) dterin) ewe) aS esitpacsi)164) Fantons o 1 Compl Vasisie 135 = RGB a = PP asAeieaP2F)} = = 2h. Ex. 2. Integrate f2)=2 +i fom AC, 1) to BC, 4 along the straight line AB joining the two points; and Gi the cure C2201, 797. oanpur, 199) (As in Bx 3, fora pat on AB, 2 and raxti(Se-2). pe -s+ur¥6), ‘Therefore Siglo) de = ST (2 4iSe-2)} aletiGe~2)) = Pavsy2-aiqsay de = c+s9[asange-i]; = a+ay(a+an}-ap=-9t. Gf GPti9) deat) = J Pid) aesiA) =K eHea+29 a af PaateaP) ara Fe ei =-10 +118. Nore, We sce that all the hrc integral in Ex. 1 are equal. In fact relation 3) shows that che integral equal to the diflerence of Yoetiy)? evaluated at the two ends, and does not depend on the Paths in between. Such a result wil always hold iff) is analytic (ee ‘ext aril), In sch caes the integral canbe evaluated by the for~ tulae for integration of functions ofa single variable, In Ex. 2 the integral depends onthe contour, Here fe) isnot analytic Ex 2 Integrate over cicle C of radius @ and centre zo in aticlockwise direction the function OMOVe-w; — @fe=0-1" where m is an integeree—1. "A pat oa the ice Cis sazyta(conOi sin #)=zgtae" $51] Properties contour integra [165 therfore wae, pad ido Soma car = fBiaonet ‘asia fo e-zolde = SE (eal niente ay fen) ae es i 551. Properties of contour integrals. From the definition of the integral over @ contour, we can obtain a number of simple properties. (i) If the contour C be divided into two parts C, and Cythen =o, Sofie) de= Se, fa) d+ Se, fa) ii) If the sense of integration is reversed, the sign of the integral changes; thus Sif) de=—S fle) dz, where z» and Z are the two ends of contour C. Gil) So Hi@) fie) de Sofie) de + Soffa) de. (iv) Sc hfle)de=kSf(@) de. (9) If L be the length of the contour C, and if M be a positive number such that \f(z)|0, we get (see note below) Peak gape ® Replacing zp by z+ Az in this, f' Gordes ee @ Subtracting (2) from (3) and dividing by Aza, we get Forde) Yemz)— Ay Bp Aegean) = £"@) ‘The general result can be proved by induction, proceeding in a manner similar to above. 1c is clear from the above theorem that an analytic function 6) has derivatives of every ender. Nore. The conciuson that integral (1) tad to (2) 8 bod requires the uniform contin of the forte, To prove that tis s f6, we consider the dfeence of these two integrals: The modal of {te cierence is jf, ——tialed | alae © Gig AEN E=IO e where M isthe maximum value of /@) on C, L is the length of Contour C, ands the shortest diane betwen C and a fied small 555] Desoto an nny futon un cicele K (asin fig. on p. 168) within which sp sy alas ls ‘Therefore the difrenc tends (0 2240 a8 Aty*0. Baampls 21 1 Bratine 2 rea) de (slong the path x=t4 1, y=22—1, (@sloag the seit line joining 1~i to 24, 2 Bvaluae J") (2rhi++1) de, along the two paths of Ex 1, ‘3. Evaluate f,, |z| de, where € isthe contour (0 straight ine AB from =i to ==; (@ lft half of the unit ete |o| 1 from 2=~i to set, (Roorkee, 1996) ; wee Ci any single ened care and Roars, MCE, 1880) aoa oe ile led care C, when isan integer 22 and i inside C. 6 Let PG)matbetec?, and 7) seu f PO deaf 2O) gon SP hdem i PDaems, Poh demtri, whore Cis the circle 1. Evaluate FO). (Roorke, 18H) 7, Evaluate {¢ de round the contour C, were Cis the os 4. Braluate zai (a) outside C, iste 5. Evaluate fo: circ [el = (Pana, Nese. (Ch. Eng), 1973) ‘8 Use Covel’ integral formula to evaluate acts Ste, where Cis the circle [2|=2 [Hint Break the integrand into pats rations 9. Eyluate the integrals OL Fe OLY wieder eins