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Gravitation
Physics | Class 11
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 # Gravitation
Newtons Law Gravitation
of matter
: -

"

Every particle of in the Universe

attracts
every
other
particle with force
that a

is
directly proportional to the product of the
masses
of
the
particles and
inversely proportional "
to the
square of the distance between them .

Famine
f-
angry
or

Here ,
Cries a Universal Constant called Gravitational
is,
constant whose
magnitude
MY
" '
G 6. Gtx lo N
kg
-
-
-

The direction of the

force f es
along the line

joining
the two
particles .

electrostatic
d) Unlike the
force ,
it is
independent
of the medium between the
particles .

4) It is conservative in nature

G) It expresses the
force between two point
( of volume)
masses
negligible .
However ,
for
 external
points of spherical bodies the whole mars

can be assumed to be concentrated at its

centre
of mars .

In Newtons law
ary .
-

of gravitation gravitation ,
is the

attraction bodies
force of between two
any
.

If one

bodies is earth then is

ofcalledthe
the
gravitation
' '
Hence , is which
gravity gravity the
force by
.

towards tents
body
earth attracts a its .
It is

a
special case
of gravitation .

Eg Three
point each
placed
' '
: -
mouses m are at

the three vertices

of an
equilateral triangle
find
gravitational force
'
side a! net
of any
on

one
point mass .

Sol 's we are

finding net
force on the
point
mass
kept at O .

f- =GCm)Cm)_=GmI
are an
 M

M
met '
30

m .
g
301 .
m

f 0

Since , the two

forces are
equal in magnitudes ,

therefore the resultant

force will
pass through
the
fig
centre as shown in .

f- net =
fF¥2Cf¥oo
=
IT f
=
Tshirt
at

Egthe four
particles 'm '
placed at
:
each
of mass are
-

side a'
'
And net
four vertices
of a
square of
.

force on
any one
of
the particle .

Sol's
force at D
we the
finding particle
are net on .

Fac ADA
Cremated Gain Fleay) !
-
=
=
-
 B

h£Y÷m?
a

=L Gantz =fz
e
FAB =
.

529
a
Now resultant FDA and foe is
,
of Ff2 e
'
tf

Ja f in the direction of DB .

£
"

A D

-
i fret = Taf
try =

( Tatts) f
=

( Jatta ) Gaye (towards DB )

Eg A
uniform ring of es
lying
at
: -

mars m a

distance Js
from the a centre
of a
sphere of mass

M
just over the
sphere ( where a is the radius

of the ring as well

of the
as that sphere ) find.

the
magnitude of gravitational force between them .

M 7

539

#
¥5
Sol ? .
Net
force on
sing =) whole dfsin 60
ring

=)
dm
Gm ( dm ) e

¥ bid
- -

>
- -
-

i
- -

g
whole
ring * i 't
'

df y Tsa l l

l l
y

i
536mm
'
i
= "
,
'
i i
-

l l
8 q2 l
÷
.
.

I whole
M
dm -
-
M , 9
as
ring

# Acceleration due to
Gravity : -

when a
body is dropped from certain
height a

above the
ground it begins to fall towards the
earth under
gravity The acceleration produced in the
.

called the
body due to
gravity is acceleration due

to It is denoted Itb close to

gravity's
.

by g . value

the earth is 9.8mW

surface .

Suppose that the mass of the earth is M, its

radius is R, then the

force of attraction
acting
to
body of close the
surface
on a mass m

of earth is

f-
GMMRE
=
According to Newtons 2nd law , the acceleration

due to
gravity
g- Im GMR
=

'

# Variation in the value of g : -

The to
value
of g varies
from place place on

the also varies

surface of earth It
go
.
as we

surface of
above or below the earth . Thus ,
value

of depends following factors

on in
g

Earth
Shape of the : -

The Earth is not a

perfect sphere . It is somewhat

two
flat
at the
poles .
The
equatorial radius B

approximately 21km more than the

polar radius

and since

g- arty or
gate
-

The value is
of g minimum at the
equator
the
and maximum at
poles .
 Height above the
surface of the Earth in

The at
force of gravity on an
object of mass m

surface of earth
is
a
height h above the ,

f = Crimm
2
( R th)
Acceleration due to will be,
gravity at this
height
.

. .

÷mIh
'

Im GM_
'

y
=
=

( R th )2

This can also be written as ,

Ym

hmm
'

g
=

#IT
'
or
g- GM
g as

g
=
-

re
(HII
'
Thus ,
g Lg
ie . the value of acceleration due to gravity g
goes on
decreasing as we go above the
surface
earth further ,
of .
 '

g '=g ( ,hzj it a
gig ( I -

2¥ ) tf heck

surface
below
Depth the
of the Earth : -

let is situated at
an
object of mass m a
depth
d below the earth's
surface
.
It's distance
from the

centre earth is Cr d) This is situated at

of mass
-
.

inner solid lies

the
surface of the
sphere and

to Gauss
inside the outer spherical shell .

According
theorem ,
the
gravitational force of attraction on a

mass inside
spherical shell is always zero
a .

Therefore ,
the
object experiences gravitational attraction
due to inner solid
only sphere .

on

The mass of this sphere is ,

GEDI * ( r di
'
M -
-
-

3
( R d)
'

or ,
M = -

-
M
-µ

friending =ammlR-d)µ3
F -

-
 '
and tf
g
-

substituting the values , we

get gkgfs Yz) -

i. e.
g' Lg
Thus , the variation in the value
of g wither

( the distance
from the centre
of earth )
'

g ,

for
CI da) off
'
IR
r
g g
- -

,
-
-

S
-
" "

g
g' ay,
R der
as -
or
gear

fstqj-kr.is
for
'
rzr ,
g =L
- r

[Rtd org ayy]

'

as - r
# Axial Rotation of the Earth : -

let consider
us a
particle P at rest on the
surface
of the earth , at latitude 10 . Then the
pseudo force
is '
in outward direction
acting on the
particle mrw .

The true acceleration towards the

g
te
acting
0 earth Thus acceleration
centre
'
of the .

,
the
'
effects
is the resultant and
af
ow or
g g

g =L g 't fruit
't
2g Cru's ( 1801017
'
cos

angle between and

'
ts ( 180-401
g
as ow .

g =tg of CD
'
't '
't '
or r w
2grw cos -
-

"
Here ,
the term raw comes out to be too small
oil
2A_ rad IS
2ft
w
as w =
=

24×3600 ↳rut

is small -

Hence ,
this term can be ¥9 4

ignored . Also , r -
-
R cos
of .

Therefore ,

C)
"

be written
Eg ,
can as
,
 agrwcoi DK-gfs-argw. s#)Yz-gfs-Rw2cgoid-)
(g
'
'

g
-
-
-

'
Rui §
'

Thus ,
g
cos
g
- -

Following conclusions can be drawn

from the

above discussion :

C) The value is vertical

effective of g
not
truly
passing through the Centro .

⑨ The
effect of centrifugal force
due to rotation

earth is to reduce effective value of g

of
the .

③ At to o;
equator
-

'

Therefore Rw
'

y g
- -

and at
poles of -
go ,

'

Therefore ,
g =g
Thus , at while
equator is at
poles
'
minimum
g
'
is maximum
g .
Eg : -

Suppose the earth increases its

speed af rotation .

At what new time

period will the
weight of a

Take
'
! tomb
body on the
equator becomes
zero g
-

and radius earth f- 6400km

of .

Sol ? The weight will become when

zero
-

g
'
- o or
g
-
Rui -
- O ( on the
equator gkg
-
Rw )
or
w=fIR

2
i .
= or F- 2A

values 2a
Substituting the ,
T=
10
h
3600

or T= 2. 4h ( Ans)
Thus ,
the new time
period should be 14h instead

of 24 h
for the
weight of a
body to be
zero
on the
equator .
# Gravitational field and field
Strength : -

The around of
system
in
space a mass or masses

which
any
other test mass
experiences a

Gravitational field
gravitational force is called .

this is moved
When test mass
from one
point
to is also done
another
point , some work
by
this gravitational force .

# Gravitational field
Strength ( E) : -

(
The
force experienced both in
magnitude and

direction ) test
by a unit mass
placed at a
point
in
gravitational field is called the Gravitational
a

field strength or intensity of gravitational field

at that
point
.

Gravitational ← E- f-→ force

field strength m → mass

s I unit of E is
Nlkg
. .

.
 "

ay
! E - Yr'

, g,
r=
R

# field due to a Point Mass : -

ooh E
-
- -
- - -

¥-10
f- =
GMM
T

E=GMj2
E
tmf or
-
-

# Gravitational field due to a Uniform

Solid sphere : -

field at an External Point in

A treated
uniform sphere
may
be

its
as a
single
centre
particle of same mass
placed at
for
calculating the
gravitational field at an external

point .

Thus ,
 Ecr) for EGIL
GF R or
Yy
= r >
,

Here is distance
, r the
of the
point from the

centre sphere and R radius of sphere

of the the .

field at an Internal Point : -

to
The
gravitational field due a
uniform sphere
internal is to the distance
at an
point proportional
of the
point fury the centre
of the sphere .

GM . - - - - -
t

RT : E -
Yr '

Etr ;
"

!
Sr
R
At it is and at
the centre
itself ,
zero surface
it is where R is radius of the
Gye ,
the

sphere . Thus ,
Ecr) Elr ) ar
offer for RSR
- or
# field due to a Uniform spherical shell : -

At an External Point : -

for an
point the shell may be treated as
external

a
single particle of same mass placed at its centre .

Thus at an external
,
point the gravitational field
is
given by ,
for
ECD
GIL → R
=

at r -
-

R ( the
surface of
shell )
GIL
E and otherwise Ea
yr
-

At an Internal Point : -

The
field inside a
E
^
uniform spherical shell
ieegao .

- - - - - -
-

'

; E-
Yi
! >z
R
 field at
due to a
Uniform
circular
Ring
some Point on its Axis in

field at P
strength a
point on the axis
of M
a

te
circular
sing of radius R and mass

given by ,

E P
¥
- .

yr
- - - - -

E G) =GMr_
3k
( R't re)
This directed towards
is the
of the ring
centre .

It is centre and
zero
at the
of the ring
( be obtained
by putting
r=¥z
maximum at can
⇐
n

dat =D Thus ,
E- '
graph "

The maximum value is

#
R
Em ax = 26M
I
-

353 th
# Gravitational Potential : -

Gravitational
defined
at
potential any point is as

the
negative of work done
by gravitational force in

moving a unit test mass

from infinity ( where
zero)
assumed to that
point
potential is be to .

Thus ,
potential at P is

up wame ( by gravitational)
-

Tt
31kg
's SI Unit is .

Potential due to a Point mass : -

it
? ?
k
• s

M f -
axis

IO
X
X
t

f-
GMMXZ
= -

w=Ifdx =
II f- GM da -
-

Grimm
 Now ,
from the
definition of potential ,

hymi
V
Im
=
-
= -

V
Cyd
= -

# Potential Due to a Uniform Solid sphere : .

Potential at some External Point

The
gravitational potential due to a
uniform
external is that due
sphere at an
point same as

to
single particle of placed at its
a same mass

centre . Thus ,

Ver) =

Gim r> R
-

At R and V=
-9yd
the
surface ,
a-

Potential at some Internal Point : -

At some internal point ,

potential at a distance
centre is
given by
the
r
from ,
 "'
htt
Vcr) =

-¥M( i. 5K -
0.5W
) risk -

are
R
5
n
At V=
hmm
a- R ,
-

Vt
while at no V= -
I. 5am
, -

i -

e .
at the centre
of
the sphere the
potential is
The
1.5 times the
potential at the
surface
.

variation
of
V versus r
graph is as shown

in
figure .

# Potential due to a Uniform Thin spherical

shell : -

Potential at an External Point : -

To at external
calculate the
potential an
point ,

spherical shell treated

a
uniform may
be as a

point mass
of same
magnitude at its centre .

Thus , potential at a distance r is

given by ,

Ver)
-6yd RER
=
 R, V
GMR
at r -
- = -

Potential at an Internal point : -

The to
potential due a
uniform spherical shell is

constant at shell and this is

any point inside the

equal to
-6M£
Thus V r
graph for a
spherical
-

. ,

shell is as shown :

I S.rs
R

V u

Potential Point
Uniform thing
due to a at some

on its Axis in

The
gravitational potential at a distance r
from
the centre on the axis
of a
ring of mats M and

radius is
R
given by ,

P
%
- - -
F- - - - -
- -

Ucr ) - -
GM Osr sa
7¥
At r O v=
city i.e at the centre
of the
sing
- -

-
, .

is
gravitational potential try .

-9€ -

> r

Eg
'
Three kept at three
point
'
: -

masses m each one

'
vertices side '
shown in
of square of
a a as

find and
figure
.

gravitational potential a
field
O
strength at
point .
m.rs cm

A
.
m O

Sati Gravitational
.

potential is a scalar
quantity .

to
i .
Vo = scalar sum
of potentials due
point
masses at A,B and C .

Gras gaze Game

-

= -
-

Kans)
Graefe tf ]
= -

-
# Relation between Gravitational field and
Potential i -

gradient f tdtfjtdgvzk )
E = -

V= -

in

( Faint ftp.IK ]
or E- -

Here ,

gut is called
partial differentiation of V

with to
respect se .

Only one variable : -

E =

-ddnI =
-

ddtf or E- C- slope of V -

)
n or

C- slope af v r -

graph)

# Conversion of E function into V function : -

More than one variables .

'
-

In this case
,
did = E. do

a Jab dV= fab E. dr

Vb -
Va =
-

fab E. dr
 E and
dries
Here
given ,
will be in the
question
standard vector
given by
a

dr =
dnitdyjtdzk
Only one variable

Jd V =
-

f Edr
or J! dV= -

Sba Edr

Vb -

Va =
f!
-

Edr

Here ,
E as a
function of r will be
givenabove
in

the also write the

question . we
may
egg as

jdv . -
Seda
where , E les a
function of n .

Gravitational
Eg : -

potential in
my plane
varies

with at
andy coordinates as

n'
✓ y they
=

Find
gravitational field strength E .
Sol ! Gravitational
field strength is
given by

Eni tfnuj )
⇐ -

for the
given potential function
fat Casey tag )
-
-

and sit
g- =
2x

i .
E - -

( ( any t2y ) it ( n' tan)j ] → ( Ans)

Eg
'
Gravitational potential at distance
'
: -

a r

'
is
from point
'
a mass m

✓ =
-GM_
'
find
gravitational field strength at that

point .

Sofi -
E = de
-

dr

dda fays) army or let

=GF
= -
-
=
# Gravitational Potential
Energy : -

du f. drone
J;fdU= f? f. dr or Uf Ui =

J!! f- dr
-
=
-
- -

U -
- -

J! f. dr = -
W

Gravitational Potential Energy of a two

Particle
system : -

The
gravitational potential energy of two
particles
of masses m ,
and m2
separated by a distance

given by
r is . E
me
. .
-
- -
- - - -
- - •

M ,

U = -

Gimme
r

This is
actually the negative of work done
in
bringing
those masses
from infinity to a
distance the
r
by gravitational forces between
them .
 Gravitational Potential
Particles : -
Energy for a
system of
The
gravitational potential energy for a
system
particles say ( and my) is
of m , ma .ms
given by .

" a
frying tmg.in#tmfiY-tmr.m-tm:Ttmr:TJ
-

Thus ,
for a n
particle system there are nCn
pairs and the
potential energy is Chulated
and added to the total
for each
pair get
potential energy of
the
system .

Gravitational Potential
Energy of a
Body on

Earth's
surface
:

The
gravitational potential energy of mass m in

distance
the
gravitational field of M at mass a

it is
r
from ,

U
Gimme
= -
 external
The earth behaves
for
all
points .
m

were concentrated at
as
if its mass M
T m
its

earthy
centre .

Therefore ,

be
a mais

considered
m near

at
surface
a
may
distance R ( the radius of earth )
from M . Thus ,

the
potential energy of the
system
will be

GMMR
✓ = -

#
Difference in Potential
Energy ( du) : -

let us
find the difference in
potential n÷÷? B
two
fig
-

shown
energy in
positions in .

The
potential energy when the mass is Kym
earth ( at B) is ,
surface of
on the

UB
_GMmR
= -

and potential energy when the mass mfs at

( at A)
height h above the
surface of earth is ,

da > Urs)
'

UA
gaffe
= -

•
-

.
DV =
VA -

UB
 = -

gang -

fare)
amm
(Fa Eun)
=
-

Crmmhklrth)
=

rkF÷ =f¥ GF 's )

-

.
.

.
Du =
nigh
It h
-

h KR, DU -
mgh
in
Thus ,
mgh is the difference potential energy
( not the absolute
potential energy ) for , her .

Eg : -
Three masses
of 2kg 2kg and 3kg are
,

placed at the vertices

of an equilateral triangle
of side
Im -
find the
gravitational potential
this
energy of system
.
 my kg2
"
Take Cr
'

-
- 6.67×10 N -

sori u= a
(msn.mz-tmg.7-tmr7.in)
-
.

*.
2kg
'

i
Here ,
tizz =
By =
221 =
I O -
M i i
.

'
i
,

m =L
kg
'
'

, ,
'

i .

Ma
2kg I I
=
,
-
'

3kg
- -

2kg
- - - .

and Ms
3kg
=

Substituting the values , we

get
( )
(3122-+3121-+2×21)
'
"
U= -
6.67×10

"
( Ans)
-

or U= -
7.337×10 J

# Binding Energy : -

Total mechanical
energy ( potential
t kinetic ) of
a closed
system is
negative . The modulus
of
this total mechanical is known as
energy
the This is
binding energy of the
system .

is closed
the due to which
energy system
bound
or different parts of the
system are

to each other .
 M
•

pg µ

Suppose , the mass m is

placed on the
surface
The of earth is R and
of earth .
radius the

energy of
its mass is M . Then ,
the kinetic

the
particle K - O and the
potential energy B

U =
-
GMM .

Te

total is
Therefore ,
the mechanical
energy ,

GMMR
E = Kt U= O -

or E =
Grim
-

i .

Binding energy .IE/=GMm-

R

Tt is due to this the is attached

energy ,
particle
earth this much
with the .

If minimum
energy
to (
any form normally
the in
is
given particle
kinetic) the
particle longer remains attached no
to the earth . It
goes
out of the
gravitational
field of earth .

# Escape velocity : -

As discussed a'bore , the

we
binding energy of
a
particle on the
surface of earth kept at

rest is
Grim kinetic
If .
this much
energy in the

form of energy
is
supplied to the
particle ,
it leaves the
gravitational field of
the earth .
So ,
if ve is the
escape velocity of
the
particle ,
then

tf mui-a.mn a
reify
¥
-9¥
we
or
g
as -

Substituting'm the value of g ( 9.8mW) and

R ( 6.4×10 ) ,
we
get
Ve - II. 2 km/s
 needed to take
Thus ,
the minimum
velocity a

to
infinity from called
earth
particle the is

the
escape velocity On. the
surface of earth
its value is 112 km/s .

Eg : -
Calculate the
escape velocity from the

surface of moon . The mass

of the moon is

1.74×106
"
74×10
kg and radius = m .

Sol ! Escape velocity from surface of

-
the moon

is ve =

Fahim Rm

have
substituting the values , we

Ve =

,
7X74¥ 1. 74 X 106

= 2.4×103 m/s =
2.4 km/s ( Ans)
# Motion of Satellites : -

Orbital Speed : -

The
necessary centripetal force to the satellite is
being provided by the gravitational force exerted
by the earth on the satellite .
Thus,

Yoe =
GMM
F m
→
r
No
I
m

ESH satellite
void
'

• o
Vo =
or

dr
Hence , the orbital speed ( Vo) of the satellite

the orbital radius b)

decreases
of satellite
as the

increases . further ,
the orbital
speed of a

R) see ,
surface (
satellite close to the earth's r -

vo=fFfE=FR f I

substitutive = ggg km/s To=79km

 Period Revolution
of
: -

The CT) is
period of
revolution
given by

2%1
F- or
T=2n
jam
or F- 2 *
Fgm or F-
2^-1%2 ( as Gm -
-

gr )
'

Satellite
Energy of : -

energy of
The the is
potential system
U = -
Gmm
T

kinetic is
energy of
The the satellite ,

k -
-
Ya mvo
'
=
Yam
(Gif) I s,

E- Ktv
Kaya Gym
or u
The total
energy is , E- Ktv =

-GMm2r
E
-GMm2r
or =

This and
energy
is constant
negative i e the
-

System is closed .

farther the satellite from

The
the earth the
greater its total energy .

# Points to Remember : -

Tank
T=2a¥q (
① or Tkr 's which is
also the Kepler is third law)

@ Time
period of a satellite
very
close to
earth 's (r R ) is
surface
-
,

F-
2rfIg
values
Substituting the ,
we
get T - 84.6 min
Eg : -

As orbital radius r
of a satellite is increased ,

state which of the

following quantities will increase
and which will decrease ?

i ) Orbital
speed Cii ) Time Period
Ciii ) Civ)
frequency Angular speed
d) kinetic Cvi ) potential
energy energy
Gii) Total mechanical
energy
Sof ? Ci ) Orbital speed
vo=fTnf- ¥
.
or Vo -

Therefore ,
orbital
speed will decrease .

Cii ) Tank
T=2ap or

Therefore ,
time
period will increase .

Ciii )
frequency f
tf
-

Time period is
increasing .
So ,
frequency will

decrease .
Civ)
Angular Speed w
-2ft or
Wxyz
-

Time
period is
increasing
.
Hence ,
angular speed will

decrease .

Cv ) kinetic Energy K
Gamin or
Katz
-
-

,
.

decrease
Therefore , kinetic
energy
will .

di) Potential Energy U

Grim or ve
2g
-
-
-

-
,

Therefore potential ,
energy
will increase .

Cii ) Total Mechanical

Energy ,
E -
-

GMr or Ea -

Is
so , mechanical will also increase
energy
.

Eg : -
what is the minimum
energy required to

launch satellite the

a
of mass m
from surface
and radius R
of a
planet of mass M in a

circular orbit at an attitude of 2K ?

 (a) 56mm (b) 2am M
- -

GR 3 R

Cc ) Crimm Cd ) Crimm
2K SR

Sol ! E- =

Energy af Satellite -

energy af mass on the

surface of planet
= -

Gamin -

f- GFI)
Here ,
r=Rt2R= 312

Substituting the values in above

egg we
get ,

E -
59mm
TR
The correct answer is (a)

# Kepler 's laws of Planetary Motion :-

(1) Each
planet moves in an
elliptical orbit , with

the sun at one

focus of the ellipse . This law

is also known as the law

of elliptical orbits
and
obviously gives the
shape of the orbits
sound
of the planet the sun .
③ The radius vector, drawn
from the sun to a

planet ,
sweeps out
equal areas in
equal time ,

velocity (
i.e . its areal or the area
swept out
by
it
per unit time ) is constant . This is
referred
of and
relationship
the
to as the law areas
gives
speed of b/w the orbital and
planet the

distance
its
from the sun .

③ The sq .

of the planet
's time
period is

proportional to the cube

of the semi
major axis
-

This is known the law of time

of orbit
its .
as

and relationship
period gives
the b/w the size
and its
of the orbit of a
of
planet time

revolution .
The
longest dimension is the major
axis with
half length a This half length is .

called
major
the semi -
axis .

^Y
Perihelion

Is ,←§ gttphelion >x

Rts
en

KTX
 '
Here P
.
S and S are the
foci and
any point on

the ellipse The is at S and at P

.
sun
planet
.

The distance
of each
focus from the centre of ellipse
is ca ,
where e is the dimensionless no .
between

to I called the eccentricity

0 .

If o_O ,
the
ellipse
The actual orbits the
is a circle .

of planets are

nearly circular ,
their eccentricities
range from 0.007
Venus to Pluto for
for
0248
for .
earth G- 0-017 .

closest
point in the planet orbit to
The 's the sun

distant
is the
perihelion and the point most
from the sun is aphelion .

# Explanation of first law : -

able to show that

Newton was
body for a acted

on
by an attractive
force proportional to % ,
the
closed
only possible orbits are a circle or an

ellipse . The open orbits must be

parabolas or
hyper -

bolas He also showed that total Ets

.

if energy
negative
the orbit is an
ellipse (or circle ,
if it B

zero
the Orbit is a
parabola and tf E is
 further ,
positive the orbit is a
hyperbola .
it was

also shown that the orbits under the attraction

force
f-
tfthat ,
are stable
for nL3 .

Therefore ,
it

circular orbits will be stable

follows
for a
force varyingdistance inversely as the distance or

the and will be unstable

the sq of
.

the cube ( higher power) law

for inverse or a .

# Explanation of Second law : -

ppl = Vdt

( pp ) O)
'
P 'M =
'
sin ( 1800 -
-
pp Sino

Cv since)

dt.gg#..n
=

Pi
-

-
-

188 O
-

- -
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - -

do
981 ,
i
p
M
'
v
s

keep ler 's 2nd law shown in In small

fig
is . a

time interval dt , the line Suns to the

from the

The
planet P turns
through an
angle do .
area swept
out in this time interval es ,
 DA =
area
of triangle shown in
fig .

Ya ( base ) (
height)

Csp ) ( P 'm )
Ya
-
-

Ya co ) ( vsino ) dt

Areal Ci )
i
velocity ddft =L a sin O -

Now ,
or sin O is the
magnitude of the vector

turn times the

product rxv which in es
Ym
angular momentum L xmv of the
planet with

to the have
respect sun . So ,
we ,

Ca )
daff amtlrxmvl Im
-
- - -
-

or
daft ÷ = Constant

Kepler 's second areal

Thus , law , that
velocity
that
is constant , means
angular momentum is

constant .

It is
easy to see
why the
angular
 must be Ace to
momentum
of the
planet constant .
.

of equals the
Newton's law the rate
change of L

torque of
the
gravitational force f
acting on the

planet ,

d l = rxf= I
Ft

Here the
,
r is radius vector
of planet from the
centre of the sun and the
force f es directed
from the
planet towards the centre of the sun .

line
So , these vectors
always lie
along the same

and their vector F

product rx is
zero . Hence ,

date from egg (2)

= O - or L -
- constant .
Thus , ,
we

that Constant
tf
le constant
can
daft
see =
.

and law of
Thus , is
actually the law conservation

momentum
of angular
.
# Explanation of Third law : -

we have
already derived
Kepler is third law

the
particular case
of circular orbits ( Thar )'

for .

Newton was able to show that the same

relationship holds
for an
elliptical orbit ,
with

the orbit radius r

replaced by semimajor axis a .

Thus ,
T= 2*9312 ( elliptical orbit)
-16ms
Here , Ms is the mass of the Sun .