= Computer Awareness Information Technology Scanned with CamScannerComputer Fundamentals Basic Computer Organisation Even though the size, shape, performance, reliability and cost of computers have been changing over the years, the basic logical structure, as proposed by Von Neumann, has not changed. All computer systems perform the following five basic operations, for converting raw input data into information. 1. Inputting ‘The proccess of entering data and instructions into the computer system. 2, Storing Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial or additional processing, as and when required. 3. Processing Performing arithmetic operations add, subtract, multiply, divide, ete, or logical operations (comparsions like equal to, less then, greater than, etc) on data, to convert them into useful information. 4. Outputting The process of producing useful information or results for the user, such as @ printed report or visual display. Storage Unit —> Indicates flow of instructions and data ==> Indicates the ‘control exercised by the Control Unit, Central Processing Unit (CPU) 5. Controlling Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed. The internal architecture of computers differs from one system model to another. However, the basic organisation remains the same for all computer systems. It displays the five major building blocks (functional units) of a digital computer system, These five units corresponding to the five basic operations, performed by all computer systems. Input Unit ‘The following functions are performed by an input unit 1. It accepts (or reads) the instructions and data from the outside world. 2. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form. 3. It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for further processing. Output Unit The following functions are performed by an output unit 1. It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form, and hence, cannot be easily understood by us. 2. It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form. 3. It supplies the converted results to the outside world. Scanned with CamScannerStorage Unit ‘The specific functions of the storage unit are to hold 1, The data and instruction required for processing received from input devices. 2. Intermediate results of processing. 3. Final results of processing, before these results are released to an output device. The storage unit of all computers is comprised of the following two types of storage Pr ary Storage The primary storage, also known as main memory, is used to hold pieces of programme instructions and data, intermediate results of processing and recently produced results of processing. of the jobs which the computer system is currently working on. These pieces, of information are represented electronically in the main memory chip's circuitry, and while it remains in the main memory, the CPU can access it directly at a very fast speed. it can hold information only while the ‘computer system 1s on. When the computer is switched Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances off oF reset, the information held in the primary storage disappears. It has limited storage capacity, because it 18 very expensive. In modern computer systems, it is made up of semiconductor devices. Secondary Storage Its also known as auxiliary storage, and is used to take care of the limitation of the primary storage. Thi is because secondary storage is much cheaper than primary storage, and it can retain in for motion even when the computer system 1s switched offor reset. Itis used to hold the programme instructions, data and information of those jobs on which the computer system 18 not working on currently but needs to hold them for later. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) ‘The ALU of a computer system is the place, where the actual execution of the instructions takes place, during the processing operation. To be more precise, caleulations are performed and all comparisons (decesions) are made in the ALU. The data and Concept about Bit, Byte and Words Bit A bts the most basi information unit used in computing and information theory Asingle i one OF a Zero. 2 Tae OF 2 FE 2 lag whch sor of. or in general, tbe quantity uf information requred to dst ngush two mutually exclusive states fram each othe Nibble & tnies tne compurny term for the aggregation of four bits or att an octet Tan octet being an B-bit byte. AS a nibble contains four Ui, there are snteen [7 possible values 30 2 nile corresponding toa single hexadecimal dit Bytes and Octets the trm byte intially meant the smallest adresse unit of memory In the pas, 56.78 ane 9-it bytes hhave all been used Thete have also been computers that could address individual tits (bi-addressed machine’, oF tnat could only Address 16- of 32-bit quantities {word- aduressed machine, The term byte was usually not used at all connection with it~ and ‘word-addressed machines The teem ‘octet always teers t0 an Bi (quantity Its mostly used in the field of computer networking, where Computers wath cifferent byte width mgt Rave to communtate. Ia frodern usage byte almost invariably mearseght tts, since all other res have fll nto use, thus byte has come 0 Be synonymous with octet. Words The tr 'word is used for a small group of bts which are ced simultaneously by precessr ofa particular architecture The hana as CU geste Ma ere wird a hve sie ot dB te TP 096. a Beer ue venetian ty (CPU and 05 Practically, all new desktop processors are capable of using 64-bit wards, though embedded processors with B-bit and. Wetiemad scsatessh cova aE Sond leg Wat New Ec standard a To] ten 7 ous te ar xo | torsoves ioe cml | tooones neva J Mot teootanns metetoron) | MB) bens rmegabyte(decima) =| MB 1000 hiobytes oa cot | tommegeas Samet |g | azn sume ecm oo ceo ina ie | tomeptones teanretwems) =| 18 | terogumncs ba ei peste bay) po | oneucones peyton ms | iomnennnes cau i | oceue ect ian) oo | omnes aon ea S| tombe Scanned with CamScannerComputer Fundamental 5 instructions, stored in the primary storage before the register. Storage devices are divided into two types Processing are transffered as and when needed to (i) Primary storage devices (ii) Secondary storage the ALU, where processing takes place, No processing devices. done in the primary storage unit. Intermediate results generated in the ALU are temporarily Primary Storage Devices transffered back to the primary storage, until needed Memory Devices later. 1. Random Access Memory Commonly known Control Unit (CU) by its acronym RAM, is a type of computer storage whose contents can be accessed in any (rando It does not perform any actual processing on the eames ed in] any (eenden) data, the control unit acts as a central nervous system, for the other components of the computer system. It manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the programme stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals which cause other units of the system to It is usually that RAM can be both written to and read from, in contrast to Read Only Memory (ROM), RAM is typically used for primary storage (main memory) in computers to hold actively used and actively changing information. execute them, 2.Read Only Memory Read Only Memory . (ROM) is used as a storage medium in computers. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Because it cannot (easily) be written to, its main OT use lie in the distribution of firmware (software Pr Lc kend the CAL Uollcommeuter/eyecens] are that is very closely related to hardware, and not Jointly known as the CPU. It is the brain of a computer ikely to need frequent upgrading). Modern system. All major calculations and comparisons are luctor ROME topical take the shape af made inside the CPU, and the CPU ie responsible for SoMconductr ROMS teal . activating and controlling the operations of other units of the computer system 3. Programmable Read-only Memory A Programmable Read only Memory (PROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each System Concept bit is locked by a fuse or antifuse. The memory A system is a group of integrated parts, which can be programmed | just once after Revel the Gorittan Mraeecec Mr Machlevieg Hecire manufacturing by ‘blowing’ the fuses, which is an objectives. Hence, the following three characteristics irreversible process. Blowing a fuse opens a fare ngs ta syste connection while blowing an antifuse closes a Parra re connection (hence the name). Programming is ee ae eee ee ee done by applying high-voltage pulses which are 2, All the elements of a system are logically related. not encountered during normal operation. Read 3, All the elements of a system are controlled in a only means that, unlike the case with manner to achieve the system goal. conventional memory, the programming cannot be changed (at least not by the end user). Storage Device PROMs are used to store programmes nent] freque in Although memory is technically any form of permat ly. They are freq rently soon electronic storage, it is used most often identify fast, computer games, or such products as electronic ge, 7 dictionaries, where PROMs for different temporary forms of storage. If your computer's CPU had to constantly access the hard drive to retrieve every piece of data it needs, it would operate very slowly. When, the information kept in memory, the languages can be substituted. 4, Erasable Programmable ROM An Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) is a CPU can acess it much more quickly. Most forms of type of computer memory chip that retains its memory are intended to more data temporarily. data when its power supply is switched off. In ‘Whether, it comes from permanent storage (the hard other words, it is an array of floating gate drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes in transistors individually programmed by an Random Access Memory (RAM) first. The CPU then electronic device that supplies higher voltages stores pieces of data it will need to access, often in a than those normally used in electronie circuits. cache, and maintains certain special instructions in, Once programmed, an EPROM can be erased only Scanned with CamScannerby exposing it to strong ultraviolet light EPROMs are easily” recongnizable by the transparent window an the top of the package through which the silicon chip ean be seen and which admits UV hight during erasing, Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM Electrically Erasuble Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) is the user modifiable read only memory which can be erased and reprogrammed (written to) repeatedly (hrough, the aplication of higher then normal electr voltage Unlike EPROM chips, EEPROMs do not need to be removed from the computer to be modified, However, an EEPROM chip has a limited life-that is the number of times it can be reprogrammed is limited to tens or hundreds of thousands of times. A special form of EEPROM is, the flash memory. |. EDO (Extended Data Output) RAM This form of dynamic RAM speeds access to memory locations by working on a simple assumption : the next time ceessed, it will be at a contiguous nk of hardware. This cess times by tip memory is address in a contiguous ch assumption speeds up memor to 10% over standards DRAM. EDO RAM was initially optimized for the 66 MHz Pentium-based PCs. Dynamic RAM Dynamic Random Ace Memory (DRAM) is a type of random access memory which stores each bit of data in a separaie capacitor. The number of electrons stored in the capacitor determine whether, the bit is considered 1 or 0. As the capacitor leaks electrons, the information gets lost eventually, unless the charge is refreshed periodically. Because it must be refreshed periodically, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and Other ‘Static Random Access Memor Synchronous DRAM Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) that are synchronised with the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimised. ‘This tends to inerease the number of instructions that the processor ean perform in a given time. Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM, is a later development of SDRAM used in PC memory from the y 2000 onwards. ‘The difference is mostly differing supply voltages, different speed classes, 8 well as some changes in the exact specification of the interface. SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances RAM) is still another specialised form of SDRAM for graphies adaptors, 9, Error Correcting and Detecting RAM: ECCRAM The RAM modules which have ECC technology integrated in them are called ECCRAM. Secondary Storage Devices ondary storage devices are used to store computer data which is not in active use, that is when the data is not being processed. It is usually slower and has higher capacity than primary storage. condary storage is also called auxiliary storage. It is more permanent than main memory, as data and programmes are retained when the power is turned off, 1. Tape Drive A tape drive, also known as a streamer is a storage device that reads and writes data stored on a magnetic tape. It is typically used for archiving large volumes of data. Tape drives are sequential-access, and must wind past all preceding data to read any one particular piece of data. They are not the fastest form of data fas they are sequential, but are long and cost efficient. + Tape drives can range in capacity from a few hundred megabytes to upwards of a few terabyte. ‘They usually store data in compressed form. + Tapes and drives come in various formats. ‘These formats include (i) Digital Data Storage (DDS), (ii) Digital Linear Tape (DLT), (iii) Linear Tape Open (LTO), (iv) Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT), and (¥) Quarter Inch Cartridge (QIC), also known, as Scalable Linear Recording (SLR). 2. Floppy Disk It is a data storage device that is composed of a circular piece of thin, flexible (ée., floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic walled, Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive or FDD, the lattes lism not to be confused with ced disk drive’, which is an old IBM term for a hard disk drive, 3, Hard Disk A hard disk is a non-volatile data storage device that stores data on a magnetic surface layered onto disk platters. This is the ‘most important, most common and most wi Scanned with CamScanner‘Computer Fundamental A hard disk drive contains rigid, disk-shaped platters, usually constructed of aluminum or glass. Unlike floppy disks, the platters cannot bend of flux-hence the term hard disk. It is a sealed unit that holds it a, the data in a system. Ina hard disk drive, the information is written to the disk by transmitting an electromagnetic flux through a combination of _synchoronised read/write! heads which are very close to the magnetic platters, which in turn change the magnetic polarisation on the data tracks. The information can he read back in a revers manner, as the magnetie field causes electrical changes in the coil of read/write heads that passes over it. 1s used to be called winchester 4, Zip Drive The Zip drive is a medium capacity removable disk storage system, introduced by Tomega in late 1994. The Zip system is based loosely on Iomega’s earlier Bernoulli Box system in both systems, a set of read/write heads ‘mounted on a linear actuator files over a rapidly spinning floppy disk mounted in a sturdy cartridge. The Zip disk uses smaller media (about, the size of a 9 cm (3.5") micro floppy, rather than the compact disk-sized Bernoulli media), and a simplified drive design that reduced its overall cost. This resulted in a disk that has all of the 9 em (3.5") floppy’s convenience, but holds much more, data, with performance that is much quicker than a standard floppy drive (though not directly competitive with hard drives). As time went on, Iomega eventually increased the capacity to 250 and later 750 megabytes 5, Magneto-optical Drive A ma is a kind of optical dise drive capable of writing and rewriting data upon magneto-optical dises. Although optical, they appear as hard drives to the operating system and do not require a special file system (they can be formatted as FAT, NTFS, ete). The dise consists of a ferromagnetic material sealed beneath a plastic coating. There is never any physical contact during reading or recording. During reading, a laser projects a beam on the disk and according to the magnetic state of the surface, the reflected light varies due to magneto-optical kerr effeet. During recording, the light becomes stronger so it can heat the material up to the Curie point in a single apot. This allows an electromagnet positioned on the opposite site of the dise to change the local magnetic polarisation, and the polarisation ix retained when temperature drops. Each write cycle requires both a pass for the laser to eraser the surface, and another pass for the magnet to write the information, and as a result it takes twice as long to write data as it does to read it. In 1996, a direct overwrite technology was introduced to avoid the initial erase when writing, This requires special media. Magneto-optical drives by default check information after writing it to the disc, and are able to immediately report any problems to the operating system. This means that writing can actually take three times longer then a reading, but it makes the media axtremely reliable. CD-ROM The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for ‘Compact Dise Read Only Memory) is a non-volatial optical data storage medium using the same physical format is audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. A CD-ROM is a flat, metallized plastic disc with digital information encoded on it in a spiral, from the centre to the outside edge. In general, audio CDs are distinet from CD-ROMs and CD players intended for listening to auido cannot make sense of the data on a CD-ROM; though personal computers can generally read audio CDs as well CDs record binary data as tiny pits (and non-pits) pressed into the lower surface of the plastic disc, a semi-conductor laser beam in the player reads these through reflection. Most CDs cannot be written with a laser, but CD-R dises have coloured dyes that can be ‘burned’ (written to) once, and CD-RW (rewritable) discs contain phase-change material that can be written and overwritten several hundred times. CD-ROMs are always pressed (mass-produced), whereas CD-Rs are recorded one at a time. A standard CD-ROM can hold about 700 megabytes of data or about 80 min, of audio. CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to musie CDs; 1x or I-speed which gives an data transfer rate of 150 kilobytes per second in the most common data format. As of 2005, the fastest transfer rate commonly available is about 52 x or 7.62 megabytes per second. Scanned with CamScanner7. DVD Itis an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high quality video and sound. DVDs resemble compact discs; their physical dimensions are the same 12cm or the mini 8 em but they are encoded in a different format and at a much higher density. DVDs are made from a 0.6 mm thick dise of polycarbonate plastic coated with a much thinner Geflective) aluminium layer. Two such dises are Blued together to form a 1.2 mm double-sided ‘The basic DVD disc is thinner than a CD to make it possible to use lens with a higher numerical aperture. A single-layer DVD can store 4.7 Gbyte, which is around seven times as much a standard CD-ROM The DVDs may have one or two sides, and one or two layers of data per sides; the number of sides and layers determines the dise capacity, The Concept of Cylinders, Tracks and Sectors 1. Cylinder A hard disk is usually made up of multiple platters, each of which used two heads to record and read data, ane forthe topo the patter and one for the bottom (this isn't always the case, but usually is). The heads that access the platters are locked together on an assembly of head arms, In order to allow synchronised of data, the storage space on the platters must be divided logicaly into cylinders, tracks and sectors. AA disk drive cylinder isa division of data in a disk drive used in the addressing mode ofa hard disk (or floppy disk). The concepts concentric, hollow, cylindrical slices through the physical disk (platters), collecting the respective circular tracks aligned through the stack of platters. Tracks are subdivided into sectors). In other words, the number ofeylinders of a disk drive exactly equals the number (of tracks on a single surface in the drive. The term cylinder is sometimes prefaced with the word llgical) to. emphasise the fact that itis an abstract concept, nota cylinder in the physical sense 2, Track A logical spiral rng on a disk surface where data can be writen is called ‘track. Each platters is divided into trackes, and a single track location that cuts through all platters (ana ath sides of each piattes) is called a cylinder, Each trackis further divided into a number of clusters which represent the smallest unit of storage that is addressable (can be writen to or rea). The disk remembers which information files and folders is stored where on a disk by nating is track and sector ‘number in its fil allocation table, generally known as FAT located at sector number, 0 (zero). The FAT tells, where the data on the disk is located and an information about how clusters are used. You can't look at sector O (zero directly The density of| tracks (now close togehter they ae) is measured in terms of racks per inch (TP, Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances 8. USN Flash Drive A USN flash drive is essentially the flash memory integrated with a USB 1.1 or 20 interface used as a small, Iightweight, removable data storage device. This hotswappable, non-volatile, solid-state device is compatible with nerly any system that supports USB. “e i’ USB flash drives are also known as ‘pen drives’, ‘thumb drives’ ‘lash drives’, ‘USB Keys’, and a wide variety of other names. They are also sometimes erroneously called memory sticks, which is a Sony trademarks describing their Proprietary memory card system. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board encased in a robust plastic easing, making the drive sturdy enough to be carried about in a pocket, Only the USB connector protrudes from this plastic protection, and is often covered by a removable plastic cap. Tracks, Cylinders and Sectors ‘Tracks and Sectors on a Disc Sector On a computer diskette or hard dis, a sector is one ofthe ‘pie slices’ the diskette or disk is divided into. Dividing the Circular medium ito pie slices i a way to organise itso that data canbe located by the read/write heads ofthe drive. Data can be located by knowing the number ofthe sector and concentric track that passes through that sectors. The sectors as well asthe rest of the organization of the diskette or disk are set up asa result of the process called formatting! Scanned with CamScannerComputer Fundamental Input Devices Au Input Devices Microphone An acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical signals Text Input Devices Keyboard A device to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys or buttons). Pointing Devices * Mouse A pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. + Optical Mouse Uses light to determine mouse motion. + Trackball A pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes. + Touchscreen Senses the uses pressing directly on the display. + Light Pen It is a pen shaped device used to select objects on a display screen. It is quite like the mouse but uses a light pen to move the pointer and select any object on the screen by pointing to the object. Users of computer Aided Design applications commonly use the light pens to directly draw on screen. + Bar Codes A bar code is a set of lines of different thicknesses that represent a number. Bar Code Readers are used to input data from bar codes. Most products in shops have bar codes on them. Bar code readers work by shining a beam of light ‘on the lines that make up the bar code and detecting the amount of light that is reflected back. Gaming Devices ‘+ Joystick A control device that consists of handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. + Game Pad A hand held game controller that relies on the digits ( especially thumbs) to provide input. + Game Controller A specific type of controller specialised for certain gaming purposes, Image, Video Input Devices + Image Scanner A device that provides input by analysing images. printed text, handwriting, or an object. + Web Cam A video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet. Digital Camera A digital camera can store many more pictures than an ordinary camera. Pictures taken using a digital camera are stored inside its memory and can be transferred to a computer by connecting the camera to it. A digital camera takes pictures by converting the light passing through the lens at the front into a digital image. + Optical Character Recognition Usually abbreviated to OCR, involves computer software designed to translate images of typewritten text (usually captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text, or to translate pictures of characters into a standard encoding scheme representing them in ASCII or Unicode. One of the leading OCR software available in the market is ‘Scansoft Omni Page’. + Magnetic Ink Character Recognition or MICR is a special kind of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology that was adopted mainly by the US banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheques. This technology has now been adopted world wide and is a standard in banking industry. Almost all cheques include MICR characters at the bottom of the cheque leaf in a font known as E-13B. MICR was developed by the Bank of America, leading to the development of one of the earliest commercial computer systems, +: 1284567880, : 1294867890, : 1294567890, : 1294567890 tmagentic ink character recognition + Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is a method of computerised input from (usually) paper forms. It is generally distinguished from OCR by the fact that recognition engine is not required. That is, the marks are constructed in such a way that there is little chance of not reading the marks correctly. This requires the image to have high contrast and an easily recognizable or irrelevant shape. Scanned with CamScanner10 One of the most familiar applications of OMR. is the pencil bubble exam. Student mark their answers (or other Infotmation) by darkening circles marked on a pre-printed sheet. Output De Printer A. device that produces. a permanent human-readable text of graphic document. A printer will give the user a hard copy of the result of computer's processing. Printers are usually categorised under two categories impact or non-impact. printers, Impact Printers Impact printers transfer the image on to paper through a printing mechanism that strikes the paper, ribbon and character together. Most impact printers use continuous- form paper, which means the paper sheets connected together to produce a continuous flow through the printer. Examples of impact printers are Dot Matrix printers and Daisy Wheel printers. Non-impact Printers Non-impact printing means printing without having to strike the paper. Ink can be sprayed against the paper or heat and pressure are used to fuse a fine black powder into the shape of a character. Examples of non-impact printers are InkJet printers, Laser printers and Thermal printers. Dot Matrix Printer + A Dot Matrix Printer It refers to a type of computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a typewriter. Unlike a typewriter or Daisy Wheel Printer, letters are drawn out of a Dot Matrix, and thus, varied fonts arbitrary graphics can by produced. Because the printing involves mehanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies. + Bach dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called ‘wire’ or ‘pin’, which uses the power of a tiny clectromagenet or solenoid to drive it forward, either directly or through small levers, Daisy Wheel Printer In a Daisy Wheel Printer, molded metal characters like those in a typewriter are mounted on extensions attached to Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances Afterwards the sheet is automatically graded by scanning machine. Other examples of OMR are the MICR recognition of the numbers on the bottom of checks and scannable bar codes, ices 1 rotating wheel and are printed onto the paper by means of a hammer and print ribbon, «This results in a great deal of movement and noise during the printing of duements, so printing, is usually slow. « The standard of print is similar to that produced_ by an electric typewriter. As the characters on the wheel are fixed, the size and font can only be changed by using a different wheel. Ink Jet Printer In an Ink Jet Printer characters are formed as a result of electrically charged or heated ink being sprayed in fine jets onto the paper. Individual nozzles in the printing head produce high resolution characters. + Ink Jet Printers use colour cartridges which combine magenta, yellow and cyan inks to create colour tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output. Laser Printer Laser printers use a laser beam and dry powdered ink (toner) to produce a fine pattern. The standard of print is very good and laser printer can produce very good quality printed graphic images too. Thermal Printer In a Thermal Printer, characters are formed by heated elements being placed in contact with special heat. sensitive paper forming darkened dots when the elements reach a critical temperature. + Thermal printers are widely used in battery powered equipment such as portable calculators and for machines. The standard of print quality produced by these printers is generally poor. Plotter * Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It interprets computer commands and makes line drawings on paper using multicoloured automated pens. It is capable of producing Graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc. Scanned with CamScannerComputer Fundamental + Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) applications like Computer Aided Design (CAD) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) are typical usage areas for plotters. Speakers « Typically a pair of devices (2 channels) which convert electrical signals into audio. + Headphones for a singel user hearing the audio. Monitor + An electronic visual display with textual and graphical information from the computer. + CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display + LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) as of 2010, it is the primary visual display for personal computers. + LED (Light-Emitting Diode) display OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) Programming Languages ‘There are two major types of programming languages. These are Low Level Languages and High Level Languages. Low Level Languages are further divided in to Machine language and Assembly language, Low Level Languages (LLL) ‘The term low level means closeness to the way in which the machine has been built. Low level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration. Machine Language + Machine language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does not needs any translator programme. We also call it machine code and it 1s written as strings of 1's (one) and 0's (zero). When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it. eg, & programme instruction may look like this 1011000111101 «It is mot an easy language for you to learn because of its difficult to understand. It is efficient for the computer but very inefficient for programmers. It is considered to the first generation language. It is also difficult to debug the programme written in this language. n Advantage The only advantage is that programme of machine language run very fast because no translation programme is required for the CPU. Disadvantages + It is very difficult to programme in machine language. The programmer has to know details of hardware to write programme. + The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write @ programme which results in programme errors. «+ Itis difficult to debug the programme. Assembly Language + It is the first step to improve the programming structure, You should know that computer can handle numbers and letters. Therefore, some combination of letters ean be used to substitute for number of machine codes. « The set of symbols and letters forms the assembly language and a translator programme is required to translate the assembly language to machine language. This translator programme is called ‘Assembler’. It is considered to be a second- generation language. Advantages ‘+ The symbolic programming of assembly language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer. It is easier to correct errors and modify programme instructions. + Assembly language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language. Because this is one-to-one translator between’ assembly language programme and its corresponding machine language programme. Disadvantages One of the major disadvantages is that assembly Ianguage is machine dependent. A programme written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware configuration. High Level Language (HLL) + You know that assembly language and machine level language require deep knowledge of ‘computer hardware where as in higher language you have to know only the instructions in English words and logic of the problem irrespective of the type of computer you are using. Scanned with CamScanner12 + Higher level languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols like +, ~, %,/ ete for its programme construction, You should know that any higher level language has to be converted to machine language for the computer to understand. Higher level languages are problem oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for solving a particular problem. eg., COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing and huge output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) where very large processing is required. Thus, a problem oriented language designed in such a way that its instruction may be written more like the language of the problem. eg., businessmen use business terms and scientists use scientific terms in their respective language. Very High-Level Programming Language + A Very High-Level Programming Language (VHLPL) is a programming language with a very high level of abstraction, used primarily as a professional programmer productivity tool. + Very high-level programming languages are usually limited to a very specific application. Due to this limitation in scope, they might use syntax that is never used in other — programming languages, such as direct English syntax. For this reason, Very high-level programming languages are often referred to as Goal-Oriented Progra- mming Languages. « Very high-level programming languages are usually proprietary software. Some high-level programming languages such as Python and Java Script are often considered to be such. A good example of a very high-level programming language is Logo, used to teach most computer science concepts to new users and children. Problem Solving Algorithm Its meaning as “any special method of solving @ certain kind of problem’. The term algorithm is often used to refer to the logic of a programme. It is a step-by-step description of how to arrive at the solution of the given problem. It may be formally defined as a sequence of instructions, designed in a manner that, if the instructions are Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances executed in the specified sequence the desired results will be obtained. In order to quality as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must possess the following, characteristics 1, Each and every instruction should be precise and unambiguous. 2. Each instruction should be such that it can be performed in a finite time, 3. One or more instructions should not be repeated infinitely. This ensures that the algorithm will ultimately terminate 4, After performing the instructions, that is, after the algorithm terminates, the desired results must be obtained. Representation of Algorithms Programmers normally use one or more of the following ways to represent their algorithms, 1. As programmes 2. As flow charts 3, As pseudo codes When an algorithm is represented in the form of a programming language, it becomes a programme. Hence, any programme is an algorithm, although the reverse is not true. Flow Charts A flow chart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. It is often used by programmers as a programme-planning tool for organising a sequence of steps necessary to solve a problem by a computer. It uses boxes of different shapes to denote different types of instructions, The actual instructions are written with in these boxes using clear and concise statements these boxes are connected by solid lines having arrow marks to indicate the flow of operation i., the exact. sequence in which the instructions are to be executed. ‘The process of drawing a flow chart for an algorithm is, often raftered to as flowcharting. Macro Flow Chart A flow chart, which out lines the main segments of a programme, or which shows less details is a macro flow chart. Micro Flow Chart A flow chart with more detail is a micro flow chart or detailed flow chart. Advantages of Flow Charts 1. Better Communication 2, Proper Programme Documentation 3. Efficient Coding 4, Systematic Debugging 5, Systematic Testing Scanned with CamScanner‘Computer Fundamental Flow Chart Symbols # Terminal the terminal symbol is used 10 indicate the beginning (start end (stop}, and pauses {Halt} in the programme logic tlow. tis the fst symbol and the lat symbol inthe programme lagi + Inputfoutput the inputfourput symbol { used to denote ary function of an inputfoutput devices inthe programme, + Processing 4 processing symbol is used ina flows chart to represent arithmetic and data movement instuctions + Decision The decision symbol is used in a flow chart to indicate 2 point at which a decision has to bbe made and 3 branch to one of two or more alternative point is possible. + Flow lines Flow lines with arrowheads are used 10 indicate the flow of operations fe, the exact sequence in which the insituctions ate ta be executed, 4 + Connectors Whenever a flow chart ‘symipol as a substtive for flow lines. This symbol represents an entry ftom, of an exit to anather part of the flow chat Limitations of Flow Charts + Flow charts are very time consuming, and laborious to draw with proper symbols and spacing especially for large complex programmes. + Owing to the symbol string nature of flow charting, any changes or modifications in the programme logic will usually require a completely new flow chart, Pseudo Code Pseudo code is another programming analysis tool, which is used for planning programme logic, ‘pseudo’ means imitation or false, and ‘Code’ refers to the instructions written in & programming language. Pseudo Code, therefore, is an imitation of actual computer instructions. These pseudo-instructions are phrases written in ordinary natural language such as English, French, German ete Software + Sequence of instructions, written in a language, which can be understood by a computer, 1s called a computer progisinme, when a computer is using @ programme we say, it is running or executing that programme. 13 + The term software refers to the set of computer Programmes, procedures, and associated documents. which deseribe the programmes, and how they are to be used. So, “software means a collection of programmes, whose objective is to enhance the capabilities of the hardware.” + A software package is a group of programmes, which solve a specific problem or perform a specific type of job. eg., a word processing package. Types of Software Software are divided into two types 1, System software 2. Application software System Software System software is a set of one or more programmes, designed to control the operation and extend the processing capability of a computer system. It performs one or more of the following functions + Supports the development of other application software. + Supports the execution of other application software, + Monitores the effective use of various hardware resources, such as CPU, memory peripherals ete. + Communicate with and controls the operation of peripheral devices such as printer disk, tape ete. Hence, system software makes the operation of a computer system more effective and efficient. It help the hardware components work together. The programme included in a system software package are called system programmes, and the programmers who prepare system software are referred to as system programmers. The most commanly known types of system software are 1. Operating System Every computer has an operating system software, which takes care of the effective and efficient ‘utilisation of all the hardware and software components of the ‘computer system, 2, Programming Language Translators Programming language translators are system software, which transform the instructions prepared by programmers in a programming Tanguage in to form which can be interpreted and executed by a computer system. 3. Communication Software In a network environment (where multiple computers are inter-connected together by communication Scanned with CamScanner14 network), Communication software enables transfer of data and programmes from one computer system to another. 4, Utility Programmes Utility programmes (also Known as utilities) are a set of programmes, which help users in system maintenance tasks and in performing tasks of routine nature. Some of the tasks commanly performed by utility programmes include formatting of hard disks or floppy disks, taking backup of files, stored on hard disk on to a tape or floppy disk, sorting of the records stored in a file a particular order based on some key field(s), ete. Application Software Application software is a set of one or more programmes, designed to solve a specific problem, or do a specific task eg., an application software for payroll processing produces pay slips as the major output, and an application software for processing examination results produces mark sheets as the major output along with some other statistical reports Similarly, a programme written by a scientist to solve his/her particular research problem is also an application software. The programs included in an application software package are called application programmes and the programmers who prepare application software are referred to as application programmers. The most commonly known application software are 1. Word Processing Software A word processing software enables us to make use of a computer system for creating editing, viewing, formatting, storing retrieving and painting documents (written material, such as letters exports, book, ete). . Spreadsheet Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances Software A spreadsheet software is a numerica data analysis tool, which allows us to create a kind of computerised ledger. A manual ledger is a book having rows and columns, which accountants use for keeping a record of financial transactions, and for preparing, financial statements. . Database Software A database is a collection of related data stored and treated as unit for information retrieval purpose. A data base software is a set of one or more programmes, which enable us to create a database maintain it (old, delete and update its records) organise its data in desired fashion. |. Graphices Software A graphic software enables us to use a computers system for creating editing, viewing, storing, retrieving and printing designs, drawings pictures, graph and anything else that can be drawn in the traditional manners, . Personal Assistance Software A personal assistance software allows us to use personal computers for storing and retrieving our personal information, and planning and managing our schedules, contacts, financial and inventory of important items. . Education Software Education software allows as computers system to be used as a teaching and learing tool. A few examples of such applications are those that teach young children to do (a) mathematics, (b) recognize alphabets; and (c) read whole words and sentences. Entertainment Software Entertainment software allows a computer system to bo used as an entertainment tool. A good example of such an application is computer video games. Scanned with CamScannerTT ee ee Computer Fundamental 15 History of Computer Abacus is a Latin word that has its ori wit igins in the Greek words + which i turn, possibly originated from the semitie word abq, ‘abax’ or ‘abakon’ (meaning table or tablet) meaning sand. _ Historical Overview of Computer nee fenton Invention ‘V6th Century | China Abacus a 1617 John Napier apes ones 16e2 Bie Pasa Fst calelsting machine 1671 Gottied Von teinite Clelator [Mote Pscts machine) 1801 Joseph Jacquard Card of holes for weaving patterns 1023-24 | chats Bantage Diference engine Anayal engine 1880 Herman Hoerith abulating machine sing punch cis Lat Ada Lovelace Binacy number stem 1930 Howard ithen and Grace Hopper (1M) vet 1837-38 | DrJonnVcenc tarasott ABC (Atorasot-tery Compute) 1946 J Eker Mauchly ENIAC (Eccl Numeral integrator an Cakes] 1940s H Goldin, AW Burs John Von Neumann Stored Programme Concept, 1947-49 [John Von Neumann EDSACeewoic Delayed Storage Automate Compute) 1950 ‘Moor School in USA. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) 1951 Eckert $3 Mouchiy UNC! Unive Automat Compute) 1989 Bel Laboratory of America Transistor 1954 IBM Company 18M.850 computer 1357 Jon Bacus ent Fontan 1958 Jack kiby and Robert Noyce Inegrated Cree 1959 Grace Hopper cos. 1964 Jon Kemeny and Thomas Kurt basic 1969 ‘America |ARPANET 1971 Ted Hoff Intel 4004 1973 Xerox Corporation Company xerox Ato 1976 Steve Woziak App 1980 Microsoft Corporation 500s 1981 BM Company, Fist PC of IBM 1984 Ape Company Macitosh C of Ale 1988 Intel Company Inte 486 Mciopocssr 1991 Tim Berners-Lee Law of WWW 1992 Jeremy and J Allaire Windows 3.1 1997 Intet Pentium-2 1999 Intet ena) Pentum-4o uses of operating systems 2000 ine 2003 Alen 8 Dumont a 2004 Richard Stallman ins 2006 Microsoft Corporation endow Veta a ae Andi Operating System a : Language Dive System coe e Window err 2010 Intel Inte R core processor Scanned with CamScanner16 & Language Operating system Generations of Computer Storage Devico | Switching Device Tater simple Vacuum |vaives ve business applications ing desing mization, seenttic tape and disk ‘memory. 100 KB ms, Onl tegrated circuits | 1964-80, Tira Dy | Winchester disk. 10 MB, Als main memory 1000 MB dists [Integrated (tS) 2 g 2 and WISI [ery-Very Large Seale Integration Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances Type of Computers 1. Microcomputer Microcomputer 1s at the lowest end of the computer range in teims of speed and storage capacity. is CPU isa microprocessor. The first microcomputers were bul af B-bit microprocessor chips. The ‘most common aplication of Personal Computers (PC) 19 this category. The PC supports a number of input and output devices. An improvement af Bit chip is 16-but and 32-bit chips. Examples of micracompute are IBM PC, PC-AT 2, Mini Computer hiss designed to support more than ine user at a time. It possesses large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The mins computer 1s used in multi-user system in which various users can work at the same time. This type of computer ss generally used for processing large volume of data in an organisation. They are also used as servers in Local Area Networks (LAN 3. Mainframes there are organisations such as banks and insurance companies process lange number of transactions ‘on-line. They requite computers with very large disks to store several terabytes of data and transfer data from disk to main memory at several hundred megabytesfsec. The processing power needed from such computers 1s hundred million ‘transactions per second These types of computer are generally 32-bit micro processors. They operate at very high speed, have very large storage capacity and can handle the work load of many users. They are generally used in centralised data bases. They are also used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Networks (WAN) Example of mainframes are DEC, CL and IBM 3000 Series. BM And Hitach are afew manutactuters of mainframes. 4. Supercomputers they are the fastest and most expensive machines They have high processing speed compared to other computers. They have also multi-processing technique. One of the ways in which supercomputers are built s by interconnecting hundreds of ‘microprocessors. It should have a large main memory of around 16 GB and a secondary memory of 1000 GB, Supercomputers are mainly being used for whether forecasting, biomedical research, remote sensing, aircraft design and other areas of science and technology. Examples of supercomputers are CRAY YMP, CRAY2, NEC, Sk-3, CRAY MP and PARAM from Indi, 5 Work Stations Work stations ate also desktop machines. They are however, mote powerful providing processor speeds abut so. times that of PCS. Most workstations have a large colour video display unit (19 inch ‘monitors. Normally, they have main memory of around 256 MB to 4 GB and Hard disk of 80 to 320 GB. Work station ‘normally use RISC processors such as MIPSCSIG). RIOS (IBM), SPARC [SUN), or PA-RISC [HP] Some manufactures of work Station are Silicon Graphic (SIG), BM, SUN Micro System and Hewlett Packard (HP]. The standard operating System of work Stations is UNIX and its derivatives such as AIX (IBM) Solaris (SUN) and HP UX (HP), Scanned with CamScanner7 Computer Fundamental 22sn poveys 0 235) Bunrdias speis-qu3y9 e ulsoDINas e aprroud pur anos soueus e.26eueyy | ApURL)-28n AUB apn ‘uetaudord 10 uneven! 53120 047, N-SwOpURA | a W yams Ayesdu99 2eyere rou Ajessuag 0 Ajesauag 46 hjesauag by Aeauag | ‘saunyeay 2 210s vo paseqsiatndwoo Jo sadAy 1 siopuos uoneis ‘yon pur 9g se aes wowuosnu Sundwo> 19196-14319 22495-1u319 € u 39ej31U1 un anu ‘y-smopuing ‘smopUINt-SW¥ SOG-ShL 26.5 2645 4 pu, sowuow vans 2618) 01 wnipayy nds € 0 901 241 Shed p yo uostedwoo annoy ~ | sudeip woos ‘piepeg-aynay ava-9 a “aa "Wat “uuuaz "190 30°1el | swaists 19) ung | “bedwop aiddy ‘Wal suoneaydde. 24 BuIs/ensi | sunpe pue uDspyy> |“ pueswaygo.d jo iuawuevaius Suuasuibua pue| pe uonednp> eandde punog oft yo 6ussavo.d Uwouewioju ‘siaayypie-sisaui6u9 pueeieg jopaau 6 ns xadwoo,—pue'sawoy sd4 a8) aid 4 ide punog 20559904 a61¢) “smopuint-siy soa-six ious 26uss Ayersuag | aigeene je2u3p rou 39 ued yA 1oIUOU uaons sno}09 UR9105-2610} | AeyesIp 2215 winipayy i equysoy ‘suoWEIS "bedwop ‘wat svopuan soley suonewuasad suxen pue‘sjeunyeus vonewasoid Suyedaid ‘Anuo eveg ‘aayspeaids Buissa20.d puoN abesn seindog | smopuins-sW swayshs ‘SOU-SW| Gunesado seyndog patuau0 jBuis | 298m ajdnynws 316415 | ‘siosssp0ud aibuss)——3ydninus 215g, eyasip ews airs e104 Aauoey Aedsig aoepiaus 129sn 40} 5riow. jesauag) ou, 33) Sele 7 oa 94 vowwou une sys ms faoetes 46 01 oy, a6eis yp pt von ‘s 7 ede si wi m1) uous ay mu aay M01) samod Busse (woos abxe ate spapu) ative Sune vespus hon as Jeindwoosedng works ue on | hon’ a ee suenren | YPHEIEom | TeUoLie? ——YooRoION | day isatioo soimeog ke 5 f Lee eed AO Yilm s1o{nduio9 Jo SedAL Jo malNIORQ, - Scanned with CamScannerObjective Questions How many eyeles per second ure in 1 GHz? a) 1000 () 1900000. (©) 10000000000 (@) 100000 2. Which is not an output device? 10, ) Monitor (b) Printer () Speaker (@) Mouse How many bits are in a NIBBEL? (a) 32 (b) 16 wa (a) 64 Where does your PC store your programmes when the power is of? (a) Dram (b) Hard Disk () Cache (a) Monitor ‘The capacity of 8.5 inch floppy disk is (a) 140 MB (b) 1.40 GB (e) 144 MB (a) 1.44 GB Which of the following is first generation of computer? (a) EDSAC (b) TBM-1400 fe) CDC-1604 (a) ICL-2900 ‘Second generation computer were developed during (a) 1949 to 1955 (b) 1956 to 1965 (©) 1965 to 1970 (a) 1970 to 1990 Modern computer are very reliable but they are not (a) fast (b) powerful (c) infallible (a) cheap . All modern computer operate on (a) information (b) floppies: (©) data (a) word Dot matrix is a type of (a) tape (b) printer (©) disk (a) bus n 1. 13, 15, Modern computer are very reliable but they are not (a) powerful (b) fast (e) infallible (d) cheap How many values can be represented by as single byte? (a) 4 (b) 16 (©) 64 (a) 512 One megabyte equals approximately (a) 1000 bits (b) 1000 bytes (©) 1 million bytes (@) 1 million bits ‘The blinking symbol on the computer sereen is called the (a) mouse (©) hand ‘The personal computer industry was started by (a) a microsoft () Apple (©) Compaq (a) Wipro (b) logo (@) cursor 16, Which of the following is not an output device? (a) Seanner (b) Printer (©) Flat sereen, (a) Touch screen 17, The size of commonly used floppy disk is (a) 4.5") 3.5" (@) 325" (a) 5.5" 18, What are the unit used to count the speed ofa printer? (a) CPM () DPI (e) PPM (@) BIT 18. How many eycles are allowed toa RAM? @ 1 @) 10 ) 100 (a) 1000 20. Programmes stored in ROM are called (a) Hardware (b) Firmware (e) Software (a) All of these 21, Which of the following is not a valid size of a floppy disk? 1 a (b) 5 ( 7 >) 4 eat (a 53 (a5 D5 22. Which of the following term is related with seanners? (a) Laser (b) TWAIN (©) Cartridge (@) Media 23. Primary Memory stores (@) data (b) programmes (©) results (@) All of these 24. A set of instructions telling the computer what to do is called (a) mentor (b) instructor (©) compiler (@) programme 25. Which of the following is used as a primary storage device? (a) Magnetic DRUM = (b) PROM (©) Floppy disk (@) All of these 26. Where is your BIOS stored? (a) DRAM (b) SDRAM () Flash (@) Hard Disk 21, Which is not an input device? (a) Keyboard (b) Monitor (©) Touch screen (@) Mouse 28, Which device can understand difference between data and programmes? (a) Input device (b) Output device (©) Memory (a) Microprocessor 23, Which 8-bit chip was used in many of today’s TRS-80 computers? (a) 2-800 (b) Motorola 6809 (©) 78808 (a) 2-80 Scanned with CamScannerComputer Fundamental 30. Whieh ss the fastest? (a) Hard Disk (b) Flash () RDRAM (a) CD Drive 31. What in the number of read-write heads in the drive () 16 @ 27 32, How many bits are in a byte? (a) 32 16 8 (a) 64 33. What is the width and height ratio of a traditional computer monitor? (5:2) 4:3 (16:9 (A) 9:16 34, How many heads to read a DSHD diskette? (a) One (b) Two (e) More than two (a) Can't say 35. ‘The number of pixels displayed on a sercen is known as the sereen (a) resolution (b) colour depth, (©) refresh rate (@) viewing size 36, Instructions and memory address are represented by (a) character code () binary code (6) binary word (4) parity bit 37. Which of the following is not a typical peripheral part? (a) USB () Parallel (6) Serial (@ DvD 38. What is the latest write-once optical storage media? (a) Digitial paper (b) Magneto-optical disk (©) WORM disk (@) CD-ROM disk 38, Which technology is used in compact disks? (a) Mechanical (b) Electrical (6) Electro-magnetie —(@) Laser 40. How many cycles are allowed to a EEPROM? (1 ©) 10 (@) 100 (a) 1000 41. Which of the following memories needs refresh? (a) DRAM (b) RAM (©) SRAM (a) All of these 42, What kind of a dot pitch (dp) monitor is better to have? (a) Medium () Higher (c) Lower (€) None of these 43, What is the name of the computer terminal which gives paper printout? (a) Display sereen (c) Hard copy terminal (b) Soft copy terminal (a) Plotter 44, What is cache memory? (a) Extra memory used for overflow from your hard disk (b) A place to store secret information like pass words (e) Itis same as your hard disk drive (d) Fast memory used for data that is accessed often, 45. What is PCI? (a) A kind of printer (b) A type of microprocessor 19 (©) A type of sytem bus (@) An input-output device 46. What doos CPU stand for? (a) Computer Processing Unit (b) Central Processing Unit (©) Central Programming Unit (@) Computer Programme Unit 41. Which is usually faster in a PC system? (a) DDRAM (b) RDRAM (© SDRAM (a) None of these 48, How many bits are there in 1k byte? (a) 1024 (b) 1000 (©) 512d) 1096 49, What does ROM stand for? (a) Random Only Memory (b) Read Only Memory (©) Read On Memory (@) Random Only Memory 50. What does GUT stand for? (a) Genuine Unit Invention (b) Graphical Uses Imagination (©) Graphical Unit Interface (4) Graphical User Interface 51, How much data ean a double sided High Density 3.5" floppy disk drive store? (a) 1.44 MB (b) 2.6 MB (©) 760 MB (a) 10GB 52, ALUis (a) Array Logic Unit (b) Arithmetic Logic Unit (©) Application Logic Unit (a) None of these 53, FORTRAN is (a) File Translation —__(b) Format Translation (©) Formula Translation (d) Floppy Translation 54, WAN stands for (a) Wap Area Network (b) Wide Array Network (c) Wide Area Network (4) Wireless Area Network. 55. The most important advantage of a video disk is (a) compactness (b) potential capacity (©) durability (@) cost effectiveness 56. Which of these four does not comprise a part of the Control Unit? (a) Decader (b) Instruction rogister (c) Control logie circuits (a) Timer or clock 57. Off-line operation is the operation of devices without, the control of (a) memory (b) CPU (©) ALU (@) Control Unit 58. A Compact Disk (CD) is a data storage of the type (a) magnetic (b) optical (c) electrical (@) electro-mechanieal 59. The ‘IC’ chip, used in computers, is made of (a) chromium (b) iron oxide (©) silica (@) silicon Scanned with CamScanner20 60, a. n. n. ‘What are the two types of memory that your computer (aw) RAM () RWRAM (© ROMERAM, (a) Post What digits are representive of all binary numbers? (a) 0 (by 1 (©) Oandt (a) 3 What technology of memory is Cache RAM usually? (a) DRAM (b) SRAM (e) Flash (a) EEROM. ‘The act of retrieving existing data from memory is called (a) Read-out (b) Read from (©) Read (@) All of these Who invented the high level language? (a) Dennis M Ritchie (b) Niklaus Writh (©) Seymour Papert (d) Donad Kunth. A computer programme that converts an entire program into machine language is called a/an (a) interpreter (b) simulator (c) complier (@) commander The two kinds of main memory are (a) primary and secondary (b) random and sequential (©) ROM and RAM (@) All of the above Microsoft office 1s (a) shareware software (b) public-domain software (©) open-source (d) an application suite 1. Data going into the computer is called {a) output (©) input (b) algorithm (@) calculations |. Transformation of input into output is performed by (a) peripherals () storage (b) memory (@) the CPU ‘When cutting and pasting, the item cut is temporarily stored in (a) ROM (b) hard drive (©) diskette (@) clipboard ‘The punched card used in IBM system contains (a) 90 columns (b) 80 columns (©) 96 columns (@) 100 columns Which of following storage device is not connected with ‘micro computers? (a) magnetic tape (©) hard disk A Pixel is, (a) computer programme that draws picture (b) a picture stored in secondary memory (c) the smallest resolvable part of a picture (€) None of the above (b) floppy disk (@) None of these m. 1. n. i. Computers built befor Self Study Guide for BCA Entrances Primary memory stores (a) data alone (b) programmes alone (©) instruetions (a) All of these Memory is made up of (a) set of wires (c) large number of cells (b) set of circuits (@) All of these ‘Which of the following is not a language for computer programming? (a) Excel (b) Pascal (©) COBOL (@) All of these What digits are representative of all binary numbers? (0 (by 1 (©) Both ‘a’ and ‘bt @ 3 Peripherals are (a) a part of the CPU (b) output device alone (c) input device alone (4) input, output and secondary storage devices Punched cards were first introduced by a) Powers (b) Pascal (©) Jacquard (q) Herman Hollerith 1. Which of the following is not an output device? (a) Scanner (c) Flat screen, (b) Printer (@) Touch screen A free window ean be (a) opened (b) closed (©) moved (a) All of these Who desinged the first electronic computer - ENIAC? (a) Von Neumann (b) Joseph M Jacquard (c) JP Bekert and JW Mauchly (@) Allof the above Which of the following should not be categorised as an input device? (a) Keyboard (b) Graphics tablet () Motherboard (@) Scanner ‘The physical devices of a computer system are called as (a) firmware (b) software (©) hardware (@) filmware the first generation of computers were (a) mechanical (c) electrical Parts of CPU are (a) ALU, CU, MU (b) ALU, Peripherals, Memory (b) electro-mechanical (@) All of these -(c) RAM, ROM, CU (@) ALU, RAM, ROM. Which one of the following is not an application software package? (a) Redhat Linux (b) Microsoft Office (©) Adobe Page Maker (€) Open Office Scanned with CamScannerComputer Fundamental {BB Full Gorin of BSED dupe far Floppy eink) ts (4) Double Site Hod Driver (in) Donte Site Hath Density {e) Double standard High Density Ud Double Seare High Dewatty 19, Ajorsttoy snl lowe chart Hoe a te (ad knows the amu eupuetty (hy Tentity the bine of a number aynton 6) duvet theo Gd apeetty 9. Atypo of ti 1 onboned nto {or fori the Totten prtated on the paper (a) golf ball printer (0) slot anateiy printe fe) laser print (a) band printer Hlotely and clearly 81. Which of the following dovicon havo a imitation that wwe can only information to At hut ennnot ermine mudily w (a) Floppy disk (0s) Hare dink, e) Tape drive 92, Word examples of ) application software (0) ystem softwa {e) operting. syst (2) platform sett 93, How are dh (ay CDROM ane phhoyo-editing, are wings Sprendahe aw (A, Wie of the falluwany rofers to the meniery i your ta) HAM, (iy Dh, fy Us i) LAH 95 Which uf the tallawing whut ony We used for wry ta atorayat itonble CD (hy Had drive (0) 14.6 tueh floppy Blok Gb) Hanlon eee memory 90, Hor a dink abrive en mec any avetor record, 3 ‘computor proagraranie his 40 tudiros, What information daw this addres mpecity? (wy (hy Hector number Ce) Surfin numbor (a) Af thee Which of th following dovicun ean te used to directly Inuit printed loxt? tw) OCH (hy OM (ey MICK (dy All of Uh 98, Which printer ix very commonly used for desktop publishing? (a) Lawor printor {e) Dalay whee! printer Floppy dink which Horta He? iar einks Diet 100, A dinulyun 9. (hy Inkjet printer (d) Dot materx printer 99, made from flexible plastic hy) Hy dowaity dink (a) Tomplaten wg of the laser printer tn ad (a) tLin quieter than an impact printer {0 Layers and planes i aetanoveeaualey Ce) Height ane width te) Win quite alow {a) Rows and calumns EE aia Answers : w f 80 wy Bt ty BS EM Btw ed eayy ca By Bm Bem) aod) acy ah) a HOU Be Bo BD teats) cw) YY BOLD sy) BO) eet Btn Bw) SG) a) By hte) ht EG) BR) BG) TOU . 15, (c) 76. (a) The) (a) 79. (a) 80, (al) Pee aati ha) mt BL ty min i mu mad 1d) 92. (0) 93.) 94, (a) 95.) (by . 99. (0) 100. («l) Scanned with CamScanner