135 Module 5 Y_ Of Information System SLL Introduction Technology bas becoungs a uy w the Business prareance ae vat facilities are available Wwaieed concept in the 24° ‘ 8s eomminnnic WY AM Weots itheee information. This intexesain eal century and has brought about significant changes Nieaion patterns across the global market. Improved and hi-tech We Ns an hve made it easy for the user to transform data into eee awemnitted in the form of files, reports, documents and confidential ‘Senn maniter because of improved information technology. NAW aly details over Varous Standard and customised saan Ase ave fs availale for Insinesses these days. ‘These applications integrate all xtuct the Dest and Ooo aa ty ete, Theye ative can then be monitored by experts who always ae ¥ SE SON seth intonation hy selecting the required information through various processes 'S. The use of Gus Qype of sothwane aids the management in evaluating Return On Investment (ROD. ceded in the available hardware in an organisation to ensure that the SS compatible and operates in a successful manner. The configuration of information she husis of a blueprint so that the entire process can be carried out by following jementing the information system in the real time scenario. speci The toil bow technology helps organisations to get a competitive advantage: helps to overcome geographical boundaries. nt is made easy. wn and format is more efficient. cement is maintained. ‘ble, Dambase Informacica y information system application is to design modular and hierarchical steps of ‘generated in a report format in order to provide information that has some value 2s follows: 2) Transaction 3) Application Process 4) System Proce t 5.1.2. Data Processing . Pata comes fen tm Lin glural nnd "satu". Dal is any fac or igure that is collected by experience, experiment on cbsar vated HH CLMPINEE BySIEN v vk ‘hich According to travis, ‘ls, How nuleval for information, is defined as groups of non-random symbols, wi pet iit sefiohs, shjesto, ste. Dati item in information systems are formed from the characters. ‘These ray be alphabet, minis, HF apseral symm” When data is processed, i gives icwvingtul information. Pata on being processed and presented in meaningful manner te thie end ues 18 Kanye as Information, Piyssesing FHP] formation136 MBA First Semester (Management Information Sytem) Kya : i ce is known as Data Pro The data that has been captured and encoded in a specific format when Drocessed i eting System. It has been stored in some other unit of an information processing System data and convert it into use! ter before processins 1 make ul information. Data needs to by Data processing is also calle it more usable and meaninggy) Data processing consists of methods that take raw collected, checked for accuracy and entered into the compu as information processing. Data processing is the act of processing data ( it can be converted into information. so tha 1.2.1. Method of Data Processing ‘There are two methods of data processing: soak i i 1) Manual Method: The method of processing data and converting it into useful information ‘takes place without the use of electronic devices is known as manual method. Hand and mechanical devices are used essing of data, issued, books retuned, calculation od is an ancient method of data There may be some mistakes in e for data processing. or example, a clerk in a library maintains details of books Til in a register by writing the required details. Manual methi ind is losing popularity because of the disadvantages it ha ‘manual method data processing. ‘This method isa slow and takes a lot of of computers and other electronic devices is 2) Computerised M a ly manual and partly electronic. known as Electroni ethod: Data processing that makes us ing (EDP). EDP may be ing has many advantages over manual methods. Thi es the speed of data processing. method reduces 5.1.2.2. Steps of Data Processing ‘The following are the steps involved in data processing 1) Collection: Data collection is the first stage of data processing and is very important because the quality of ta collected has an impact on the output. The collection process needs to be carried out in a manner to that the data collected is slefined as well as accurate so that the subsequent decisions made are valid, ens ‘This stage provides a bene Some methods used for data colle i) Census (data collection about several things in a group or population), ii) Sample survey (data collection for only a part of population) and iii) Administrative by-product (data collected ss a by-product of daily operations of an organisation). 2) Preparation: This is the stage in which data is manipulated into a suitable form for further analysis and processing. Raw data cannot be processed and needs to betchecked for accuracy. Preparation involves Contstruction of a dataset from several data sources so that the data can be further explored and processed. Analysing data that has not been carefully sereened! and prepared can produce misleading results, 3) Inputs This is the stage in which the data prepared is coded into a machine readable form for processing by 8 computer, Data is entered in the computer using an input deviee such as keyboard, digitizer, and scannet | from an existing source, Data entry is a time-consuming process and requires speed and ‘accuracy. ‘The data that is entered must follow standard syntax because a highly skilled processing power is needed t0 breakdown data at this stage. The data entry is a costly process and th : many businesses are outsourcing this stage. a sa is'one ofthe main reasons, wh 4) Processing: In the processing stage, the data is subject to various met ipulati program ‘hat contains a code and curent activity 3 executed at this oe ene acuaion, compa Inultiple threads of execution to simultaneously execute instructions depending on ine aaa en en A Computer program isa passive collection of instructions whereas a process isthe nurear ne oc instructions. Data processing can be done using any program from the larg execution 0} ¢ numbe le these days, These programs complete data processing of large volumes of data ina of propane availabl a stage, the cessed information is 5) Output and Interpretation: inthis stage, the proc nation is made availabl. fe presented in several formas ikea printed report audio ot video report et. The ou my provided reds tO be interpreted so that it can provide meaningful information to user for guiding them for future Hecisions oon the basis of which to measure as well as focus on what to improve. atqestnlogy of lnormation Sytem (Modus l-5) 6) Storage: In this last stage’ i" Storage stage allows for enc ttt Processin ; f allows for quick ssing, informa a various memory devices - sees: and reieval of i eee he fas Lani eonpaie ste For the storage of data, the 5.1.2.3. pes of Data Processin; Data processing is of two typ. ® ‘Types of Data Processing Batch Processing System LJ Ontine Processing 1) Batch Processing Sys . system: " processing of data is requi ee this system, data is gathered and processed in batches or groups. Online proceasing in een in interactive business systems for immediate data input and output ‘but batch ssing is a ie ee systems can be used for several other purposes. For example, batch ly used for processing large amounts of routine data like pay-checks or credit card rocessing this file, For example, Beet preceating involves! i atch processing involves grouping input data into a single file and then ps processes customer pee application may process thousands of records in a single run when a firm statements at the end of the month. update of records is not atic job-to-job translation Batch processing is an appropriate process in applications where immediate required such as payroll. Today's most ofthe operating system provides autom: service, Batch processing system based on this service of OS. “The main characteristics of a batch processing system include: i) Collect, group and process transactions after a period: i) Batch programs can be run ofa pre-determined schedule without user involvement at any time and iii) Batch processing needs less network resources as compared to online processing systems. Steps of Batch Processing: Step 1) A computer operator collects the source anneal programs collected on forms, These forms are grouped in a batch and a patch slip is attached to it. The batch slip contains information such as Jescription of documents, number of ‘documents etc. Next this batch is sent to the data processing entre for processing. The batches are validated against the batch slip and the data is stored on storage device such as hard disk. Step 2) The operator loads the validated batch of programs into the computer. These batches are then a ted sequentially. The execution updates the maser file and then generates final reports. Step 3) The printed reports are ‘gathered by the operator and then distributed to their users. ‘Advantages of Batch Processing Aaytallowing are the advantages of atch processing: 1 of computer resources among several Users. i) Itallows sharing i) The time of job processing is shifted 10 when the computer resources are not (00 busy. } It prevents the idling of computer resources Disadvantages of Batch Processing ‘The disadvantages of batch processing include: J he data may be destroyed or damaged when being cumulated into batched. a Every job has to wait at every step thereby inereasing the tumaround time. iit) Desired priority scheduling is not possible. 2) Online Processing: Early computer systems made use of batch processing but most computers today make ase of online processing. An obline processing system handles transactions whenever they occur and provide output to the users directly. An online processing system is interactive and therefore avoids delays and allows users to constantly interact with the system. hs ¥138 MBA Fist Semester (Management Information System) RTMNY , a user can enter the ori For example, an srline reservation system is an online processing s¥S00 a en US bales na destination, travel date as well asthe travel time onthe soreen. The systom them seve Te ts and displayed the available flights and their schedule on the user's request, The Swarts San ake a reservation online by entering the detail ike name, addres, credit card information ad Any hes data required by the system. The online system then reserves and assigns @ Se the flight database immediately. aerate sing of checking acc It can also be used with file based systems. Figure 5.1 shows the online processing of leCKINg, ount balance by a customer in ATM. After that ATM verifies th customer's infomation ike debiverdit card and password the eutome ens the request. The system then considers customer account number as the primary key era a a information from account master file. The account number is verified by the system and the details are displayed on the sereen of ATM. The system transmits the information to the ATM which then prints it for the user. ge ATM Query Process [1G “etsorrencs account balance Online Step 2: Retrieves current account Processing balance System Step 3: Verifies bank account ‘number and displays balance on ‘ATM screen Figure §.1: When a Customer Requests a Balance, the ATM System Verifies the Account Number, Submits the Query, Retrieves the Current Balance, and Displays the Balance on the ATM Seren Advantages of Online Processing The following are the advantages of online processing: i) It makes easy to shop online, Online systems have quick response time. iii) Form filling and processing jobs is very easy and these can bé done autor servers. iv) Money transactions are done using online processing systems by banks, v)_Usages of Credit cards are controlled by online processing systems, matically by web and database Disadvantages of Online Processing ‘The disadvantages of online processing are as follows: i) There are thousands of request that may take place at an; ii) Ifa server hangs during a purchase being made, the process gets intemepne : organisations ited Which is not good for big ii) All important data like bank information, creditcard details ee, are stored on a genes gets hacked, all infomation gets loosed. For example if Linkedn account eon eon ttf the system acces to all users" ID and passwords ad the credentials or other importants kee hacker gets misused by hackers. of these users can be ‘Any hardware failure results in the transaction being interrupted and . x saan na - . Stopped leading to inconvenience vy) An interruption in the power supply to the online processing systems can at » transactions and soi is important to have the backup of elecrc power suppiye oe fale of several y given time making it difficult to handle them.centony of infomation Sysem (Motu. si) Online processing system wii) Its essential for banks 1 banks can handle it immedi vill) Transferring products to lot of personnel, time anc require a » be alen i ately. People physically in a d cost, ly in an online processing system is a problem and involves @ ix) Many users also face issues when s i rel Ssues when creating new accounts in onli ine processing systems. 51.3. Transaction Processing one of the earlier computerised oor, process, validate and Systems was Transaction Processi P a store trat jc tion Processing System. The se of this system is t lot of elie ane? Mate inventory and ter process ing at all times so that if some problem occurs, the Transaction Processing System ( produced bythe execution of ae is cross-functional information system that processes data which is formation system that records cory actions. ‘A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is one such Dear nrt tasintes Unie"! Roo \pany transactions wherein a transaction is an exchange between any sa able seats, Tis i iene example, in case of the ticket reservation system, TPS data contains location eae eee the terminal which indicates the sold out seats. Once a ee erp ee and may be a mailing label, for sending tothe customer. Similarly, in the TPS shows data of available products with their prices and related data. ‘Two types of outputs are generated by TPS program: 1) Itsends message back tothe operator terminal. 2). It generates printed documents. " Notice of event aH een HE keyed || me Data Figure 5.2: rchitecture of a Generic TPS Application . 5.13.1. Features of ‘Transaction Processing System Primarily, there are four features of a Transaction Prowsss-t System: 1) Rapid Response: Customers should not be kept waiting. Faster the transaction, happier is the customer: ‘This leads to more revenue generation, as ¢ satisfied customer in all likelihood will be a regular customer. 2) Reliability: As this system involves ‘cash, there is no room for mistakes because it has a direct impact 2 customer satisfaction, audit, taxation, el 3) Inflexibility: Since the system involves money, a rigid set of rules is required for transaction processing. The ni eet of rules should be followed every me. "An alteration in rls will increase the chances of mistakes. Id be in place to check that everyone is doing the right thing. For 4) Controlled Processing: Procedores shou comransaction processing monitor should check Thether everything is right with TPS or not. 5.1.32. Types of Transactions Sr 32s that occur while doing businesslike sales, purchase, etc. are known as “Transaction” ‘Transactions can be of to tyes: Ty titemnal Transactions: Those transactions which oreo the time of internal working of the company such a8 ‘the Recruitment Policy, Promotion Policy, Production Policy, ete., are referred to as internal transactions. For example, when the accounts department orders stationery from the purchase department, then itis an internal transaction. 2) External Transactions: Those transactions which are related 0 extemal sources for procurement are eat dered a external transactions. For example, when a customer places an ‘order for a product, then itis an extemal transaction.nd processed at regular Where data processing and rinsaction processing Pre-specified formats or screens. For 'ecount or the status of a sales order and receive 5.34. Advantages of Transaction Processing selling the goods and services to its customers. “rent patiems, Which are concurrently added by users. foduced by users, then TPS provides the fasterat save the server redundant 5.1.4. Application Processing ion processing stage status, One can change consisting of usc! signed for various purposes Tike for statu 1 example, if the numbers of work orders are e wide is differen Mf status triggered actions in related fields hold then no materi {js available for processing. ‘ons which are mostly affected. 5.1.5. Information System Processing h sing system, the speci structure would be differe 1) Trial balance, 2) Balance sheet, 4) Payable and rec 5) Expense analysis etc. Hence the chart of account for every business would vary depending on the type of business. A nforation processing system (or Information Processor) takes information in one form and processes or irnforne origaton into another form. For example, when the customer billing data are processed for nancial accounting and customer's credit rating, then it is considered as a commercial system. in system processing, two ot more applications are processed together to provide the efficient results,a MBA First Semester (Management Information System) RTMNU For effective information processing, it is essential to have a formal system that: 1) Handles large volume of data. : i 2) Validates the data and confirms transactions. 3) Handles complex processing of data and also carried out multidimensional analysis 4). Performs quick search and retrieval 5) Allows for mass storage. 6) Communicates with the user on time. 7) Pulfils the changing needs of information. ‘An information system structure can be understood with the help of its proce processing functions of an information system are as follows: 1) Process Transactions: Information systems process transactions a 2) Maintain Master File: Information systems generate and maintain m: 3) Produce Reports: Information systems produce reports as outputs ‘These reports daily basis and known as scheduled reports. 4) Process Interactive Support Applicatio that allow the users to interact with the sy ONLINE ANALYTICAL 5.2.1. Introduction ee Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) isa method of analysing data in 4 multi-dimensional format, often across multiple time periods, with the aim of uncovering the bu information concealed within the data. an activity of an orgs aster files that store historical data. ‘may be produced in a ~ Information systems also need to process SUPPOT applications em. PROCESSING (OL ‘According to EF Codd, “The dynamic synthesis, analysis ‘and consolidation of large volumes of multidimensional data’ LAP uses Multi-Dimensional (MD) views of aggregate data | OLAP of possible views of information and transforms raw data to reflect the enterprise a rs and Executives. In addition to vering who and what questions OLAPS can answer “what if” and why ‘Thus, OLAP enables strategic aoe yemaking. OLAP calculations are more complex than simply summing data, However, OLAP and Data deeisrrvtes are complementary. The data warehouse stores and manages data white the OLAP transforms this information. 10 provide access strategic information. ables users to gain insight to a wide variety ‘understood by the user, for example, Analysts, Man: dat OLAP tools are based on a multidimensional data model, Multidimensional data model is an integral part of ort ine Analytical Processing, or OLAP. Beciuse OLAP is on-line, it must provide answers quickly; analysts pose iterative queries during interactive sessions, not in batch jobs that run overnight. And because OLAP is rr analytic, the queries are complex. The multidimensional data model is designed to solve complex queries jn real time, The multidimensional data model is important because it enforces simplicity. 10 strategi Using OLAP, the manager can access the reports to be analysed without giving the instruct = ‘ struction to pros ers to provide him the report OLAD isthe most popular technology and it forms the base of Execution Information Sputem (EIS). Senior managers can view the extracted multidimensional data into graphics and table form f ddata analysis using the OLAP. Eraphics and table form ive 5.2.2. Features of OLAP ‘According to Business Intelligence Ltd., OLAP can be defined in fi . Dimensional Information (FASMI). in five words-Fast Analysis of Shred Multi- Features of OLAP Fast Analysis ‘Share |_[Mattidimensionat InformationTechnology Of Information ¢, System (Modus ules) 1) Fast: Fast means that th the simplest anal atom targeted to de er ibout five second, lysis takin, re tha deliv ne ; 18 no m ‘Most responses to user within about five s is: an one second and very few taking more than 20 seconds in 20 seconds. 143 » cope wit i i the user, keep it oa ae logic and statistical analysis that it re: Shar a 5 the target user, multiple write access ig nests S¥Stem im sera to write di ae a 7 led, concurent as a the security requirements for confidentiality and, if Updates in a timely ace BU To the growing toa tan appropiate level not al applications need imely, secure manner. '€ number that do, the system should be able to handle multiple 4) Multidimensional: “Mutidimens 7 onal multidimensional conc most logical way to a 3) Share: Share means th eptual view of te di the key requirement. OLAP system must provide a ° nalyse business and on See full support for hierarchies, as this is certainly the 5) Information: Information is all of ; much is relevant for th of the dat © applicat much input data they can fendi vies 52.3. Types of OLAP ‘The major types of OLAP are: 1) ROLAP: R stands for Relational response times can be slow. All c: ‘a and derived information needed? Wherever it is and however are measuring the capacity of various products in terms of how many gigabytes they take to store it. ~ calculations are done in a relational database and so with large volumes alculations are pre-generated when the cube is populated. ROLAP supports large dat i i See i aa eae enabling good performance, platform portability, exploitation of ry rocessing, robust security, multi-user concurrent a¢ ‘includi ad- write with locki ont ‘ys er rent access (including reac fenilie, rove in). recognized standards, and openness to multiple vendors’ tools. ROLAP is based on + proven, and already selected technologies. The architecture of ROLAP is shown below: Database Server ROLAPSener | Info, [Frontend Too! sau.,| Request a | , L_. = a al Figure 54: ROLAP Architecture Advantages of ROLAP i) Relational OLAP tools can perform more robust types of analysis than multi-dimensional OLAP, incorporating a wider range of data views ii) It supports flexible analysis, i.c., the analysts can explore the data in an ad hoc fashion iii) Tt allows multiple multi-dimensional views over the same data tables, o support different business areas iv) Itcan support large volumes of detailed data for "drill down" analysis ¥) The processing load can be shifted onto a server platform, allowing these to be used with network computers or over an Intranet or the Internet vi) There is no requirement to rerun aggregations when additional data is added tothe relational database, Disadvantages of ROLAP - ; / / 3) Using relational databases for multi-dimensional analysis can lead to performance issues when data is extracted from the database, ifthe database is not well designed ii) ‘The denormalised database design gives rise to substantial data redundancy iy Many relational OLAP products do not provide the same degree of data visualization found in multi- dimensional OLAP tools. : sine gti HAS iv) Releonal data structures require more time for simple OLAP analysis than inult-dimensional OLAP tools because the data must be extracted prior to analysis.EE isnput powad Zurita pow woneaHSSeT 1M se Yons I fen Hons SUISUN ysKo8 fa pamseow mp oes AUD i Jo SAI 2 Hine ran garsuanr asinosai suoddns dVT0 PHVsH nu yI0q Jo s you st 0} Timp yarn Jan9q 21p auiquios o1 wi998 stonposd WTO PHAAY 9ouE|s ISIN aun ‘sisKjeue ,.usOp up, Su 1) aseqerep [euoneyax amp wosy erep [seIAP Sursqsapun amp wrEIgO WEI » Supp Ayosesoy us auf Jo wong amp So4se—u ISATEUE Oy) UMA -asvquiep yeuoneyas & ur viep aaumos Bul wu ASojouysar wawradeuvur asequiep yuvarud sionposd av10 PHASH FAV'10 PHOSH (€ ‘ssaseqerep 230] 01 parins rou axe Koy (14 no ayn 01 Poppe s! ‘yep Mau WY SUN As9A9 sUONTaIe oy Jo [[e aye[NoTeD-01 0} juDUIaZIMbaT ‘sopssoand reat 4 fF Toit (a surayss wuawaBoueus aseqewep [2 nymu odds 01s: ‘s]00) saM9} axe a10yp swa}SAS yUoWIeSLURI asequIEp [PUOTEIAY 105 ‘uerp samo] Yoru st aseq sosn ay sy (8 ws ou pure yuouxdojaaap a Sursvasou sayy ‘S@seqewep ouo|suounpnynar ureuteur pue pling oF siyjoor puE STIS mou aunbos qm wauuedsp LI AL (AF (dde spsdyeur Aue Xq pasinbos lumop |]uP.. 01 mnowyip af soul wIEp ax JO sumeL poreSousse oH, pazjue8109s 2q 01 paau Keus oqno wiep axp *(evep J9UH0ISNO po idurexa 40}) aBueyo swwourasynbos woxsuouyp SUAS {yo smaqa wary *°t‘asequvep a0 ayp Wrox} StOzE "yovezary woIsuauuip Hynur axp Jo sumiew apgpsoyus LL Ct “AVION Jo se8eqUEAPESI. ayy 01 BIEp [euOsUAI ys aBesors rawp [et NU uN] 01 sassautsng smo} auuIp-Nynus pastperoads ayesa “a9 01 nap Tuyspopun oy OF , oy woIsuoMp v se poyrou yuouIAed ssautsng ajdnynut woddns or Ange 2m 2 Fuipring pue suonejnaqeo Suywws9ps0d Sussaooxd Azonb Suumnp suonwedas33 s Price list ~ Le ror Ce men Sales evn a so sery manager ‘Terminal register Figure 8.7: Online Real-Time Processing (OLRT) " 1) Business Event Occurs and Record Business Event Data: At the time of the business event, the into the system. Source documents are almost never used because they significantly slow the process and remove some of the advantages of non-redundant data entry. Noti that he dt nity poses where the sale in entered into the system isthe same as in figure $8 (other than the absence of the filed copy of the sales receipt). Thi : iia he PY This is consistent with the use of OLTE foruname ne eon cust s. BZ ze EB Re Processing Favironmment) 4) Update Master Data: Esch bs gay ealculations and sar Generate Reports (and Support Queri each business ev ‘books and CDs store, cases, rather than using Pre makers need, these information systems users ly provide the one-time information they need vnake key decisions. For example, the mun report on the jnventory stock for the 10 top-selling ‘CDs and books. iminate the delay the cost. To will use a query Ianguage to-date information. However, the 'y operate an OLRT system, it is computer system — ie. online. OLRT systems allow users to nearly primary disadvantage of real-time system imperative that the point of the business linked directly ‘Accordingly, to operate an OLRT system, ‘OLTE methods must also be used sms that use the periodic mode. Although the data entry the mode of processing may vary. Whereas @ pure nig in batches, an OLRT system using OLTE processes business event data cannot be aggregated a 2 each business event must be expensive approach to OLTE. jon to download the data to the ‘onic communication connection that communicated for processing at the time the eve Inessence, rather than creating a temporary electror central computer, an OLRT system generaly red vill usually necessitate the use of some form of network. ‘Automated systems that model manual systen's ‘and OLRT systems are the Qwo extremes in business event data Processing, The systems that mimic manual systems are what we m pure periodic mode systems in that 2 delay occurs between every step of the processing. On the other OLRT systems represent pure that litle oF no delay occurs between any steps in the processing. We mote these as immediate mode systems in mes by exhibiting a mix of periodicformation System) RTMNU 152 cessing Fesults in an data steps, Whereas For example, OL and immediate mode processes sss event occurrence and record eve! immediate mode approach for com periodic mode processing 5.4.3. Advantages of OLRT 1) Data entered directly into the inforn 2) Transactions are processed indiv 3) Allows reports and queries occurs. 5.4.4, Disadvantages of OLRT inecring (CASE) tool refer to automated enanc CASE can be used to automate some fu ‘As market demands are changing at a much faster pact faster so as to replace old products with new ones. So, in order process, CASE is introduced. of processes and artifacts of 2, etc. CASE tools (software pro software engineering. They help 5.5.2. Reasons of Using CASE Tools One of the main reasons for us fe 1) po) 3) Delivering continuity between the phases of the life cycle 4) To evaluate the influence of maintenance 5) Lowering the cost of repetitive manual act 6) Lower the development time of the project and D 8) ion 5.5.3. Characteristics of CASE Tool A CASE tool should have the following charac 1) Standard Methodology Testing Software: CASE tools 4) Integration and other testing software under cl helps in regres &‘ech rt for Reverse Engineering: CA: , Support for | '8 CASE tools should be as that it can create models from Ip: CASE tools offer online tutori 5.5.4. Architecture of CASE Envi ‘The below mentioned arc! 1) A database for storing inform: ‘ironment ponents are part of a CASE tool: A, 3) A tox 4) Auser User Interface Layer Tnertace ToolKit Presentation Protocol nie Teal = ST ‘Tools Management Services cast Tool Layer Layer ration Services Management Services ibrary which contains agement of interface between human and computer, CASE tools and components ean communicate with each use and keyboard, menu names, to manage the tools are als led by the Tools Management Sei sk communication and synchronisation in case m i is performed by ¢. This is done by gathering metrics on the usage of the to een the repository and management system to the tools. The auditing and security also completed by it. 3) Object Management Layer (OML): The configuration management tasks are performed by mechanism isMBA Fins Semester (Management Inform OML also support change the task of classifying 1st repository by this set of standard modules. Apart from all these functions, the OM, cenira, Matus accounting and audits, Configuration management services such as those configuration objects that perform version control are also ‘executed by it. help of which the object with the ; inctions Mayer. Shared repository layers 4) Shared Repository Layer: It is made up of those access control fu ‘management layer interacts with the CASE database that is present in th and object management helps in attaining data integration. benefits can be obtained 5.5.5. Advantages of CASE Tools ‘Though it is possible to achieve benefits if CASE tools are from the CASE environment. Following are the advantages of CASE tool: 1) The process system has an effective and longer operational life, 2). The produced system fulfils the user's requirements more efficiently, 3) The documentation of the produced system is tremendous, 4) Requirement of the support in the produced system is very low, and ted, a great number of 5) More flexible systems are produced. 5.5.6. Disadvantages of CASE Tools CASE has the following disadvantage 1) The systems that are produced primarily requi more perfect and extensive definition of the user's needs, cost to maintain and build, grea 2) Itrequin 3) Customisation is difficult 4) Trained maintenance staffs are needed, and 5) Difficulty is encountered while using with present systems. 5.5.7. I-CASE lools are also known as I-CASE or Integrated CASE. Every the aspects of the SDLC are covered by also cover the several aspects of CA T-CASE tools such as writing code, implementation and maintenance. It sofiware engineering such as managing, modelling, error-testing, designing, prototyping of system model etc CASE tools can be categorised as upper CASE tools and lower-case tools. In this, the upper-case tools usually Juding the planning of goals. In this stage, the necessary ‘emphasise on the starting stages of the development information is collected and through the tool, itis presented systematically, On the contrary, Lower CASE tools emphasize the later parts of the process growth including designing, codit sou testing of software, its defete and funecuonaiy. Testing and maintaining the product plays a huge role in the development of software. Integrated CASE tools offer the organisation to create a bridge between the upper- and Lower-Case tool: Z s. Therefore, it can be said that CASE tools are incorporated within the 7 ‘ rs " which can help in sharing the representations of the system even ‘sea ie ‘aia va aia carry out format conversions. Hence, to ease the transfer of information between dif \ repository for all the tools. ‘rent SDLC phases, I-CASE needs to use a general ‘The prime element of CASE environment is a centralised : é 4 database various tools utilised during the SDLC stage are inte; oF repository, with th | ¥ fui: ited, 7 ie hel; developing, modifying and developing software from its fist stage sy Ce, OF information 7 sired fot are stored in the repository. Be (0 the generation of code and meintenanee “nancecanon tron Sys Mat) : spissilostated in the figure 5.10, Figure $10: Mstration of System Development ems Stored in the CASE Repository Each CASE tool utilises a common repository during the entire lifecycle. The automated environment that eases the growth of information systems can be referred to as both I-CASE and CASE. For developing information systems that are not dependent on the CASE tools, a common repository has been used in the past.‘The different parts of a complete repository are shown in figure 5.11. Alcan Development Production Evironment Environment — ‘CASE Tools “opane Reposiory Information Repository Data Disionary >} 1) Business Information 2) Application Pototio Figure 5.1: Mlustration of Common Components of a Comprehensive CASE Repository However, the platform in which the end-users utilise CASE tools, high-level language and many other tools is known as the environment of application development. Whereas the platform in which people create databases and update data with the help of applications is known as the production environment. Two main divisions of a repository are as follows: 1) Information Repository: It is responsible for controlling and maintaining the business information, ‘The business scope of an application is combined with business information using this repository. Business information is generally stored in the corporate database whereas application programs are managing business information with the help of repository. 2) Data Dictionary: Organisation data and its corresponding resources can be accessed using the software tools known as data dictionary. Any modification to data dictionary can impact programs, forms, diagrams and reports in I-CASE. Entries in the data dictionary are standardised and their detailed description has following properties: i) Element name and corresponding aliases inclusive of data entities and programsi i ay TM 6 formation CMtanagement tot located in L-CASI ystem (DBMS), repository | on among th es. It provides nodel, ferent factors of it? vcessing? pes of data processing, processing system, 4 socessing? Explain the features of T 5) What are the different types of transactions? Write the steps of Discuss the benefits of transact a processing’? What are /? What are the main features of OLAP? are the advantages of OLAP? LAP? Discuss the problems o Discuss the elements of TOM. ‘stem. What the sub-processes of online real-time 13) What are the advantages of real-time system? Also discus. 414) What do you understand by CASI 15) What ae the main 46) What is -CASE? Wh iypes of OLAP. 10) What are the different ateas of applications o ementation of OLAP, mation system? ime system, disadvantages of rea sls? Discuss the reasons of using CASE Tools * Explain the architecture of CASE en 0f CASE tools? ‘ronment,MODEL PAPER- | MBA - FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION ‘Max. Marks: $0 ual marks, formation system. Or py What are scorecards? Discuss Balance Score Cards in brief, ti 2) «) Whatare applications of MIS in manufacturing sector? Ih Or 'b) What do you mean by production management? Hustrate the model lustrate the model of Information processing system. of protuction information system, (16) b 6) 4 06) rn n. Explain about the ERP Model and Modules. (16) 5) 9) Whatis data processing an transaction processing? What are the limitations of Transaction prcesing? 46) 8) Whatis Online Analytical Processing (OLAPY? Discus about the different types of OLAP. What are the advantages of OLAP? 6) MODEL PAPER- II WENN SUT oe ea MBA - FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION ‘Max. Marks: 80 erations and business performance? What do you mean by strategic design of 6) Or janagement of business? Elaborate the concept of corporate planning. Explain strategic planning in detail. (16) te the model of Personnel Information system. lain process of Hotel management in detail Or 3? What are major modules of Banks Management System? Describe Insurance Management ) Discuss about ERP and SCM, What isthe benefits and limitation of ERP? Or ') What is CRM? Write the processes occurred in CRM. Explain the areas of application of CRM? c a) What is real-time system? What the sub-processes of online real-time information system? Also discuss spot te advantages and disadvantages of real-time system. Or i 2 imitations gf CASE too ) What do you understand by CASE tools? What is LCASE? Also discuss the benefits and limitations et