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BESCK104C - Introduction To Electronics and Comm - Module 1 Notes

Introduction to Electronics and Comm_Module 1 Notes

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Prakash Velayudham V
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BESCK104C - Introduction To Electronics and Comm - Module 1 Notes

Introduction to Electronics and Comm_Module 1 Notes

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Prakash Velayudham V
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BEc - Moduse a S1ELV14 124. Ehectvonic Ci¥cu POWER SUPPLIES ? Block cligpram, RectzfFerS, Resevvory aod smoot - hey Givcurts, Full- wave vectsfreYS, B2-phase vectifrer cercusss, vonage Yeputestors. output restetance and vortage requtatton, vortage mutts pleers. AMPLIFIERS : Types of Aenpiefies. 7 nce, frepuency xesponse , Bandwidth, Phase shift, U9 az0, Roput aed output veststa ative -feed- back, Mutt: neeye arnpitfzer, OPERATIONAL AMPLIBIER : operational Amplifeet posorneter cheva - cteristic, Config trai aie Operationat arepltfzer crecurts. tue feedback, Gondeitors for Oscillation, Ladder OSCILLATORS : Pos: network oscitiator wern bridge asctitator, mutts vebrcrior, SFogte - oa. astabte oscsilater, crystal Gontrolied osceitator. POWER SUPPLIES : Most of +e electronte civcurts vequtye a source of west Yagutated dic ot eae of -typrcanty between sv and Zov. In some cases thus supply can be dewsved divectiy prom battevies. Ce: GV, 9V and 1eVv). i the baste bhock diagram of a dic power sup- uve below. py is shown io ty sthe rain cornbonents of a power suppiy con sex, Reservory ancl a -sists of step-down -hansformer, Rect! voetoge ¥equtcrios. www. azdocu ments. 3 BEC — Modutez srermidied. Fg? Block dtagrarn of dc ? 1 step down Reservoir / voltage a Rectsprer soother, tra nl ‘i “pitrer rola > High voltoge fou vettgye —_remocthed sencothed Regaterted ao ac dco dg ‘hg % Since the Input mains is ato velatevety hgh voltage .o step — down -transformer of appropriate turns yatzo @s used to con -vert this -o a foc eee 4 “The a.c output from the transformer seconclary *s “then Yectzpeed ustag conventional seitcon vects prey cleodies “to produce an unsmoothed output. X This #s the Srnoothed and fettered before betoy aapptzed -to a crrcurt which weit vague Cor stabilize) the output volt - e@ so that Ht vemains verartivety constant fn Spite of Vowt - Co gn -to both Load current and scorniog mazes vottgge. HRCoRETAT High_votte theo Moth e unsmocthed * érnoothed Requtated d ac o ac d de dic Oi Fig: Block diagram of a dic power SUPPLY showtyy Prtoctpat components %* The above fzqure shows how -the etectronfc components can be used tn -the yealizection of -the block déagram. www. azdocuments. 20 a8, BEG - Maduter S1ELU14/24 * “the t¥0n - coved steP-down tvamspormer feeds a Becteprer 0. % “The output of the yectspeer fs therm appized to a hah -vatue ‘Beservory Gapacttor . ths Gapacstor stoves a coasederable a ot mount of charye and es betog Constantly -kopped - up by Ahe vect? peer Dey aces x : The Capactfor also haps oe sroocth out the Oetrye pusses produced by the vectsprer. * Fimatty, o stabtttzieg ctycutt provides a constant output vottoge. RECTIFIER = SERS ess *% Serniconditctor diodes are Commonly use -to convert atterna Hey current Ca.c) to divect current Cd.c) are seferred fo as Yectifrex. % “The steoplest
% An atternative tothe use of the bz - phase cévcutt és-thert of usieg a four — ode: bredye yectspser 80 wibich opposste pares of dsode conduct on atiernate hatp cyctes. 4 “This avrangement avords the need -to have teva seperctie secondary aotadiags . www, azdocuments. 2 12 BEG — Modulet PIELUI4 [24 2e4oV ig: Fult wave byiage wect? peer civcutt * A full wave bridge vecttfter arrange rnent 3s. shown fo ty-cbove * Mains ruortaye C240u) 3s appited tothe premary of step - dows transformer (73) x “the secondary wwtedtog provides 1evrm.s and has ¢ turns vet¥o of sora * on positive half — cyctes , porot A werd be postive w.¥. 4 posot B. In this condition 5; and Dy Wt allow conductson while O3 andy. Ww net altow conductzon, % conversely, on neyertive half -—cyctes, porot B weit be pasrttve wrx oro AL . i Tn this “condivion, 93 aed 34, will atiow conduct?on whtle D1 and D3 witt not attow conductoo Www. azdocuments . 30 : 3 216LM14-/24 BEc ~ Modute 1 fg (a) D1 $ De Conduct y tyce D3 D4. conductsog D3 fy D4 ton - co uct. 214 2 mon- conducttg X Once again, the yesutt ts that current &s youted throggh the foad 3m the sane divectson on succestve half cyctes. Beige Yectifsey with yYeseyvozy ca RB 94ou y+ Braye wectifiey with veservory capacitor * The figure above shows how a Yeservosy capactoyr Cc2) can be added 40 maretain-the output vottage when clsedey ave not Seay) . % Thes cormponent operote im exactly the same way as for the be- phase cevcust , i.e & chaxges to approximetety 1¢.3v at the peak of -the postttue hap -cycte and hotds -the vottaye ak 8s Level when -the Asodes ave fn they ee gaeeence gy sity, a4 UW), AZdocuMeNnts 3 BEG - Module 1 PIELNII4 [24 Th Secondary) vortaze vortaze acl Ri wWathout Ca present FY waveforrns -for the breage Yecksprey YOUTAGE ReguLRtons Repuisertect RL output “Vz * Al simple vottaye vegutatoy is shown 20 figure above, * Rs is inctuced to smst the zener current -to a Safe vatue when the load 2s disconnected. when a Lodd)( Ri) 2s connected, the zeney cuxvent (Tz) wilt fait as current 2s deuerted goto “the load yesestance (atiow mrnsmum cunent 2mA-$o smA 20 order 0 ensure thatthe digode yequtate) * The output ee Cvz) will vemain at the zener vortage until YWAulation -farls atthe fotet at which the potentsal divider formed by Rs aod Ry produces a Lower output ees 2S hess than Vz, % The vatio Of Rs to Ry 8s ‘thus important. At the porat cet which the circust just begins-to -fas! -to oS Vz = Vz x RL Rit Rs as WWW, AZdocuUMeNnts. 25 BEC — modute 1 216i14 24 Wheve Vay & the uunvegu tented foput vottay thus the maximum value of Rs Gan be catcutated from: % The power dismfpted zo the zenev diode, weit bbe péven by + Pz T,X Vz] Hence the meormum value for Rs Can be determ? ~ned -from -the off-load condition cohen : Rs(miey = Vaw- V2 © Vaw 7 V2 (Va - Vz) ¥ V2 ,dhmrmrer—~—~—t— SS Pero Px coax / Vz. . Thus, Recmiay) ~ Viw Vz - Ve Ra Ve Pz max where Py'inax 28 “the mentmuM power -emipation for the zener diode. Pyobter : X A SV zener diode has a maxtmum vated power)descréption of soomw. Tf -the diode ts-to be used in a simple yezulctor csycust to supply a Yequtated sv toc Load having a. vessstance of 400L., chetermt -~nea suitable vale of serses vesistor -for operatiod 8M Goajuc ~ ton with a suppty of SV. _§0t92 = Given Vz = 5v ov 400.2. Pernax = Sdornw = 0.SW Rsenax = ae -2) V2 WwW, azdocume nts. 29 16 BEc - Modute1 2IELW14 /24 = 400 x (2->) Remote = VawV2 - Ve Pz max = (9xs)- 5” O.s Hercea guttabte vatue for Rg would be 156.0. G yougbly mid way between the two erctsearnes) OUTPUT RESISTANCE AMD VOLTAGE REGULATION % In a perfect power supply, the output vottage would Yemata constant vous op -the current taken bythe Load. % In practice, however, the output votoge faits as the toact cuytent increases. To account for thes fact, we say that the power supply has internal vesistance Cideaaty this shoud internal yesistunce be zevo). This internal vesestance appears: at the output Suppey aod ts depined as “the change 3 output vortage divi by -the covresponedlie, change 2m output current. Hence : change $0 output vores . DNeut ‘out = = chao go outburt current ATout Wheve AIout ¥epresents a senate change 2m output of the ed) Ctoad) curvent aod AVous ¥epresents ct correspondiog sroced eee fo output vottage www. azdocuments. % at BEC - Moduted ereLu24/e4 * The veyutetion of ct power suppy #5 7#ven by -the vetationsbep + a = change 20 out vu Hay i. Of eaten tani put Osterg © x t00 7 7. in sre fopat vortage ¥ Ideally, the vatue of vagutation shoutd be very smatt. * Simpte shount zener diode Yequtetovs Of the -tybe shown are capabia of Productny values Of Yegulertion of Sy -to 107%, Move sophistéc ated ctvcusts based on discrete components produce values bet - ween 1% aod sy aod integrated cfycust Yequtedtors often provide vatues of 1% or fess. Problem : * “the fottow:ny deta was obtained dur qe test carried out on adc Powes supply. (2) Load test output Cede Cn0~ load) = 12Vv output aoe C2A load Guyvent) = 11.5V (#2) Regutation test out put Voltage (mans input, 820v) = 1eV. Output voltage Conazes foput , 200V ) = 11.3V Dekermeine ca) the Equivalent outbut Yesistance ofthe power Supply and cb) the Begutet2on of -the power suppay. S2i82 “the outbut veststance cam be determined from-the Load Mist data z Rout ~ change in output volleys 2a. 7 tn output current 2-0 Rout 0.25 www. azdocuments. 2p 18 BEG - Modules @16Lw1 4/24 the vetitation can be determined -fsorn the seputestzen sest dota t 7 go output, voktage Regubertton = Change to! ouput VORe x 100% eal: io Lene soput vottoye Reutation = 184A _ x 1007) = 823 x 100% 220. 200 e | Re: at VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS | * BY adding a second dzode and Gapacitor, we cao tncrease the ~ output of “the stmmpte - hate wave vectefeer that we seen before. *A vole doubter 2s shown to tyne befow. Gyre i Hr Vac ow Re fy: Vottaye cloubler % To-this ae Ca wilt charge -to the postive peak seconde -*Y voltage while Cy well chayge -fo-the ngye SUE beak secondary vontage. * Since the output gs “taken from cs anc Gy connected tn series the vesutting outpud vostaye 8s -hevice -that produced by one diode atone. % The vottaye doubler canbe extended 40 produce hagher vostazes having tht Gascade arrangement shown in figure below. WWW. AZdocuMeENts, 27 19 Bec ~ ModuteL 21EU14/ 94 Ru Vac 9 5 ia ara: “trtpter * Here c, charges to-the postive peak secondesy vottage, which é ‘and ca hye twice the /posstive peak seconclary vottge. The vesutt is Chat the output vortaye gs the surn of volt “the acsoss Cy gad cz which ts-Hnee times the vote th ewourd be produced by a Stops dsode. “Tubes oF amapurezer Hoa. coupled arepispiers : t dn aa Goupted amptepiers, stages axe coupted +9 - ether 20 Such a waif that dc Levets ave tsolated aod onty the a.c components of a synal are -transferved -from stage to stage. ¥) dic coupled ampiipzey + ‘ Jn d.c coupled amplefiers, Steges ave coupled ty ~ ether 0 such a way thet stazes ave Not Isolated -fo d.c poten - als. Both a.c aed d.c shal components ctve transfered from see 0 stage. 3) Lage ~syoat_ceoprifzey : Large - stynal ammfoazpsey ce desired to cater for opprectabte vottaye anc /ox current levels "(Ly pacally from 1v-to J00V ox wes 20 WWW. AZdocuments. gH rae BEC - Moduler PIELN 14. [24 4) Smatt- Synat septs seYS + Small - signal cumplefsers ave despyned-to corter_feg Low - Level signals Ctess-than 3V). Srnci0l ~sgeat arapizpseys ave-to be spectatly designed to combert the effects of nosse. FS) Audtio - Peequency amplzpeeds : Audio -Preguency araptifser operate fo-the band of -frequenctes that gs normality assocrated wrth audzo sypals ceg 1 2oltz #0 LokHz) 6) Wideband_amplifiers : Wideband ampispsers ewe capabse of aenptfiuiyy a very wide ve of wayen Cres tuprcatty from a -fewr teens of hertz bo several Poa 5) Radio frequency arplifrers t Radio -frepuency aropiepsess opererte £0 athe bercl of -frequenctes that gs mormatty assocterted aweth radio synats Cee tookHz to over 16Hz) 8) Low note asopirfscie © Low - nozse amplifiers cive dest med so-thert they Contesbute “ogee nose (signal disturbance) =the syne bet 7 y aropitf? 7 very Smal ag Levels Custralty Less tham Jomv) “These amplefres awe usetatly desyyned for use wrth @An z= %& One of the most eenportant povameters of a0 annpisfier 2s the am = ount of amplificatzoo oF gos ~thart % prousdes. % Gate ts simply the yatio of outbut vottage -t0 sopect vortoge ouput current 40 gnput current, oF ourkpuct power -to fopeet power. (ude. azdocumnents 3 21 BEC ~ Moduted wiern74 /24 %& These thee varios gre: Yespectivety the vottgye gor, Current Asi? and pocwes gor: “Thus, voltage gore Pv = Tro 7 Tout =po Vin foput out Vout current gate Ar = v eS fy: Btock diagram at ae — faew shows 4 zaput £09 god output vot! eyes aot currect Power gee Ap - Since power &s the product of current and vottaye (P= v-Z) Wwe can enper-that, Aba Posi = Tout Vout _ Tout, Vout 2 azx Av Peo Tin Vio Teo ven Problern + eae % AN arnplipser produces an output ottage Of BV for an input of Somv. Tf the input and output currents 3n this condition ave Yespectively 4MA and LoormA, determine Ca) od: Ga Sold: Grven Vout = 2, Vin = Cb) Cee aay ce) peggue Somv, Tout = 200mMA , Teq = BOA ca) Ay = Nout ev = 40 Vie ‘Sornv cb) Az - Dout - 200MA _ go Te cana (6) Ap = Tout % Vout, Q2oomA x AV Tout ¥ Vout 200mAax sv mp7 x Som 0.4w Tie X Vio 2O08{W or = AuxAzs = 40x50 a Ge [P= 2000 wu. azdocuments . 3 82> BEG — Moduted ereuni4/24 Aneur PUT RESTETancE : %* Toput_vesistance is the yatio ap & ites expressed 3m ohms, The saput of a0 ampitpser gs normally purety wesistive in the middie of Hs wworktog ~ frequency YNe, % Tn some cases, the Yeactance of the Smpect may becorne apprecsable. Tn such cases we woutd vefer-4o soput smpedence yathar than rt vottege to foput_currect aod input yessstance, * output vessstance gsthe yatio of open— ceveust output vortaye -to Short - czycutt output current ancl 85 measured 89 ohrns. % As with fnput Yeststance, the output of a arnpligrer &s normality purely veszstance and we can safety prove any ¥eactive compon ~ ent. Te -th?s &s not-the case, we would once agatn need £0 refer -to output Impedance yather than output yeszstance. Aroplepsey = Rio Roe ° o Toput Ld ouetpurt * The fzguve above shows -the 2nput and output Yeststances ove “seen?® fooktag goto the put and output terminals yespect uety, Frequency Response : ~the frepuency vespoose characteristfes for varfo - us types of amptzeser ave shown to: yee betow. Geto pudto frequency bend! AEE Exspueney : response and Rado Zz frequency dc, coupted gardens qo 300 4K 10K dook 1M tom Joom 1€ frequency Cuz) wousus. azZdocuments fo 23 BEC - Moduter PIELV14/.24.' * The frequency vesponse of an ammptsprer #5 usualty spectfaed inte = Yras of Upper ancl Lower crt - off frequency of “the aeopizfzer, * These frequenctes ave -those at which the output power has clvopp -ed 40 50% (otherwise known as - 3d8 potats) or where -the portage (a. has droppect #0 40.7% of Fs rord~ band vatue. x The faquses betow show how -the bandwrdth can be expressed to terms of erther power oF Gen ies Power Voltage output ov 0.407 Ayrote. | Borrclussett{ ' ' | | fa te Face output power plotted “77 (6) output vottgze ptosted | gate frequency Ja frepuency. Probes : % Determine the mid ~ band vonge oor ged upper ein ocver cut - off Prequenctes for the amptipzer whose frezuency vesponse 2S shown below. vottage gain a] 30 | 400 3k sok aeoK} am” om. - iv pre sine frepuency C2) -f2 = sgotcHz WWW. azdocuments. 20 2 BEG - Modute 2 Solr: SIL 14/24 the vortage ane at-the 2wo cut-off frequencies can be cater - dated prom ; Ay cut-off = 0.704% Avena = 0-107 X 35 Avcut-of€ = 24.44. AMDWIDTH ¢ % The bandwidth of an arnpiepser és usuaiiy daken asthe diftevence between the upper and tower cut-off frepuenctes Cie, fa-fa)- ¥ the bandwidth of an ampiifrer must be suppectent 40 accommo - date -the ye Of frequenctes present witheo the a * Many signals conta? harmontc components (i.e. 54 nals at of, 32, 42 etc, where fs the -frepuency of the fundamental syeat) * To produce a spuare wave , for exaenpte, eequitres 40 aropiifser wrth a very wrde bandwedtth , but s# 35 nok posszbee 40 pextectty Beproduce such a wave because a spuare wave comprises of as foptofte serves of harmonic. : PHASE SHIFT = x Phase shépt #8 -the phase angie between the input and output $70 od Vettages measured tn degrees , The measurement is usually er the carried ‘out 29 the méd— band where, for most eraplt phase sheft yemains Yetativety constant, % Alsothe convendional single astgye -transsstor amptepeers provede phase shifts of ether 130° 0% 360°. DESATTVE FEEDBACK 1 x Many practical amplifiers Use negertiue -feedbeck Fo order -to psectsety contsos the gato, Yeduce gzsforison and smprove bandwidth. ye The 4a29 can be veduced -fo a rmanegebte value of feediag back o. small proport3on of -the oxetpcd. www, azdocuments. 2 9s BEG~ Module a 21ELW14/24 Ik the amoumt of feedback cletermnénes —the overall Cor closed.— Loop) gai * Becauseth?s -formn of -feecback hasthe effect of vedkuctop “the overatt gain of the c#rcust, this form of -feedback ¢s know cas “ogative feedback * %* An alterncettve -forrn of -Peectback, where the output Ps ted back in such a way as to yeImforce C strengthen) -the input synat fs Known as “ bosttiue feedback” propitftes zoput aopat Cyato = pv. output Vio Phase shift N+ Vout lJ Vout = 180°) Feedback 5 ~ ork cpeedh ack yat8o = B phase hi 3o) fy: Aroptifter weth nagartive feedback applied * Fegure shows -the block ‘dtagrace of an ampleprer stage eveth nagaté = Ge feedback appited . % Th-th?s, C8vcuM the pYoportton of the outbut vottgye feed back green by B gad the overclt vortgye awe corel be, “fo the input 3s overatt qa, 6 = Mow, Vin = Vin- BYout CAPPLy KVL) Vio = V8o + BVout —@ 22d Vous ~ AV & Vint @® fav- tokeenal gate} Hence, overall gate # given by , Www, azdocuments, 89 26 a BEC ~ Moduter PIELW14 [84 @= Vout _ Av. Ute Vin Vga + BVout @ = Av.Vin Vin + BYout- $ sub Vout 5 Ga Av. Ves Ven + B Cura Av) G= Av. Vio Au. Vib A is ‘Vio + B Min vd C a+ pav) G@= Av ee a+ BAv * Hence, -the overail te wth Peed berck ape appised wd be tessthan the gato cetbout feedback. * Furthermore, if Ay ts very sage , the overatt gare wth negative feedback appised coset ba given by * Also, Loop gato of a feedback amplzpeer és depined as the psoduct of B and Av. peter @ An ampli ne. Jot? of So aed one--temth of f1s output fs feedback to the inpul (4.€ pr 0.2), Determntoe sthe overall vottage gain wath negative feedback abpited . ey with nerative feedback applsed has an open - Loop (Www. AZdocuments.% o BEG- Moduted PIELWI4 Jed = Ave sO eo 1+BAv 140.1x50 ae 6)= 8-33 @ Af, in probtem @), the amplifiers open- Loop vattaze ge" incre -ases by 20%, determsne the percentage tacrease &m overatt voltage on Sot9s the new vatue of vottage gate aoa be geven hy Av = Av +0.2Au = 504 C0.2xS0) Overall gam G = _Av me GO ae GO 0 anal ns oS a+ pau 14+(0.1X60) + -the encvease &n overall voltage go express -edasa ae tort thus. be, - 8.32 BeSt- 8-22 y yooy - 2.587 8-33 @ Pn integrated civcust -that produces a apen-focp gata of 100 is -4o be used as the peiséc of an asnpirprer stoge ya) a precise vottoge gr" of 20. Deterenine the amount of feed bec vequived- Bolo: g = Av 1 a1 +pAv . Re- amet the formuta for 8 a — ee a B G@ av WUD. AZdocuMents 20 BEG ~ modutea PIELNI4 [34 MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS = * In oder -to provide sufficiently Jaye values of gv. it és fre ~ quently necessary to use a number of Lertedconnected steges within an aenpts peer. % The overall gatn of an aeoptifrer corth several stages Ci-8. AUIS - sege arnplepser) 8s Stmpty-the product of the fadivt ~ dual sone O° ds . Hence, Ay = Avi % Avs x Avg etc X However, Bandusdth of rnwits- stage aroptzpeer «weit be tess tha the bandusdith of each indsuiduatl stage. * In otherewords, an zncrease ay” results tn decrease of a bandustdth, : * Signats can. bé coupted between the indsviduat stages ap a mutt — stege aenplepeer by sty different rethods. ca) R-c couphioy method : : ° Steppe Suppey R iB Fart |R seconc) ¢ . stege KF stoge F-. Vout #9) Typscat Rc oy, between styyes. Www, azdocuments, in 2g Besestors. a Vin o cb) bo 6 oo + BEG - module 1 [* Te -thes cou pte Capac#tors havteg a flow yYeactarce at the oo) frequency and ipliog method 216L14 a4 Uppy Favst Stage | | ty: Typtcat L-c ol betwee steges (G) TYansformes coupeey Method su Suppiy ty: Typical transformer couptray between aoe Cd) Divecr Gouptieg Method Subpty Fevst 4 i Second Vio tye Loo 4%: Typical divect - coupi? WUD, AZdocuments . 2) between Stages method, the stages ewe couptedt “together using ~the . =e E Vout ° * Tn this method, the inductors have a.bigh veactance at the synat prequency, “This -type of coup Is jenevatty onty used ga RF and high ~ frequency acnptepier. 30 BEC - Moduter 1 ELM14 [4 PERATIOWAL AMPLIFIERS : Opevatfonal amplifzeys ave onatoque sertegrated ctscusts designed for Lineay_armp\ 30D -thert offer near- deot characteristics. -Hve Suppty ° Toverttgy foput _ output (von invert} —o sept ~ve supply x he ‘HH syn Endicates zero phase ~shift white t=? sign Rndicates 180° phase shift , Since 180° phase shige produces an invested waveform , the ‘— fnput fs often vefered to as the ey Anput - srg Lay Ly othe ‘+" foput gs ‘Known as the ‘Non ~ FQver . | so purt. @ Obens Loop vottaye Gato “the open - Loop at gee of an operct onal arnpufiey fs depened as the yartio output Iugttaje to toput yoy measured wrth no feedback apptsed.. whee Ay (or) = Open-Loop vortage ge Vout § Vin = output and goput vortayes. The open-Loop vonage gato gs often expressed 8m clectbets (da) Bather than asa yas. Avot = 200A. Vout View * Most operational amprigievs have open - Loop vottaye gain of SodB. WWW, AZdocurnents, 2n == 31 BEc ~ Modute a S3EL14 /24 GLOSED = Loop voltage 4 The closed. ~Loop vottgye gee Of 8 obeverttoncit ampipres &s defened as-the yatto of Output Vota eto saped vottage measured with a Small pYoportion of the Our put -fed back to the Foput. , * Closed toop vortaye ae 35 once pe the vedio of output uottege to foput oe but cweth oa fe -peedback appited. Hence, where, Av cel) — open- Loop votiaje ore Nour § View — output and Roput rian se Probles x AD Operational arnplepees operating wrth error -feedbacl< prod -uces an output ar” of BV eD Supplzed with an Sopat of 4008{V. Determine -the value of ctosed ~ Loop vottage gor 192 Se: Ayu) = Nout aes 2x 10% Vin 400 x 36% 400 Avcuy = 5000 Av(u) = 20 19) 20 (2000) = 90x3.F Avcu) = 4448 @ Toput Resistance + -The soput vesistance of an operat onat eumpazpres #5 dtepined as the yatto of gnput vostoze to toput cLovent expresed 20 obm's. UwWW. AZdocuments. to 32 BEC - Modute 2 QIELNI4 [24 where Rig - input Yeststance #0 obms. Mim — gaput voltage , Tr — foput curvent pat vend) Probtem sezex has an Zoput yeststance of 2M... Deterentoe %& AN operational ampl e of Srv ks present. the foput current when an input vale?) Soles . eS Raw = Var guent Ray = 2M F, ™ View = suv tin = Vine © 5xad? 2 2S x3058 Raw aan stg i ; “the output vesistance Of an opevationat aroptefeey gs degened as the vatio of open ~ cavcutt output vottage to ghost = circurt output current expressed 80 ohms. * Typical values of output vest to axyound 3002, depeodi9g on ae Jaen and arnount of @ output ge stance vaoge -from fess than 102 feedback employed. Rour = Vout coc) Tout ¢sc) wheve, Rour — output yessstance 8m ohms open caycust output soa 4 output convent. Vout (oc) - Tour(s) - short ciycut © Topyt- offset votigze : The voltage the raust be appied dafferer -the opevattonal ampizfter input 20 order -to make the output vottaje exactly zero, $5 Known aS foput - offset vost salty to WWW, azclocumMents . 3 33 Bec - Moduler 2IELNI4 [24 * Input ofpset vottage racy be mentenszed by abbey Belatovery tage amouets of a -feedback . © Full — power Bandussdtth the Fut power banduwsctth for an opercrtional amplifier 2s equivatert to the frepuency at which the max? - sau undistosed peak out pud uottgie surg fails 40 0.40% of e's Jow - frepuency atue. * Typscat Fuet- Pocwex barncl wictths 1 pro dOkH2 or some high ~ Speed clevices. -IMH2 @ shew Rate: Shew verte es-the yate of change of output vortage with ime, when a_Yectarngutar step snput vostage #s apprised, Slew yet? = A Vout where AVous ~ chayge to output voHioge — covsesperding geterval of Hme. seal Lalues varye At % Slew vale $s measured to V/s aed typ frome 0.2.v/15 £0 over 20v/HS. OPERATIOWA AMPLIFIER CHARACTERISTICS : the chavactes?stics for a Ideal - opercrttonal arnple peers axe 3. the open - Loop vortaye ge shoutd be very byh Cedeatesy sepenste) 2. The foput resistance Shoutd be very bah Cedeatsy reaxpsnzte) 3. “the output yeststance should be very dow ( sdeatty zero) Futt - owes Bandwidth shoutd be cts wedle as possébte. 4e s. Stew - ate should be as tayye as passsbie, G. ‘Input offset shoutd be as senatt as possbte. WWW ,azdocuments.. 25 34

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