Population (universe)

The total collection of any specified group of living

things or non living things under the process of
research is called population of that group.
eg. If the research is based on the students of
janabhawana campus, then all students of
janabhawana campus is called population.
Census method
 Information is collected from each and every unit of
population.
 Complete information about the population is
obtained.
 Most useful if the area under study is not so vast.
 Method of collecting information needs most time,
money and labor.
 Method is not reliable if it destroys each and every unit
of population at the time of testing.
Sample and sampling
 A small portion chosen from the population for
studying its characteristics is called sample and the
method of selecting sample from the population is
called sampling.
 Sampling may be defined as the selection of part of
population on the basis of which a judgment or
inference about the universe is made.
Why sampling is chosen than
census?
 For large(infinite) population, it is impossible to
conduct census surveys.
 For quick results in minimum cost and time, sampling
is more appropriate than census.
 In studies involving destruction of the elementary
units under study, it is more appropriate to chose for
sampling.
 Although reliable results would be obtained in a
census, sometimes accuracy may be lost because of the
large size of population.
Objective of sampling
 To get the much information about the characteristics
of population with less time, energy and expenditure
without losing the accuracy.
 To test the significance of population parameters
 To get the best possible estimates of the population
parameters.
Uses of sampling
 Reduction in cost of enquiry
 Less time
 For large population
 Saves destruction of the items
 Accuracy
Basic Organizational Aspect Sampling Survey
 Objective of the survey
 Population to be sampled
 Data to be collected
 Degree of precision desired
 Methods of measurement
 The sampling Frame
 Selection of proper sampling
 The pretest
 Organization of field work
 Summery and analysis of data
Questionnaire Design
The group of question for any type of research or
investigation is generally known as questionnaire.

 Characteristics of questionnaire

Uniformity of the questionnaire

Exploratory
Question sequence
Steps involved in questionnaire design
 Identify what you want to cover in a questionnaire
 Don’t grind your words
 Ask only one question at a time
 Be flexible with your options
 Open-ended or closed-ended questions, it’s a tough
choice
 It is important to know your audience
 Choosing the right tool is important
Principle of Questionnaire
 Clear and simple word
 Avoid lengthy questions
 Ambiguous and vague words
 Biased words and implication language
 Leading questions
 Double-barreled questions
 Negative questions
Types of questionnaire
 Structured questionnaire ( quantitative data)

 Unstructured questionnaire (qualitative data)

Types of questions in questionnaire
 Open-ended questions
 Dichotomous questions
 Multiple – choice questions
 Scaling questions
 Pictorial Questions
Types of questionnaire based on distribution

 Computer questionnaire
 Telephone questionnaire
 In-house questionnaire
 Mail questionnaire
Characteristics of Good Questionnaire

 Questionnaire should deal with important or

significant topic to create interest among respondents
 Short as possible but should be comprehensive
 Better to attractive
 Clear and complete
 Good psychological order proceeding from general to
more specific response
 Double negatives in questions should be avoided
 Two questions in one question should be avoided
 Avoid annoying or embarrassing questions
Cont….
 Designed to collect information which can be used
subsequently as data for analysis
 Consist of a written list of question
 Contain questions which can be answered in
minimum writing
 Avoid bad question (too long, complex, person,
ambiguous, leading, non-relevant, embarrassing etc.
Advantages of questionnaire
 Practical and less expensive can save time, human
resource and financial resource
 Large amount of information can be collected from a
large number of people in a short period of time and in
a relatively cost effectively way.
 Results of the questionnaire can usually be quickly and
easily quantified by either a researcher or through the
use of software package.
Disadvantage of questionnaire
 Inadequate to understand some forms of information-
changes of emotions, behavior, feelings etc
 Lacks validity, lack of reliability and consistency in
views
 Qualitative researcher think that only a limited
amount of information without explanation
 Respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within
the full context of the situation
 People may read differently into each question.
Principal of sample survey
 Principal of statistical regularity: when the Large
number of items is selected at random from the
universe then it is likely to possesses the same
characteristics as that of entire population
 Principle of ‘inertia of large number’ : the larger
the size of sample the more accurate the conclusion is
likely to be.
Formula to calculate sample size
𝑍𝛼 𝜎 2
𝑛= where,
𝐸

n=Sample size
𝑍𝛼 = Standard normal variate (normal table value),
E= Permissible error (difference between sample statistic and
population parameter)

𝑍𝛼 2
𝑛= PQ where, P=probability and Q = 1 - P
𝐸
Sampling error
 Population specification error
 Sample frame error
 Selection error
 Non-response error
 Sampling error
Non sampling error
 Faulty planning or definition
 Response error
 Non – response error
 Compiling error
 Publication error
 Coverage error
Parameters and statistics
 Parameters: Value which shows the characteristics of
population is called parameters. eg. Population:
size(N), mean(μ), standard deviation(σ),
variance(σ2), population proportion(P),Correlation
coefficient(ρ)
 Statistics: Value which shows the characteristics of
sample is called statistics. eg. Sample: size(n),
mean(͞X), Standard deviation(s), variance(s2), sample
proportion(p), correlation coefficient(r).
Types of sampling
 Random sampling( probability sampling)
Each unit of population has a definite probability of
being selected as a sample.
 Non-random sampling (non probability sampling)
Probability is not used but depends upon the personal
judgment or convenience of the investigator
Types of probability sampling
 Simple random sampling is a completely random method of
selecting units. Units are selected in such a way that each and every
unit of population has an equal chance of being selected.
Lottery method: These can include assigning numbers to all units
and then using a random number generator to choose random
numbers. Classic ball and urn experiments are another example of this
process (assuming the balls are sufficiently mixed). The population
whose numbers are chosen are included in the sample.
Table of random number or mechanical randomization
method: various units in the sample are selected by using random
number.
 Stratified Random Sampling involves splitting population into
mutually exclusive homogeneous groups and then using simple
random sampling to choose samples from groups.
 Systematic Sampling means that only the first sample unit is selected
at random and remaining are choosen every “nth” participant from a
complete list. For example, you could choose every 10th person listed.
• Cluster Random Sampling is a way to randomly select
participants from a list that is too large for simple random
sampling. Population is divided into different cluster such
that characteristics with the cluster are heterogeneous and
between the cluster are homogeneous. For example, if you
wanted to choose 1000 participants from the entire
population of the U.S., it is likely impossible to get a complete
list of everyone. Instead, the researcher randomly selects
areas (i.e. cities or counties) and randomly selects from
within those boundaries.

• Multi-Stage Random sampling uses a combination of

techniques in which sample selection takes place in different
stage.
Advantages
 Cluster sampling: convenience and ease of use.
 Simple random sampling: creates samples that are
highly representative of the population.
 Stratified random sampling: creates strata or layers
that are highly representative of strata or layers in the
population.
 Systematic sampling: creates samples that are highly
representative of the population, without the need for
a random number generator.
Disadvantages
 Cluster sampling: might not work well if unit
members are not homogeneous (i.e. if they are
different from each other).
 Simple random sampling: tedious and time
consuming, especially when creating larger samples.
 Stratified random sampling: tedious and time
consuming, especially when creating larger samples.
 Systematic sampling: not as random as simple
random sampling
Types of non probability sampling
 Judgment sampling or purposive sampling: the choice
of items in the sample depends upon the judgment of
investigator.
 Convenience sampling: samples are selected according
to the convenience of researcher.
 Quota sampling: A sampling method in which
researchers are given quotas to be filled from the different
strata and within the pre assigned quota.
 Snowball sampling: snowball sampling (chain sampling,
chain-referral sampling, referral sampling, network
sampling) is a non probability sampling where target
population is very rare or hidden so that respondents are
collected referral networks.
 Standard Error( S.E.)
 Standard deviation of sampling distribution of sample
statistic is known as its standard error (S.E) of the
statistic.
 Standard deviation of the distribution of sample
means is called the standard error of sample mean.
 Measures the likely deviation of sample mean from the
grand mean of the sampling distribution.
 Standard error of the mean
 Samples are drawn with replacement(large samples)

 Samples are drawn without replacement(finite

population size)