Dowaadd From: wi. gine et scm ncaa 2 [rere tae pnp ee ean Soiree = 20 Wn eee tt pu Teena ae tn Thine ihre cheeses ee 247 epi ow the ecg (mod ire of sng phase tle cn ‘sishumanas cm hen sappy rapes sae no 2.48 Explain cle the iret phenomena in tarfomes and derive an ap rut expen fr he mate oe mannan instance eee 2.0 ‘Wot ane the dnavanngs of erent and vluge harem talons? spun how thee harris cn cinta 2.50 Esplin wy it even ne he pe wining in da oh wane ‘etme cin pace ae Dewan From: ww Ea giccing netDwar: wi. gies et rove ey (© The balk and wight of he ete wong ae sabstanaly Ercan th ning: of the ld poles. The ie of the mcs ©) Retain i comparavely gana acSak fel compurnia hand canbe contre fr bigs og arte aa i tae Jtationary armature may be cooled more easily because saturate made pet prove saber eons 33, SPEED AND FREQUENCY Let P=totalnunber a eld poles P= pair of eld per ‘Ne speed of he Bld poles in ep. "=apeed ofthe Bld poles in eps. ‘> eequency of the generated voltage in Hz Obrioaay, May and Boy es es) ‘hone etn he, mate ily eth ples a , fou poles Since one cyl generated in an armature col when a aif eld PETES TET SETLE PP TE ae Bae Dewan From wt ay ngiccring net _sricHRONCUS GEURATORS (ALTERNATORS) per ve the col the amber of yes generated none revelation ofthe BORE ESTE Cpedto ne manrps of Fe Tt Tmamber of cys perevluon =P ‘ns, munber of evens pe second= ‘Now gency ~mumber of eye per acd umber feces, revolutions er of ES | ‘carr: Celt hight pel at hick ) 0 He 60 Hs alerncor ane ion Since it is not posable to have wer than 2 poe, the minis value of P=2shows the end view of a " aera faoHe, P=2 ungng marc “ie es soir en huh afer pene te Sad Sh Si pe se al obo a ae sae he hen rae fe ee See i oa Te Te pole cetes and it =e Smee le taped te aaa eecutne wil : Sree SSE genet en ee contin atresia “eid a a wocing s sexi so pis crt ete hen eT Tears (a de generator oF Som Ty ae setae dos the sh ond nat anf pat of the mache (sual) AC Fe 88 Atri 37 _noTon constmUCTION eo ig Iisnmenpestmercnsratinsnancy espe pet or ree a ape teen iB. ci nding coout cl yols pejaioy oof tr onto ed Gama omg 3_htomemolybdensm ten about two third of the rotor periphery slot arc at regular intervals and parallel tothe shalt. The de fed windings oe ‘sccommodated in these slots The winding i of distributed type. The unsioss of rote ‘Acylindcal rotor machine ‘Soc ndtne open hn nes a ta a Far 33 stows en vows ope nd pe tal on, Ce sate mane ees sae ss tebe eS Sao ee ee, Dull in a umber of ratings from 10 MVA to over 1500 MVA. The igge sas ‘sed in india has a rating of 500 MVA intaled in super thennal pow elec = Fig 3. olen fm plan fury inc tr. 38 EXCITATION SYSTEMS FOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Excitation means production of fy passing current inthe field winding. Direct cument s required to excte the field winding on the rotor ofthe eu than pr palin wes) Po mater yen te toa umber of conto te ccm ene) Soc taaianermate seipoemarmereroms men Stee tae eee em eee Sel Sloe eee Ponta ckiree me oednpeneg ei ne solace asian at fs Sciatica any nastemaeremledDood From: wi a gions et = rem macinss ncaa ¢ | ‘Soce mvt remade one aond one revo wile made in Te ‘Wr cond. Taree ttn one evton the sates Voc. tendon ‘Theaveagevelinge unetted pe condone teem ro Feondacor= Fe —nP@ vols a a } Wetnow dat oe na Reta Pa=2f Satin the vale of Prin E101), we ge Fe/eondacor= 30 e103) | ‘Soc thr ar Z conduct in sere pe phe the evecgevlae gem Sa crated per phases given te E/etae 347, e104) i Stace one tur orci has two sides, Z,=27, and the expression for the average generated vllge per phase can be writen = Ea/phase= Ty 2105) For the voltage wave, he form factors given By Fora sinusoidal voltage, f=1.11 Therefore, the rams. vale ofthe gener scrape pie nn : } Bea — ase ice roy en er ret ie comer Be / =A pr, e106) el ! Satin 6 tes ee ih 8 awn aati ° a (0) ‘All the conductors are concentrated in one stator sot 341 ARMATURE wiNOWas Se eee orem a oe iat rests a tenement ran oe es, (eee omen aate een i cee eee a Dewan From: ww Ea gicring net ‘S\NCHRONOUS GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS Ea “The hepining ofthe tum, cl identi by the symbol S (Start) and the end of he tur o cally the symbol Fish). "The concept of cra eres is very wef inthe stady of machine. I (Guy mechanical degrees or angular mearre pace ecieal depres or angular measure inccles Fora Fopole machine, lacrial degree is defied slows 2, 2 out Feu oon “The advantage of is noon hat exresons wate in tems of he trical angle apply machines faving any number o poke. hee iA Ten cen tig “The angular distance between the cnn of wo adjacent oles ona machine {sown ss pole pitch o ple span- comaing (One pale pitch =160; = any Gis amber af ple nthe machine, «polit is aways aio ceteal dope “het sds oo ar ced to ts on th state sre The istanas betwen theo ses of 8 col sealed the click the o-pitch Sees pc sealed the fallptch ol the col pth es than one pole itch the col is calle the short-pitch colo ratonal pitch oi {3:12 COILSPAN FACTOR OR PITCH FACTOR aa beoneen the to sides of 2c is called the ol 0 nat eeraean etiam lth so peal poe uch A eb elt dogee Eth numberof poles on the machine. A IB ecole fap cis sow 235Dowaad From: wi. ginseng et ECC MACHO Brit i obey ok © eas Pulp Rg 6 Sept. Aco having a pan less than 10° elect called shor pitch coll, or seca ae i oi Sea a Sen Lice veccocemted eafeienees Baactame 4 shown in Fig. 36 (a). a7 ae tone pot eos des cay, sage pucetnS aise coca a ac ‘full pitch col is such that the coil-side voltages are in phase as shown in Fig. 35 (6). tie aes nas apegaen erasiormainenks soe Rokk, HEGI-1G 1-6, Gap ‘Se, dF, on pe te rest ol voage Es gut tic te me Rak o28, Seca aera semester a ce) te eee Tee ranean. on. Siashiigenietae mee aeratect: ae See ovale From ww Fay ngiccring net SINCHRONOUS GENERATORS ALTERNATORS) ‘The eal spanfaco or pitehfactor ki det the rai of th wlge eure in th sort pich col the elape enemtel nh fl itch el. The co Spartacer sas cle he cording ato. Stal vage generated in thecol.—_—_- -wlnge gener inthe cl of pan 18 el ser am ofthe wags oto calles ~ gabe smo votngesoftwocol 835 ce or any or llth oj a=07 coe $1 and hen Fora sor plc oe ct “Advantages of shot pitching or cording 10) shortens the ends ofthe winding and therefore there saving ee a and ths the wavefom ofthe Radars fect of distorting Marmonis a Stages inpeoved and malin itapproach sine wave. a winding the col sides ofa given ple re concept sa ingle sot under gen ole. The — Pine with ech ter east col vag ivebton fac or benih facade h rai of hai catnip al sos prop econ Betegeat paso san of cl volages pep ann Ae ihmetic sum of coll voltages per phase ‘Letra sats per ple pr phase, that slot per phase belt ‘as. anager re ann Pa Pa placement betwen ajacent slots in lactic degrees pez aeale ens Soups aosDowaad Fr: wi. gies et en mem tomes [hus one paseo the winding consis of cals ananged in consecutive Exensen ot | slots Volnges Ee, ey Hey ae adie voles Be Sak ee Tee {wi ot of phase with hens cl voge bythe lt ch pp 97 cone te vane palign at ced vag tas eae es nema Te volo fe Feta tnd ae rpsatey pss AB BEE Sd oE ay SS "cpethy ng. Ech of hw pers isa chord fc when set Stes aaah tO. The possum AF epost Sees winding voltage, subtends an angle mB at the centre. = , nia, pa aiata cays Sates fae ae ‘TAF=24G "204 sin ABG 220 sin "BE ~ Ber sm ol colvolges pr hase 204sin se climaeeslet pera. ushoyn 1 istobe ted ha the dstrbuton ator, fora ven number of phases * ‘on the numberof dstbuted sos under apres pe he Sine ote ype tte wining pa oe ee ceil Asthenumber fst perpen te stbwson ns ee, 38 ACTUAL VOLTAGE GENERATED “Taking the col pan factor and dtuton fcr into aco teats! ca ern cco F=Aaadgor, eu Dewan From: ww Ea ngiccring net Equation (3141) scale he compe ef eto of a alert “The qunity (i is sometines called efecive tame pe phase Ty Ty A 612) tes sales than the ata umber ots per pase du to factional pc sn at etn ing oe bs dr ch Fle ‘ace ae stron factor of winding are some combined it angle ng factor, wach she prot fan Tat, Eth ous) Fora starcontelseatr the ie vlage is Wtimes the phase ote oa Alternative ems forthe volageEare perce wolage/phse Noioad volage/pase otaon emt /phase Internal machine volage/ phase ‘Voltage behind synchronous reacance/phase “The ange between the terminal voltage V ad the internal voltage Bis the natin a anne 22. A 3 phe, 50 citer hs starcommeced wining sth 120 aos and 8. pe sit. Te fr pr poke 005 Wo, smcoudaly Eee Determine ie ple ond in lige. 'SOUTION Lt stake the fllypitch co. 2 aa, Know 2aces a1 “ota number of conductors ‘conductor per alot xnumbe of ts 120-960 (Generated voltage per phase E=222byf 0%, 2221 09567 x50 005 320=109V Generated tine voltage F,=GE, = 15% 1087=2008 VDeval Fom wow. Eaynginrng et ‘Taser 0 dt nf econ rca Ts fusper poe ey distributed), Caleuiat rr per pole is 0.05 Wh (sinusoidally th volge gencrated bythe machine he winding factors 036. = 222009650005 «240012787 Generate line voltage Ba 8 be x2787 20470 Panmue34.A Spice, 16 pole ycronous gener as arent erga {fix of 06 Wh per ple. The fli sted snl eve the ple The stor has 2 slots per poe per pase nd conductors esa ae acmodeed int aes. The i epi eri Cale pl oie ses ohn maine rs at 375 rp slots =mxpolesephases =2x16x3=56 “Total number of condactors ‘slot conductors per sot S438 [Number of conductors per pie a 128 Dovalde Fo wo. Eaygiring et sucamonces f ‘SRNCHRONOUS GENERATORS ALTERNATORS) __ ee “The generated voltage per phase is given by: PIN ies xasemsoxansesasesa ice (=S55 |) soe eee eDewan From wi. gies et Banner A ye, 3,50, stor connect aller has 0 ley, th 2 conductors per slot an hing armatr ‘nding the twlyer type. Co ae Shr tc sch that fon cod ie hes abe 1, ioe ae st mer 13. Determine the useful fix por pe repred to generat lin slge of 20 V. Sowmon, Stange px He Coit pan Fa22kye7, $222 .098105561x50x0x40 e-08s76¥ AMPLE 7. A Gol sliemator rating a 1000 rpm. bas singlephase ‘nding hosed in 3 sats per ple the sts group of tre eng 2? apart. enh eins 20 contactors, ad the fx per pte is 210 We, caleulte the lage severe, sing thf dri oe sisal PN, sourniox, s=7N..' Fariyer, 2221 x09588350%2% 10718003855 V ARMATURE LEAKAGE REACTANCE Jn an ac. machine, any Sx set up by the lsd current which does not ‘entbute tothe useful fin of the machine ia leakage fn The aoc of leakage xs to st up a elinduced enti the armatire windings aa ——s RLS fesen = TEP ee Dewan From ww Fay ngiccring net SCIONS GENERATORS ALTEINATORS ‘the phase currents, give the com reat eye hag The ve ae op and ead he certs prodigy She anne encvoN SOMONE MAMES gh he eae = sean tos ag ema ara aDewan From: wi. ging et applying he aight aod tn view that dhe drction of ation of the conductors with respec! tothe rotor poles is anticlockwise ‘Suppose thatthe atemators supplying caren at unity power factor. The Phase cutents Ty Iyand , willbein phase with hel respective generated volage Bp and Ee as hown in Fig. 386. Ta ip 350) Rear dapen ip A802 Pete doecintfi, ‘The postive directions of fines @y, 5 and Oe are shown in the space diagram of Fig. 38 ‘We now thatthe projection of a phasor on the vertial ans gives is instantaneous vale ‘At t=O the instantaneous values of currents and anes are given by were the subset Fux ©, i along OA mig Sd “This isin the same direction as in Fig 3.8 Since the Munes and @ ae native they act opposite to the erections shown in Fg 38. Tey ae shown by (OB and OC in Fig, 38d. The resultant of the ae in ig, 3 8d canbe fond by Dewan From ww ay giccing net =15¢, ‘The drection ofthis resultant Mus along OA in Fig. 386) tis sce tat the resultant armature wearin Mux @qq is constant in magnitude equal © Se, Also, lags behind 90 with he main el fs. ctw now conser the ce at an instant when the rotor Das rotted ‘hcough aia te colwse dross shown n ge The coresponding Phacor nga of cuners shown i385 ‘Ath int when t=" he inantanaos ales of carent and hes ave givenby - ease 3 ¢ ie pe Soa eae Daa gaara eee ieee pee iaoe he e @ Fg 89 Amat cren tat 9° ip 89 Faye “The direction ofthe reultan fx yy along OD which makes an angle ‘with he horzental i theclackwise direction Hence i observed that theresa x © Setup bythe currents inthe srmatre remain constant in magnitude eqialt© 15 and trotates a syncheo- ‘Suppose that the alternator i loaded with an inductive lad of zero poster ‘actorngying The phase caret Ip and I ile lagging With thelr respective ‘Phase vliages E,, Ey and Ec by 90” Figure 29 shows 2 2-pole alternator. The ‘ages win the conductors pve the directions of cures, while the signs outside {he conductors indicate the Srction of induced voltage. Figure S9P shows the a (Dk St ea Pe asia. SINCHBONOUE GENERATORS ALTERNATORS) “Avtime '=0, the instanceous vats of caren and nes ae given by 4-0 “The renultnt ox is ERY 03402420, 0cc05 6 te fui es son hat the diction of the armatare reaction coe main fl ne Tero, wl oppose and weak the mai el poner St z 28, po-anver son onBeDovalded From : wow. ay gt S. mnalcases ifthe ali af he ma eld fs, eines voltage in each phase which {age the renpetive phase currents by 9 snee be sycironous machine opeating in motoring mode the amature act Taare nes opposton, the nature of amature reaction Fae Pee whats ae re sychroons prea, The conespending Face revere of wt pamous machine opraing ma oteing mode ares fellows 1. When the machine des ange power factor current the aae Me parly mapneiing and partly crosemagnetng 2 When the machine draws a eaing power factor caren, the arma Yohei pardy demagnetiang and psy coee-magoeting, 322 SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE The actual generated vilage consists ofthe summation of tv component westape Cnc of hese component volgss the Vlog ta would be ene Ms the walage fat would be generated Ifthe were no armature reaction, | EERE Wfuay te eld exctaton Tis component ofthe generated woe ‘ed the exciton velage Ee Foc other component ofthe generated vollag cae he rman riot ein Pa Ths te welage ht mst e added tothe xctaton vlogs Ke Tee te fe farmatre action upon the generated woop: 5 Rebate 62) nul, n a volage fect in a cruit ouses BY Since armature reaction er rent inthe sae cca ete ofthe rate of 22 change hanes pla Therefore agin equvalenttoa volage of inductive reactance ae ee See Sree A gs tet ne er emereon Reps 5.20 SUMMARY OF NATURE OF ARKATURE REACTION om sore drain levine Jon en Singtel — Se ceed eae pede synchronous speedDewalded Pom wv naga et Lat Lye endure of tr wining ie efindactve acta of stator windng Ryo ammature (ator) resistance “The terminal voltage Vis en by VaR -Peah-PR-R ans where RJ,= armature resistance drop i= armature kage reactance op Xagh= arate ection vonge ‘Thearmatue ection eles and he eae offen he mache ae tot preety indctve atances: There castro one ‘hem io sang mca ychnons ecco acne Xp eX ke 0 YaBB a eer ozs) V=B-2h where ZR ‘The impedance Z called he syncvonous impedance “The synedvenous reactance Xs thefts male employed 0 360 forte voage eft inte arma at produced bythe aca aatre tehage reactance and by the Guage na ap hx aa yt Similay, the synchronous impedance Z, is fetitions impedance ene ployed to account forthe voltage eles the arate cel proce by he [cual armature resistance, he cal rate lesa reactance, sel te change ‘SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ‘The equivalent circu of a synchronous generators shown in Fig. 3116) tis redrawn in Fig. S110) by taking Kya Xe Xs fer Ait rin ne mie oma Finn: wo gang Figure oad. The power actor 2 2) shows the phasor dag oc lgng od incon lgaig Int dng teen volgeVitaken eens Ps “long O8, where OB =I The seeks tis sepresente by phasor AC. The canbe found from the right-ngld tangle OGD (00? = 06+ GD! = (OF +FG)+(6C'* CDF (Veo + LF + Ving + peers osn see a = cre EE HLA +N Eye IRI ORT ox nity power factor shown in Fig 312 0)Dwar: wi. sy gine et Deval From www Ea ngiccring net -SCHRONOUS GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS) = (Dine tad eet "The alternator & ran at synchronous speed and its terminal voltage is adjusted tots ed vale V-The lands varied unt the ameter and wateneter ‘cate terse vals tthe given power factor. Then the lad is removed ac {he peed and field excation are het constant. The opens or no-load wol- | “The pho diagram fo leing power ator i shown in Fig 3.12) From rightangled tangle OGD 00'= 06"+Gb*=(OF + FGF +(6C-COF Epa cong + LR +(V sing IAF etl ee Bintan e233) 100% The method of diet lading suiable ony from small aenatrs of power rating ess than SVA. (@) Indirect Methods > For Inge llerators the thie indizetathods which are wae fo prede- tn geen of oath dr pe trate a as 1. Synchronous Inpotince method or EMF Method. 2. Ampere am metod of MMF Met 2 Dano Power Factor meal ot Ptr Med. 4225 SYNCHRONOUS MIPEDANCE METHOD OR EMF METHOD ‘The synchronous impedance method is based on he concept of eplacing the ett ota acon by aus rear. Toca synchronous preratar VoEAZ, ere ZeR2i% ower todetesmine te syncbronousimpedance smeared and then ‘The voltage regulation of syncheonous generator i he re in vlage at ‘he terminals when the lsd ered from fll od ated vale to 200, pec see aes Sipe ese ene eee Petri oan eee ee er “The following tests ate performed on an allematr to now sts pertr- (W)DC mstance test @)Opencicut tet (9 Shortcut est | 273 06. Resistance Test Assume tht the allemator sar conte with de. id winding ope | (Pig 3.19) measure the de restance Between each pir of terminal iter by cmt tap pan SY an aaa vere 16+ mapdel ent on a {Vicaupae nd enn eng peace ‘evolu ped pn ponte a od Fn sang po ns eons nehug op herr errs Se re stata name SiiccsSnper ete eats eae ee Speirettnempatemnneneaiaternegs =, sae erenamaTo oF votrAce necuLsnon ‘he avg eh wel mnie loge muon “smooth cylindrical rotor type alternators: . Diet aiet MadeDowaad From: wi. ging et a i _premenncrmes ing ammeter-voltmeter method of by using Whetstone’ bridge: The average (hice sts eitance values Ry is ahem This value f Ry divided by 210 htain the de resistance ohmic sistance) per phase. The alternator shoal be at Ser Since the fective ressance larger an dc resistance due tosh, ‘Strole the flective ne estas pox phe iabtained by malpying the ‘stan by factor 120 to 175 depending a the sz ofthe machine A ypc ‘aloe to sein he calelaion would be 125 3272 Openctcut Test “Thealtrator eran t ied synchronous see nd the lod terminal re sept open (ig 314) That yall he loadsa aconneted. The id carsen : : : 2 Senn Sry ¢.@ : f9 x ig 81. Opn rat tt ot art. “te he etl cae is aden in ep he ein etn Se ete 8 Se acre my be ned et SPEE/aEr int vatage of teams A pap pled betwen he “people [= ant el caret Te racers cae so obtain is calle (OCC). takes the shape of 2 SRERTESLENG Rane The extersion ofthe iene portion ofan OC POET aegup ne of the cacersie The OC: and the airgap lipe ae Showa in ig. lee iy Fg S18 Te OCC ofonator ‘Greticla hh ae er Ere Dewan From: ww ay giccring net ‘SINCHRONCOS GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS) 8273. Shortcut Test “The armature terminalsare shored through tee ameter should be taken in (310) Care as his test ane the Geld curent should ste ahem ath amin atta ‘ate he edad vase Te Scmaer Shee ig 6 Sir cot it man atime, speed. Then the eld curcent is gadslylcreaed in steps and the arma lnrent is taencured at each stp. The fleld current may be increased t0 et ‘Smature cumens upto 197% ofthe rte Yale. The Geld current Jj and the verge of thece ammeter readings at each sep iste. A graph is plotted ‘hve the amare current {, and the Sd curent Jp The characteristic 50 ‘bianca i called short-cina characte (SOC). This characteristic isa straight line shown n ig 3160) Fig 3600 Te SCC. oon an heise 2 enema ase EDU fr he ame va fH EEDewar: wi. gine et Dewan From ww Fay ngiccring net Beis 2. Thee of wma raion fc cn ee ae that the S ——— Tex or oa cre wea ton fe ne fn iter npr ee fis is cnt rors of a ese aciatea Ss machunes, the position of the varies with the factor: The variation Sivanraineoeieiepernmere ie ee In fig 317 consider he eld current =A that produces rated allerator ate per phase Coreepending o this ed coment the operat voage z= AB eal) ‘AC imap) 328 ASSUMPTIONS IN THE SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD The following assumptions are made in the syscheonous impedance ta i eluctance and armature fx With (aor in saent-ple machines, 1 2. Tie pharm peda 2 stat “determine tm the OCC sd SCC: All ies, yncheonous impedance [sthe ratioof the open-cucat voltage othe shorten caren Wen te OC, | nd SCC. ae no dhe sychronvus impedance Z onsen Abane thease of ‘he OCC. when the snuzaton str the schrnou injpedance decrees Tit ‘Seto the fact hat the OCC and SCC approach each oer. The syctwenus lanpedancevbated under tot coniions teow sutraon lene than net ‘otal operating conaiions when te magaetc ctu comes courte. Ts swe de not ake the efecto saturation, Ths We greet source of ero inthe ‘Syneheonous impedance method. 2. Te fn wer fst conto isthe same that ner oad conditions is ‘assumed thata given vale of eld current always petduces the sme Ar This ‘sssumpton introduces considerable ere: When the armature shor-ciclted the curent inthe amature lags the generated vllge by almost 0 ad hence senature reaction i almost completely dentin Tis detmagaeticng elesovale Fom wow. EayEnginrng et ovale Ft wu. ay ging et eld cent Fea, 390 SATURATED SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE ‘The approximate valu of synchronous reactance varie with the degre of ‘saturation of the OCC. Therefore the value of synchronous reactance to be tse ‘ava given problem should be one calculated atthe approvimate lod on the ‘machine. Ifthe mache is connected tothe indinite buss ferminal voltage V ‘emai the sme a the bus value Ifthe ld current snow changed, the excita Seong lg tg be Ob ge, el ei, Hr. ine Ths line represents the same magnetic stration level a Ha ane ‘The staat smchronous reclnce atthe rated voltage is blaine 2s Zuo" TE=Ret%o0 ni WR repeat on e202) BXaMru 38. 500 V, SOLA single phar orator hasan efecto armature resitnc of 0.2 ©. An exciton curt of 10 A pads 200A arate carn! oF ‘hort cit and en emf of 50 Von ope rat Clue te econo alae soumon, 7,=; FTIR. 10 a5 te fg Sir eae ea ee aren od poor Fae el ns ae 2." shogt circuit armature current ns =P rsa chen etace pr pase = 886-0802 —— seen, peat Eos oieed me ieony eo eee aM thats ie oes Igely dco 1088376 223687 A Zak, +iXy-032-+ L068 1075 22857 yo 158 +B 676-2 9657) CLOTS ESS) 108 1 LOL248 7 Tap +2771 + j20.26= 1051+ f2H.26= 16. 2037 V Meat 2113 woe Alternative method of enelating Ey aN SORT HO ART ‘= GSR OH STE KOA (DBOSY REN ADIT = 1681ori eee EE pis secs eager ee ages” See ea err SOLUTION. (a) Pry =YFVi I; cos @ Saree teats: - gee awn, cmgnd, sngnde Raisax-00 v= EBermsy Fe ming pow aoe Bac 6+ 1RF4CV, sing 617 = (77S x08 + 6843x157 + (- 77945 x06 + 68.4330)? (6238) + (~2623.5)° 5neev age pain 800 PETS 9197 ©) Unity power factor cos¢niaing=0 i PenVicwe 0x10 ei. hn BOI sara Bayelsa 07945 + 5476215) + 6474x397 = 787667 + (168227 5-06 Vote mptoon Ye go 80878, Mem SMS paz (6 Power actor 05 ging Bem 8A + 5n 41 F = C745 x08 + 643% 157+ 779150646843 x30? 3 CENERATORS (ALTERNATORS) ph incomes i art a fe ma 08 poe cre. Sr aca mifneaah ane ehmi iinet Se, eno Soccn Ma SVppest aos «353,08 passa ond pase vgs 2-207 otage 332=10053 fora curt of 986 A otage cop poe orncarenk SON "Wottage drop per phase for A current he the cant supply the eat, power Nee peop scent TO - seca voltage pr phase pain, -1975x10=195¥ ne yale of tema otage 51975 3008 V ron trays per pea a synchro regulon fall loo a owe? he per itr sch it theDwar: wi. gir et ovale From ww Ea giccring net = —___— sncONOUS GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS) —__ —= SOUMON. 54=5 V4, ' EY 10x10" = V3 «2301 5 Yona eee Sy -sP cinco For zero voltage regulation f,=Vj= 1828 V SaaS Acty 1 sanf=[1s28 +5263 con (9+ 73077 + DEE 4+ 73 Ye 0. a (1325 #2 1528 x 32.63 08 (4 +6738") Rated vlog per phase Va 'Yi= 22 sa3y ce anf gmaFeaeIRE NO tgs 03") at beak as eference phase, wonspeteimanansent) 20)? V,=¥,10°=1828,0"= 1928 +)0 =326 gyms cot Rx050, X=120 oF 08 946730 = Fe 1308 ZaR+jX054j12913/67300 7 ga 976738 94 BD. (0) Pe ft 08 aging ant cong 0s lendg i {e050 strc er apis Jpslntas08= 281 ark umes Ap 3104 sar =V+1,Z, at ggg fhe mate resistances 05 pate: a fot cong ooige en 0328 +} + 251 = 36879 13/6738) 1843249 091" = 1308 +201 1656 = 1109+ j1656=16175/587'V ‘Voltage regulation -v, 25 Hen roy eaie (Power factor 08 tending Nay hy L605 *08 = 251/368" A Br Vez 21828-4051 2687) 0367389 snes mes j0125 M2884 /sL@-12sejn62 wna7t aay ‘otagerplation ~y, oF 00 RAEI 92068 (0) Let be the neue power ator angie. Ig ™ hy LQ= 251084 Bite, 1828751 0) 03,62307 1828 +9263 (6467357 {THEE+ 3269 con(¢ 167389 +)2269sn(¢ 62389 Ep = [1328 + 3263 cos (6 + 67-35)}*+ [92.63 sin (9+ 67:38))? Souenon. Syn Yk xiao Bee zoek n05 1fs0= 1002 57 2 ecomtg= HbA rated poe vols YpeteeMermy ‘Let, be taken as ference phase. ‘ Vy ¥p 102209 = 2309 +} 0 _Atalagsing power actor of 8 ee Ty l=coc}O8=144 3687 A Epa Vp ans =2809 + j0+ (144, =3687) (10012 (87 ao9 +142 S01 =250+504+j1106 23233 +1106 = 9417 LISS V yeBA7V.S=18F “Voltage regulation ace STDS oerDowaad From: wi. gine et ears. ASSOV.SSAVA ig pas alert as noite rine satin ueresmay coe rans al age 7 en nie a } ‘gut a fal oad lt poe ator 8 Ign Pa os acme wc Generated amature voltage per phase foraging f aU cog RF (V ang ! = N60 05 + 000 + OXOS OT aes =70V 199 ==, 1002928 sper {et Vbe taken as reference pase VV (0'= $80 0"=5505PV Foraging feos Wah ioe? .neos tas = 100/=3657 A Boks) Xn02sj22h9225 800 Revel, 1350/0 000/=36877 225,849) 500225 4807 2509180 + jte73eT0 UIE Burs 3.5. n SOLA sterconnec 40 V. phase, $0 He ert, he fectice mature resins 1.25 0p pase. Tesco rece is 320 per | FResean he lage rece 031 er le. Deere tld a iy Seen coinage ge online ameter Ciitemqargntaeaimem peaceaet acer Dewan From wt Fay ngiccing net -SNCHRONOUS GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS a sourmon. 54=S¥ihe oxi aSxHoh, yn I es6A=1 eV, be ten selene pss. v,2¥,ur=4B io =254.0'V Atunitypomer factor T= = 6560 965649 Oe ee RiX=0 408-05 08° toveal ent Ban ¥th% 254 (66,0905 164 22503667 Se? pts 16424 )2079= 2724 690°V tine vale finer em Foe EXTANT Syncvenous impedance id TyeRojXn0251/22922 (S557 0 Notend ent E RyaVyrhe Dasa or 656.0702 59597 not 02106 855° ast 164210 = 3897 SEV Line value of rere Fee ey SH3257 90 (0 Voge ration Vy 9057-284 ea 0349 pet XpaXitXer XgeokyXyn82-059270Devoe rom: wi Eryn ttt erm ncrmas 31 MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MHF) METHOD ‘This method i also known as amperetun method. The sycvoncus ie pales math stad en Be cme ‘ya cto atc, The mon math pes costae eae ‘extance yan equivalent adiona armature reacon moni sofat hs maf [combine with the armatre react at Fr “The folowing informations equied o prod the regulation by te mnt aatod (©) The estan of he sao winding per ph. (©) Oper curate t synchronous Speed. (0) Stott char. This method makes we ofthe phasor diagram of magntomotive forces Belang predic bse fer dong Fos antag Fo 1. Theamatre xin wotg per phe (Wis taken asthe reference hier along Og 319) pic pach i as tert Le Peereap tere pan winger ray Ueno autres searee anges oni crear 4 deeaclanpiaen en geonce ieee fon ae eee ae oer eaee Eat ire 0 Rani eens ea cry as caaieati Seema wie eae Dosolaled From www Ea giccring net ps2, [AMPERE-TURN METHOD WITH Fi NEGLECTED r 208 ee dingo hag forts wih ec sow ig 328 p32 Perdana gehenDwar: wi. ging et user MACHINES Farfripe2t 4 co00—0 Parfoeatyysne any uss: A pla encom DAY, 200 V0 arte nan ae tee a oe ee iss 0 stage vom 1500 1760 amo omen ‘SC ammtecurent A m= x Tear fin rsp pe 0202 Draw the hart rm dee filed poesia (008 pe fring 9 3 poet eg Soumon The OCC and SCC a shown Fg 322 “The phe volgen wt are smo am Se Te BP OP 42 86, 10s, Sa, ibd pe lag «25s wat see ccc, (6 ageing perfctr f 08 Ba, rh Ry t155 + 2887 -eoe"t05) x02 =1155 + 6774x08-)9774x05) emss-462—jaeas Hee @=-16" rom the OCC, the Seld curent required to produce the voltage of 12017 Vis 32. Therefore Fa32A. From the S.C, the field cument reuze to prociace flbind caren of 2887 29 A Thertore Dewan From ww Ea ging net ‘SINCHRONOUS GENERATORS ALTERNATORS) » From the paso diagram yrHcisorme "= 29 180-3687 = 2918819 A B2+j174 Tetwene =O a1 = 884" A =099-+)3155, kek, 222+)174+0894)9198 231449805418 SA From the OC the open cect phase voltage comesponding othe fl cote of S18 Ais 1559 Sees aE eae Ope volgen Vang = (0) Leating power fcr of 08 E=V+hR, = + RA 908109 x02 aussa62ejoua* seam + M4 DOL (21 V.Dowaldel Fom wow EgyEngierng et ‘From the phasor diagram Tal MP +=32/90"216=22/916 A rom the OCC, the operult phase voage corresponding toa fel current of 2815 Ais 108 V. “The zero power fair characters (PFO of an atenator is a cure of he anasto the ld cuenta ‘operating orstant ated armature cuzent spent and sero ging power face. The ZPRC is ometines calle Fotier Char TeStstic after ongnter For maintaining very low power factor, ateator i loaded by means of reacts or allematvly By an underexted sjchvonous moor. The shape of EPEC every much ike that ofthe OCC. placed downwards and to the Fight ‘The phasor diagram commspending 16 2eropower factor lagging loud is shown in ag 325. ‘Download Fom: ws Ey Enitng et poscmONUS COSERATORS ALTERNATORS = tn Fig. 325, the terminal phase vliage Van ashe reference pas _at zero porter aco lagging the armature caren, as behind V by 9 Daw LR, paal tol, and Xi pepe 01, z YARRA Kee, In Fig. 223, the generated votge per phase, ‘armature reacin mt isin pase with yen ofthe mainld winding (eld mt) ‘reitat mnt “The ld mnt Fis band by abating Fy form F, 0 tat =F, 1 the amatie resistance Rs neglected he rt psx digas Sroenin Fg 328 rom Fig 324, its seen that the lena pase wallage V he reactance voltage drop 1a X and the gana vliageE are all n pase, Therefor V i racy egal he numeral anthneea ference between Ey and Xa VaE-LXe 6331) ‘Aso the thee mand phasors FF, and Fae in phase. Theirmagtdes are lated by the equation Fens ox2) “The athe relations given in Eqs. (233.1) and (3.332) fom the basis for the Foire. ‘Equation (238.2) ca be converted ito its equivalent eitcurent form «ving is bots sides by T the eflenve murber of tus per poe on the rotor ‘a, 57,5 HE Fe ay pat Iehtle 6x3)Dwain From: wi. gine et crm macianes InP 325 ders pot onthe ZFF copending tl ris cman cept senate recon ma a a Yale epee qr fd cu 1} ene qt ld caret fh estan ma wad ig Ptr rile inti ce PR arora eceayun = the vertical tance ac must be equal 1 the leakage reactance vl Tilt Ise aed eater ome an oars ‘The triangle formed by the vertices Beis called the Potir rangle, Dewan From wt Ey giccring net ‘SINCHRONOUS GENERATORS AL For ze power factor operation with rated current at anyother terminal ‘voltage such ws Vy since the armature corer ofthe same value, Both the [LX voltage and the amature mmf mst be ofthe sme mspective valves as hey were for operation with rates terminal voltage V. Therefore frail conditions of ‘Gperation wid ated anatare current at zoo lapying power facto, the same Poser tangle mathe located between the tenia voltage V point on the ZFC land the conespondingE, point onthe OC. Thus, ifthe Fotier tangle ibis ‘moved downwards ha the side a sept horizontal and bis ket on the ZFC, the pointe will move nthe OCC. When the point Peaches the point the Potier {rangle ct willbe inthe poston and he location of pint fon the OCC. wall ‘econ the vllgeE, which wll be generated for er-power-factor operation ‘with terminal vollage V> When the pois b reaches point, the Pier tangle ‘will be in the position a. This the limiting position which corresponds to Thoctceet condor, beau at he terminal volage Vis = ‘ce ths ntl past ofthe OC. almost neat, anoer triangle CY is Jocmed bythe OC. the hypotenuse of the Poti teangle and the baseline. A ‘Saul Wangle, such so can be constructed from the Poier tangle i any ‘ther cation by drainga line i paralel oO throughthe vertex othe Poter ‘tangle which sen the OCC. “The ZPFC may be wed in conjunction with the OCC: to Gnd the armature action nent od te appronanate lage fectanee vllage ofthe machine (Gag 205) The consracin a5 flows 1. Take point b on the ZPEC preferably well upon the knee ofthe 2 Draw Ik equal to ¥ 0 (is the point for ero voltage flHlond ‘Current Tati OW the short et excitation, Fe. | Through kdeaw ke poral to O° to meet OCC. in | Drop the perpendicular or onto BE 5 Then fo scale ovis the leage reactance drop 1, Xj and a isthe amature reaction mF 0 ld current Ig equivalent to arma ture reaction mu trated cure. “Theft of fel leskage fc in comblation with the armature leakage ‘x gives soe to an equivalent leakage eacance X, known asthe Potier ree tance Iti eae han the armature leakage reactance. eacance y= gg NOURBE SFO ers oa) thea Pe 7% PF rated armature current per phase [) For cyindiab-otr mache, Pte eactance is approcinstely equal toteshage ectance in salet-ple machines, X, may be as large a 3 times Xa. ‘Assumptions | "Te following assumptions ae made inthe Potier method : 1. The amature reitanceR, [neglectedDwar: wi. ging et Tetween stand volgen 2 The leauge nacance vag 1 Ka independent of cation 44 The armature econ mans constant Ie isnot ncenry to pet the enti ZPRC oe determing oq a, cozy ule pats band ig 229 ae afin Ps cr SRS E TEAS Chsca eh peste ated emia ots EEE SISSIES Rainy comptes eee ‘Srtiton {0 onthe machine TO the caentrequed oc {Site encarsateuent equal he ated rest 1135 PROCEDURE TO OBTANWTHE REGULATION BY EERO POWER FACTOR METHOD Te flowing. end ving nd a pan ye pore ‘The phuoe laa foraging powercor 9 awn a shown nig 325 Ine por dagam Chav eral pase vgs at fol oad Is tah as eference pases and drawn horizontally. al (on =f aad cute lggng eid Vby an angle go $5 cet yananple cost poe: ‘Ace opi: yah mate eitane e)s “awn pao, (O5) (Dat, Ke=leahage reactance ole drop. I Syperpendalr to AC. Jin OD represent the peated em. ‘ind the fed exctatin cutent fy 1 corespondngt his generated emt E, ‘eave OG (qual 1, perpendicular to OD). Dowland From: wa Ey Enietng et ‘Seca GENERATORS (ALIERATOR = ‘Draw Gif parallel to lad cortent OB 1) to sepesentexcaton eh erent) cuanto falHoad armature rescion yr OH gives the ttl fl x cormeponding Wo Bad exciton OF TDetcnine the ent E+ OK) coresponding to Bil excitation OH fom he OCC Phan OK wil lag bind phasor OFby 97. DK represents the ete oy het amare reaction. ‘Nove wotage regulation obtained from the relation EV ‘Percentage voltage regulation =F 100% ‘peasants 237. A 500 RVA, 600 V, pas, trconntcel leat ft ein pr se. tae ya pone fcter met he regain 6 Teg pee cor oy, (09g, (071 gn, fom ent ‘ee en ul ond sr poe ft ccamaa | Oates | Sine | = 0 @ 2 oo wo % “ao 0 re 0 = ua 0 700 Sou The OC and he ZPFC ae ida down i227 ao lnc ott ine vlags of 00 Vo ect he ZFC a jonbelme ule =OFesE A tel caret opie Geant fend cet on SC So reall tO (he tl slope of the OCC) 1 met he oc a be Kelair ron he eH Hees a i the Paes aie tr = bed arent nqure tone arate econ onload =yAaBA or wed season Vinee 227 Vperpiase nage impianesvotage Sp LX.2 BV perpce ASP 5V, Le OA xengitg re “ang as taece poor 0?=£00 [0 A= 0