Question – 02

(A) Differentiate between a start and a planet. What is the magnitude of a

star, and how the color of stars is correlated with their temperatures?

Question Breakdown

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to
explain the understandable differences between a star and a planet. Remember,
making a table elaborating the differences between the various characteristics of the
two entities would assure you maximum marks. In the second part of the question, you
are supposed to define the magnitude of a star in your own words and correlate the
colors of stars with their temperature in no more than three to four lines. Remember,
writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum
marks is to address what is asked with appropriate diagrams.

Answer:

Difference between a star and a planet:

Characteristics Star Planet

Definition A star is a celestial body that possesses light A planet is a celestial body that does not have an
and reflects light on its own. internal source of light. They receive light from
external sources, like sun.

Numbers There are billions and millions of stars Our solar system that is a part of the known univers
present in the Universe. has only 8 planets.

Size and Stars are huge in size and have high Planets have relatively small size and low
Temperature temperature. temperatures.

Movement Stars move freely in the universe with a Every star, like our sun, has planets revolving
twinkly effect. They do not revolve around around it in orbits.
any other star or planet.

Life Cycle Stars undergo a life cycle. Planets do not have life cycles.

Examples Sun, Barnard’s star (closest red dwarf star), Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn
Sirius star (brightest start in night sky)
The magnitude of a star:

The measure of the brightness of a star is called the magnitude of a star. It is measured
with a stellar magnitude scale that ranges from +30 to -30. On this scale, the brightest
object has the smallest number, and the faintest object has the largest number. For
instance, the star of magnitude -10 is brighter than the start of magnitude +10.

Example: Sirius is the brightest star with a magnitude of -1.46.

Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Relation between the color and temperature of a star:

The surface temperature of a star determines the color it emits. The color, in turn,
depends on wavelength, and wavelength depends on a given magnitude. Thus,
According to Plank’s Equation:

Where, E= energy and λ= wavelength of emitted light.

Hence, the blue stars- with a low wavelength- have high energy as well as high
temperature, and thus are hot. Whereas the red stars- with a high wavelength- have low
energy and low temperature, thus are cold.

For instance, Sirius is a hot star emitting blue light, and Betelgeuse is a cold star that
emits red light.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

(B) Semiconductors are the Brains of Modern Electronics: Explain in

detail what this quotation means.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner requires you to elaborate the significance semiconductors
hold in the modern day electronics. So, what you have to do is to mention the uses of
semiconductors in various items of daily use, specifically focusing on the “how” aspect
of the working of semiconductors. Remember, writing too much will never reward you
highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in
the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make you stand out from other aspirants.

Answer:

Semiconductors:

Semiconductors are the type of material that has electrical resistance between the
resistance of metals (conductors) and the resistance of insulators, as the name
indicates “semi-conductor”. It is sometimes referred to as an integrated circuit or
microchip made from pure elements like silicon and germanium or compounds like
gallium and arsenide.

Semi-conductors in modern electronics:

It is a matter of fact that semiconductors are critical components of millions of electronic

devices used in computing, telecommunication, household appliances, banking,
security, healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing, etc.
 1. Computing

Microchips, as used in computers, became the first modern means of computation.

Depending on the type of chip, a semiconductor uses binary codes to launch a program
or download and save a document.

• Telecommunication

The principle of semiconductors for telecommunication is the same as in computing. A

smartphone’s semiconductor chips affect its display, navigation, battery use, 4G
reception, and a lot more features. Not just mobile phones, all modern means of
communication use semiconductors to function.

• Household appliances

Refrigerators, microwave ovens, washing machines, air conditioners, and other

machines around homes and offices operate properly, thanks to semiconductors, in
which different chips control temperature, timer, and other automated features.

• Banking

Considering the banking sector, banks are the major investors in microchips as banks
deal with digital accounting, cloud platforms, cash withdrawal via ATMs, security
cameras, and even automated locking mechanisms.

• Healthcare

Medical professionals, nowadays, make use of advanced technology (semiconductor-

based) while carrying out complex surgical procedures, like heart surgeries or organ
transplants for accuracy, precision, and safety. Even having discussions with patients,
getting their history, and diagnosing them is possible via video conferencing.

In short, semiconductors have, undoubtedly, revolutionized modern electronics and,

thus, the way we live.

(C) Briefly describe the most popular and accepted theory about the
origin of the Universe

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to describe the most accepted theory
about the origin of the universe. Thus, you need to focus mainly on writing all about the
Big Bang Theory with a proper definition and its steps. Remember, writing too much
about other theories would have a negative impact on the examiner. However, just
eluding the evidence of it in the context of “Why Big Bang is the most accepted theory”
and drawing a neat diagram and flow chart can help you get maximum marks.

Answer:

There are a number of theories and hypotheses that tried to explain the origin of the
universe. However, the most accepted among all is “The Expanding Universe
Theory” or “Big Bang Theory” formulated by Georges Lemaitre, a well-known
mathematician, and astronomer of his time.

Big Bang Expansion Theory:

According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe is a result of an expansion and is
continually expanding.

The theory states the following points:

1. Singularity:

Before the creation of anything, there was present a singularity. Singularity means that
our Universe was a very dense and hot single point and time and space were zero.
Similarly, the matter and energy had same state and temperature was 10 bn.
centigrade. Further, gravity was the dominant energy at that time.

1. Expansion:

About 13.5 billion years ago, some force suddenly expanded the singularity, resulting in
the evolution of time and space. As the space started to expand, the temperature
started to cool down gradually as a result of which the energy was converted into the
Quarks- the first particle of matter to be formed.

1. Formation:

Eventually, the Quarks started making groups and created different sub-atomic
particles, which then formed atoms, elements, and molecules in the form of larger
chunks. As gravity was present, it converted these irregular chunks into round and
elliptical shaped galactic content that, ultimately, lead to the creation of the galaxies,
solar systems, planets, etc. This is the universe we see today. The universe is still
expanding at an accelerated rate.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Evidence of Big Bang Theory:

Hubble’s Law provides scientific reasoning to the Big Bang Theory and provides the
basis for its authenticity. The law explains that the galaxies are continuously expanding
without affecting the size of galaxies. Additionally, the presence of cosmic background
radiation also supports the theory.

(D) What are the advantages and limitations of renewable energy

resources? Briefly explain the prospects of non-conventional energy
resources in Pakistan.

Question Breakdown:

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to
explain the advantages and limitations of renewable energy resources. Remember, in
solving such questions, always start your answer by defining the term. Hence, you are
supposed to define renewable energy with a few examples at first; then, address three
advantages and three limitations. In the second part, write the prospects of the
renewable/ non-conventional energy resources in bullets to address the question
efficiently.

Answer:
Renewable Energy Resources:

As the name explains, renewable energy resources are the sources that are
continuously replenished. These sources of energy include solar energy, wind energy,
geothermal energy, and hydroelectric power. Following are some advantages and
limitations of renewable energy resources:

Advantages of Renewable sources of energy:

1. These sources are naturally occurring; therefore, they replenish naturally.

2. They are clean to use as they do not emit carbon and greenhouse gases.
Consequently, they minimize global warming and protect our environment.
3. The installation of renewable energy plants creates lot of employment
opportunities.

Limitations of Renewable sources of energy:

1. The installation of renewable energy plants is expensive and acquires a lot of

resources.
2. The power generation from these sources depends greatly on geographical
locations and weather conditions.
3. The storage cost of these energy sources is very high.

Prospects of Non-Conventional Sources in Pakistan:

Pakistan is a country rich in alternative sources of energy and has great potential of
non-conventional energy sources. Some of the prospects of non-conventional energy
sources are discussed below.

1. Wind Energy:

Wind is an abundant resource in Pakistan. Since the country has several well-known
wind corridors and an average wind speed of 7.87 m/s in 10 percent of its windiest
areas, the country still has a potential installable capacity of around 346,000 MW.

1. Solar energy:

Pakistan has tremendous potential to generate solar energy. According to the World
Bank, the country can fulfill its current electricity demand by utilizing just 0.071 percent
of the country’s area for solar voltaic power generation. Moreover, it can generate more
than 2,900 gigawatts of solar power capacity.
 1. Biomass:

A large amount of solid waste is wasted every year due to improper solid waste
management. However, if Pakistan properly manages its solid waste and animal dump,
a large amount of biomass can be produced. According to estimation, the potential of
biomass energy in Pakistan is 50,000 GW h/year.

Do you know on a yearly basis nearly 30 to 40 thousands aspirants fail to join Govt. of
Pakistan just because of poor English. Let’s give it a read

Question – 03

(A) Explain with examples the relationship between cells, tissues, and
organs.

Question Breakdown:

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to
explain the relationship between cells, tissues, and organs, and then, you are required
to give relevant examples that elaborate the aforementioned relationship. Remember,
writing too much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum
marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to
make you stand out from other aspirants.
Answer:

Understanding Cells, Tissues, and Organs and their Relationship

Cells are the simplest units of life that are capable of performing biological functions,
and similar types of cells performing a similar function combine to form a tissue.
Eventually, the tissues performing similar actions make up an organ.

Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Examples to Illustrate the Relationship:

1. Muscles:

• Muscle cells, known as muscle fibers, are the basic building block of muscles.
• The two types of muscle cells are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
• Different muscle cells combine to form muscle tissues that keep the body
upright, move it, and pump the heart.
• Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle tissues form cardiac, skeletal, and
smooth muscles (organs) forming the muscular system.

1. Brain and the Spinal Cord:

• Neurons and glia are the basic functional units of the nervous system.
• The neurons and glia combined to form nervous tissues.
• Nervous tissues, muscle tissues, and other tissues to form the Brain and Spinal
Cord, which together constitute the nervous system.

1. Heart:
 • Cardiac, smooth, endothelial, and connective cells are the basic unit of
cardiovascular organs.
• These cells combine to form cardiac tissues, smooth tissues, endothelial,
connective tissues.
• Different cardiac, smooth, endothelial, and connective tissues help heart to
function properly.

Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

(B) Explain the difference in structure & function between a cell wall and
a cell membrane.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to differentiate cell wall and cell
membrane-two components of a cell- on the basis of two main characteristics, i.e.,
structure and function. Solving the question in the tabular form can help you make your
answer more presentable and distinguished. Thus, you have to draw a table with three
columns with first column dealing with the names of characteristics and other two
columns explaining cell wall and cell membrane in bullets form respectively. In this
question, you do not need to draw any diagram.

Answer:

Cell wall Cell Membrane

Structure of a cell wall Structure of a cell membrane

 The outermost layer of the plant cell is called the The outermost layer of the animal cell is called the cell membrane
cell wall.

It is present only in plant cells. It is present in all types of cells.

The cell wall has a thick and rigid structure with a The cell membrane has a thin and delicate structure with a fixed
fixed shape. shape.

Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose from the cell It is made up of 4 types of molecules: proteins, carbohydrates,
wall. cholesterol, and phospholipids.

It is made up of 35% pectin, 30% cellulose, 30% It is made up of 60-80% protein and 20-40% fat.
hemicellulose, and 5% protein.

The cell wall is o.1 um thick. It is 7.5- 10 nm thick.

Functions of a cell wall Functions of a cell membrane

It maintains the shape of the cell. It maintains the shape of the cell.

The regulation of the transfer of material into and It plays role in the transportation of things into and out of the cell.
out of the cell is controlled by a cell wall.

It provides protection to the cell and separates it It provides internal protection to the cell from the external
from its surrounding environment. environment.

It is fully permeable. It is the porous membrane; however, it is selectively permeable

allowing selective cells to pass into and pass out of the cell.
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

(C) What is meant by transpiration? Explain in detail the significance of

leaf structure in the process of transpiration.

Question Breakdown

This question is quite simple. First, the examiner has asked you to explain the
understanding of transpiration in your own words. Next part of the question demands
the role of leaf structure-stomata- in the process of transpiration. Remember, never
attempt any procedural question without diagram; otherwise, it could affect your
efficiency. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make yourself stand out from
other aspirants.

Answer:

Transpiration:
Transpiration is the biological process by which the excessive water is evaporated from
the surface of leaves of plants into the atmosphere in the form of moisture and water
vapors.

Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Role of leaves structure in Transpiration:

Plant leaves have the tiny pores on their epidermal surface that play a significant role in
transpiration. These special pores are called stomata. Stomata are microscopic parts
consisting of two kidney shaped guard cells. As soon as the water absorbed by the
roots reaches the tissues of the leaves through veins, the spongy surface of mesophylls
is responsible for taking this water to stomata. Moreover, the 90% of transpiration in
plants takes place through stomatal transpiration. In stomatal transpiration, water
vapors move through stomata of leaf as the guard cells open and close respectively.

Opening and closing of stomata:

The opening and closing of stomata depend on the turgid or flaccid state of guard cells.
In the flaccid state of guard cells, stomata are closed. In turgid state, they are open.
Consequently, transpiration occurs when the stomata are open, and it stops when they
are closed. Moreover, during daytime, transpiration is more because guard cells are
swollen. This swelling caused by the higher concentration of carbohydrates resulting
from photosynthesis provides greater area for the release of water. On the other hand,
during night time, the guard cells are shrunk providing less area for the release of water.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

(D) What is meant by the term double circulation? Briefly describe how
the heart is adapted to keep blood flowing in a double circulation.

Question Breakdown:

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to
elaborate the term “double circulation”. Next, he has asked you to explain concisely the
way the heart functions to perform double circulation, i.e. the mechanism and
components of the circulatory system involved in the process. Remember, writing too
much will never reward you highest marks; what awards you maximum marks is to
address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA paper, creativity is the key to make you stand
out from other aspirants.

Answer:

What is double circulation?

The heart has two sides from which the blood flows in and out twice per circuit. This
circulation of blood twice per circuit is called double circulation. The right side of the
heart pumps the deoxygenated blood from the body into the lungs. On the other hand,
the left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the body.

Brief description of the blood flow in heart

As there are two sides in the heart, each side is divided into two atria (upper chambers)
and two ventricles (lower chambers).

1. The venae cava, the largest vein in the body, carries deoxygenated blood from
the body into the right atrium. From the right atrium, the blood goes into the right
ventricle through the tricuspid valve from where it further goes into the lungs.
2. Now, the lungs oxygenate the blood and take it into the left atrium. From the left
atrium, oxygenated blood flows into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.
Afterwards, blood flows from the left ventricle into the body, and aorta, the largest
artery of the body, supplies it to the whole body.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Consequently, double circulation in right and left side of the heart takes place
simultaneously.

Question – 04
(A) What is the sequence of strata of the atmosphere and on what
factors does it depends?

Question Breakdown:

In this question, since the examiner has asked you to describe the strata of atmosphere,
initiate the answer with explaining atmosphere briefly in your own words. When done,
write down the layers of the atmosphere in the bullet form and a to the point description.
Remember, writing too much will not help you secure good marks in any way. Next,
write all the possible factors on the basis of which the layers vary, for instance,
temperature, width, density, etc. using headings and bullets. Lastly, in the GSA paper,
creativity is the key to make yourself stand out from other aspirants. Therefore, add a
schematic diagram illustrating the layers of atmosphere.

Answers:

What is Atmosphere?

The layers of gases around the earth are called the Atmosphere. In other words, an
atmosphere contains the air that we breathe and is a blanket of gases that surrounds
Earth. Moreover, it is held near the surface of the planet by Earth’s gravitational
attraction.

Strata of Atmosphere:

The atmosphere is comprised of five distinct layers that are determined by the changes
in temperature that occurs because of increasing altitude.

• Troposphere: The bottom-most layer of the atmosphere where we live in the

troposphere. It extends upward to about 10km above sea level starting from the
ground level. It comprises of 75% of all air in the atmosphere; its lowest part is
known as the boundary layer while the topmost layer is called the tropopause.
• Stratosphere: Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere. Its distance from
the surface of the earth is 12 -50 Km. the ozone layer lies in the stratosphere; the
stratosphere is the layer where airplanes fly.
• Mesosphere: The layer of ions is Mesosphere. It extends to a height of about
85km from the ground level.
• Thermosphere: The topmost layer of the strata of the atmosphere is the
thermosphere. Its distance from the earth’s surface is 80-320 Km. Satellites orbit
Earth within the thermosphere.
• Exosphere: The pseudo or false atmosphere above 500 km is the exosphere. It
is the final frontier of the Earth’s gaseous envelope. The exosphere is 10, 000 km
from the earth’s surface. However, there’s no clearcut upper boundary where it
finally fades away into the space.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Factors affecting the composition of the atmosphere:

The atmosphere is divided into the above layers based on following factors:

1. Temperature and Altitude of the layer

Temperature and Altitude

Troposphere The temperature starts dropping as one goes higher in the troposphere. In the troposphere, temperature
drops by 6.5 Celsius degrees per kilometer.

Stratosphere Since the ozone layer comes under the stratosphere, the ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet (UV) rays
from the sun and convert them into heat; consequently, the temperature of the layer increases.

Mesosphere: The temperature again decreases with increasing height. This is coldest parts of our atmosphere are
located here and can reach around about -90 degrees Celsius.

Thermosphere The presence of ultraviolet rays and ions (excited atoms) increases the temperature of the layer.
Temperatures in the upper part of the thermosphere range from 500 degrees Celsius to 2000 degrees
Celsius or even higher.
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

• Gravity and Pressure in the layer

Another factor that affects the sequence of strata is pressure and gravity. Gravity pulls
the molecules in the air towards the earth exerting pressure on molecules. The pressure
causes molecules to behave in a specific way. When a parcel of air moves upwards, it
expands, and when air expands it gets colder.

• Chemical Composition of the layer

The chemical composition of the layer is also another major factor, which in some ways
is affected by the gravity, temperature, and pressure in the respective layers.

(B) Describe the water cycle and briefly explain the major processes
involved in the water cycle?

Question Breakdown:

The question consists of two parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to
define the water cycle. Then, you have to delineate the processes that make up the
whole water cycle. Remember, writing too much will never reward you highest marks;
what awards you maximum marks is to address what is asked. Lastly, in the GSA
paper, creativity is the key to making yourself stand out from other aspirants; thus, draw
the water cycle and label it properly to score maximum marks.
Answer:

What is a water cycle?

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes how the water is
exchanged through evaporation from the surface of Earth, rises into the atmosphere,
gets colder, and then condenses into raindrops, and, at last, falls back to Earth’s
surface as precipitation. It is a continuous cycle that preserves the availability of water
on earth. Moreover, this precipitation of water in and out of the atmosphere is a notable
aspect of the weather patterns on Earth. Lastly, the water cycle is powered by solar
energy and gravity.

Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important ones are
Evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and reabsorption.

1. Evaporation: Evaporation is one of the major processes in the cycle. Here, the
water is converted into gaseous water vapors that occur when the water
molecules have attained a sufficient amount of kinetic energy which helps them
to eject themselves from the water surface. By evaporation, during the water
cycle, all the water from earthly water bodies like seas, oceans, rivers, streams,
and lakes in the form of water vapors go into the atmosphere. Factors that are
mainly involved in this process are temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar
radiation. Moreover, the statistics show that 90% of water vapors in the
atmosphere are formed by evaporation.

1. Evapotranspiration: The evaporation of water in the form of water vapors from

the bodies of living organisms, like animals and plants, is called
evapotranspiration. From plants, water is released through minute pores or
stromata present in leaves by a process called transpiration, and from animals, it
is released in the process of sweating. The statistics show that 10% of water
vapors in the atmosphere are formed by evapotranspiration. Moreover, almost all
the water vapors are confined to the troposphere -the bottom-most layer of the
atmosphere.

1. Condensation: The transition process in which gaseous vapors are converted

into liquid or solid is known as condensation. During the water cycle, as water
vapors start moving upwards, they start to condense in form of clouds, dew, fog,
and frost. They are called the product of condensation. By condensation, water
vapors in the atmosphere are released to form precipitates.

1. Precipitation: When the product of condensation, such as clouds, falls towards

Earth’s surface in large bulk in the form of precipitates, this whole process is
called precipitation. It is, then, distributed in four main ways:
• Some of its parts return to the atmosphere by the process of evaporation
• Some may percolate into the soil through the process of infiltration
• Some of its parts may intercept by the process of vegetation which is then
evaporated from the leaves’ surface
• Some flow directly as surface runoff into the sea
• Lastly, during the water cycle, since clouds have been formed, they fall to the
ground in the form of rain, snow, sleet, and hail.

1. Surface Runoff: It is basically the flow of water that occurs on the ground
surface when the water from rain, snow, and hail starts moving from greater
heights towards the lower areas, and can no longer infiltrate in the soil rapidly. In
other words, water that flows from higher to lower levels and finally into oceans
instead of getting absorbed into the soil is what we know as surface runoff. For
example, rivers, streams, seas, lakes, etc. Moreover, the geomorphological
factors involved in this process include the type of soil, area, shape, slope, and
network of drainages.

1. Infiltration: During surface runoff, some water is infused into subsurface soils,
making underground water reservoirs. This process is called infiltration in the
water cycle. The result of infiltration is water tables and aquifers. If the aquifers
are porous enough that they allow the water to move freely through them, wells
can be drilled into the aquifers.

1. Re-absorption of water: Plants and animals absorb the underground water that
again goes into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

(C) What is the difference between asthenosphere and lithosphere?

Explain various components of the lithosphere.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to differentiate asthenosphere and
lithosphere- the two mechanical layers of the earth’s interior. Thus, answer the question
by simply drawing the table of differences between both. Try to write the clear
differentiating points in bullet form. In the next part, the examiner has asked you to
explain the various component of the lithosphere. Lastly, Draw a diagram and label it
properly to gain maximum marks in your examination.

Answer:

Lithosphere Asthenosphere

The lithosphere consists of the earth’s crust and the The layer of earth where the magma in liquid form is present is
uppermost solid layer of the mantle. called Aesthonosphere.
 The Continental crust lies above the lithosphere. It The lithosphere lies above the aesthenosphere.
overlies the aesthenosphere.

It has a depth of 100 km with 70 km upper mantle and It has a depth of 600 km.
30 km crust.

As this layer consists of the tectonic plates, that’s why As it is a weak and easily deformed layer, this layer, therefore,
it is rigid and brittle in nature. It tends to break and acts as a lubricant for the plate tectonics to slide over. It tends to
does not flow. flow like toothpaste.

It consists of different elements and minerals. Since it is molten lava and magma, it contains only iron-
magnesium silicate.
Table by Miss Iqra Ali
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

Components of the lithosphere:

The lithosphere, the rigid and outermost shell of the earth, is essentially comprised of
two main elements:

1. Crust:

• The lithosphere contains crust which is its lightest, most buoyant layer. It further
comprises of continental and oceanic crust.
 • The Continental crust is significantly thicker (20 to 80 km) than the oceanic one
(5 to 10km) and its upper part is more exposed as compared to its lower part. It is
comprised of granite rock that is lighter in color. It mainly constitutes silicon,
aluminum, and oxygen.
• Oceanic crust is that part of the Earth’s crust that comprises dark-colored rocks
which are made up of silicon, oxygen, and magnesium. Moreover, it scarcely
floats on the mantle.

1. The upper and lower mantle

• The upper mantle is located beneath the crust of the Earth and ends at the lower
mantle. It is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and
volcanoes. Its thickness is round about 200 to 250 miles. Here, the temperature
ranges from 900 to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit. The upper mantle is not
homogenous throughout. Its lowest layer of the upper mantle is known as the
aesthenosphere which comprises of fluid and is able to move. This fluidity
causes the tectonic plates to move.

• The lower mantle is located approximately 400 to 1800 miles below the earth’s
surface. It makes up the most bulk of the entire mantle. It contains solid rock and
minerals. It is located above the outer core. Additionally, the lower mantle is
extremely hot around about 7000 degrees Farenheit because it helps in
transferring heat from the core to the upper mantle.

This part of lithosphere, as a whole, is about 1800 miles thick. The magma in its
solidified form is present in Lithosphere. Moreover, to scientists, the mantle is a crucial
part of the interior of earth.
Picture by Miss Iqra Ali

(D) Differentiate between food contaminants and food adulterants.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has simply asked you to differentiate between food
contaminants and food adulterants. So, you need to write down the maximum
differences between the two of the terms. First of all, start the first point by defining both
the terms. Additionally, adding examples for both of the terms to elaborate them is what
will award you maximum marks. Finally, making a table to differentiate the two is what
would make your paper standout from other aspirants. Lastly, there’s no need to draw
any sort of diagram in this question.

Answers:

Food contaminants Food adulterants

Definition: Food contaminants are unwanted and impure Definition: Food adulterants are inferior,
elements in food, mainly introduced by the environment through substandard, or unnecessary substances deliberately
humidity, heat, water contents, or soil etc. Moreover, they also added to food to improve its appearance and to gain
include any harmful substances that are unintentionally added to greater profit.
food, which maybe chemicals from natural resources or formed
during food processing.

Examples: Heavy metals in soil, which plants take up, are Examples: A chemical named melamine is
present in vegetables and fruits as food contaminants. Similarly, commercially added to milk to increase its protein
exposing food to high temperature provides a favorable level. Tea leaves are usually adulterated with used te
environment for pathogens and bacteria to grow, ultimately leaves that are processed and colored. To enhance th
contaminating the food. If the fields are sprayed with flavor and color of honey, companies mix molasses
contaminated water for irrigation, fruits and vegetables can be sugar with it. Injecting water or brine into meat to
contaminated before harvesting. increase its weight is also an example of food
adulteration.

In most of the cases, containment of food happens naturally. Adulteration of food is completely a man-made
process.

Food containment is an unintentional process. Food adulteration is done intentionally.

It does not have any economic gains. It is motivated by economic gains.

Table by Miss Iqra Ali
 Question – 05

(A) Define the term “malnutrition: Elaborate its major causes and
consequences.

Question Breakdown:

There are three parts of this question. In this first part, the examiner has simply asked
you to define the term malnutrition. Therefore, start with defining the term briefly in your
own words. When done, write down the main causes of malnutrition in bullets, which is
the second part of this question. Moreover, write down the major consequences of
malnutrition that too in bullet points. Remember, making headings, subheadings, and
bullets is what will award you maximum marks in your paper. Lastly, you are not
supposed to draw any diagram in this question.

Answers:

Definition of Malnutrition

Malnutrition, in all its forms, refers to the deficiency, excess, or imbalance of the
nutrients in a person’s diet. The term is used to refer poor nutrition and overnutrition.
However, it commonly refers to undernutrition, a condition when a person does not
intake right number of dietary intakes -a condition when the body is deprived of
vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that are significant to maintain the tissues, cells,
and bones healthy.

Major causes of Malnutrition

There are various factors that can lead to malnutrition:

1. Acquired Causes: In this case, a quantitatively inadequate diet, mainly in

calories or protein, is the main factor behind malnutrition. I.e.,

• Unavailability of sufficient food

• Inadequate agricultural processes
• Imperfect distribution of food
• Malabsorption of vitamins, such as A, K, and D, minerals, and nutrients
• Poor eating habits and food preferences

1. Role of metabolic defects:

Malnutrition can also arise from acquired or inherited metabolic defects, notably those
involving the digestive tract, liver, kidney, and red blood cells, etc.

Consequences of malnutrition

1. Social consequences

• Child malnutrition: Undernourished children have weak immune systems;

therefore, they are prone to many diseases, like diarrhea, anemia, stunting,
rickets, etc.

• Adult malnutrition: Improper intake of nutrients badly affects an adult’s weight,

height, eyesight, health, and other mental capabilities.

1. Economic consequences

• Malnutrition slows economic growth and perpetuates poverty.

• Morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition cause loss in human capital and
productivity.

(B) Explain how a slice of bread after few days decomposes due to the
growth of fungi.
Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to elaborate the reason why a slice of
bread gets decomposed because of fungal growth. Here, first of all, you will describe
which fungus is responsible for the decomposition of the bread. When done, you are
supposed to elaborate that how this fungus causes the decomposition of bread slice.
Moreover, elaborating the factors which accelerate the growth of mold at the end of your
answer in bullets is what will award you maximum marks. Lastly, there’s no need to
draw any diagram in this question.

Answers:

A fungus called bread mold is responsible for the bread decomposition. When bread is
kept in warm temperature for a few days, mold grows on bread.

How does mold decompose the bread?

Since there are tiny spores present in the air, they fall on the slice of bread and the mold
starts to grow. These spores germinate to form hyphae that release secretive enzymes
on the particles of bread and break them down into smaller pieces. Afterward, mold
absorbs the moisture and nutrients from the bread and starts to spread throughout the
bread decomposing the bread.

Factors accelerating the growth of mold

1. Temperature:
Temperature is the most important factor determining the growth of mold. It
grows faster in warm temperatures; therefore, it can be prevented by keeping the
bread in the refrigerator.
2. Moisture:
Moist bread is likely to decompose faster.
3. Acidity:
Mold grows more in acidic foods. Bread with a higher ph value is less likely to
decompose. If the pH value is less than 7, mold grows faster.

(C) What is computer memory? Describe its units and discuss various
types of memories.

Question Breakdown:
This question has three parts. In the first part, the examiner has asked you to describe
computer memory in your own words. Remember, elaborating too much about the term
will never reward you good marks being relevant to the term are what will award you
maximum marks. When done, describe its units, which is the second part of the
question. Before describing its units, try to define what a memory unit actually means.
Lastly, write down the types of computer memory, which is the third and last part of this
question.

Answers:

What is computer memory?

Computer memory is the storage space where the computer stores data, instructions,
and programs. These memory spaces keep the data that is to be processed and the
instructions required for processing. Moreover, a computer stores the data in specific
locations with unique memory addresses.

Computer Memory Units

The units that represent how much data can be stored in a computer are called memory
units. Following are some of the memory units:

• Bit: it is the smallest memory unit that stores two digits 0 and 1.
• Byte: 8 bits make one byte. However, a byte can store multiple characters,
alphabets, digits, etc. it is also a pattern that stores data in numbers between 0
and 255.
• Kilobyte: 1024 bytes makes 1 kilobyte. It stores up to 1000 characters.
• Megabyte: 1024 kilobytes make 1 megabyte. It stores 1 million characters.
• Gigabyte: 1024 megabytes make 1 gigabyte. It stores 1 billion characters.
• Terabyte: 1024 gigabytes make 1 terabyte. It stores 1 trillion characters.

Types of computer memory:

There are various types of computer memory: Cache Memory, Primary Memory, and
Secondary Memory.

• Cache Memory

The memory that acts as a buffer between CPU and main memory is called cache
memory. The programs that are most frequently used by CPU are kept in this memory.
Therefore, it increases the speed of the CPU.
 • Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds the data and instructions on which a computer is currently
working. They are volatile memories since data is lost when the computer is switched
off. RAM and ROM are examples of main memory.

• Secondary memory

The external or non-volatile memory of a computer is called secondary memory. The

data and instructions are permanently stored in them. Also, CPU does not directly
access them; instead, they are accessed through input-output devices. DVD, CD-
ROOM, USB, is some examples of secondary memory.

(D) Differentiate between natural and artificial satellites. Briefly describe

the working of communication satellites with some applications.

Question Breakdown:

The question has three parts. In the first part of this question, the examiner has asked to
differentiate between the two terms. So, draw a table and write down the main
differences between natural and artificial satellites. Remember, in GSA paper, being
relevant to the question is the key. Thus, avoid writing too much about what is being
asked. When done, describe the working of a communication satellite with examples.
Last, write down the applications of communication satellite using bullet points and
subheadings. Finally, in this question, you are not supposed to draw any sort of
diagram.

Answer:

Natural Satellites Artificial Satellites

The satellites that exist naturally in the space are The man-made satellites serving human for various tasks are called
called natural satellites. artificial satellites.

Earth’s moon is an example of natural satellites. The communications satellites created by humans for communication
are examples of artificial satellites.
Table by Miss Iqra Ali

The working of a communication satellite with examples:

Communication satellites use high-frequency and high-wavelength waves called radio
waves to send and receive signals.

Communication satellites have two transmission systems to communicate with earth:

1. Uplink: The transmission of signals from earth to the satellite is called uplink
2. Downlink: whereas the transmission signals from the satellite to the earth are
called downlink.

Moreover, the communication to and from the satellite is done in three steps:

1. Sending signals from earth station

2. Retransmitting signals from satellites
3. Receiving signals on satellite footprint.

Applications of communication satellite

1. Television satellite:
To watch a cricket match, live from England in Pakistan, the signals from the
earth station, and the stadium, are sent to the television satellite. The satellites
receive, interpret, and retransmit the signals to the earth station in the coverage
area of Pakistan. The coverage area, known as satellites footprint, includes
various television stations in Pakistan that receive signals through antennas and
send to television sets in houses.
2. Radio satellite
Similarly, to listen to a podcast on radio, the signals from radio station are sent to
the satellites. Radio satellites receive, interpret, and retransmit the signals to the
satellite footprint of the area where the podcast is being heard. Moreover, the
frequency of the radio set catches the frequency of radio station through
antennas to play the podcast.
3. Mobile phone satellites.
These satellites work on the same principle of communication satellites. The
voice from one mobile tower is sent to the mobile satellite which retransmits the
signal to the other mobile tower through antennas.
 Question – 06

(A) A man is now 3 times as old as his son. In ten (10) years’ time, the
sum of their ages will be 76. How old was the man when his son was
born?

Answer:

This question was taken from the Age problem Unit in which we need to find out the age
of the father when his son was born that depends upon the son age,

So assume
Age of Son = x
Age of Father = 3x (Man is 3 times as old as his son)

In 10 years’ time, the sum of their ages will be 76.

Now in 10 years’ time
Age of son = x+10
Age of Father = 3x+10

Age of Son + Age of Father = 76 (According to question statement)

(x+10) + (3x+10) = 76
(Now Solve to get the age of son)
x +10 + 3x + 10 = 76
4x + 20 = 76
4x = 76 -20
4x = 56
x = 14 (Age of Son in 10 years’ time)

Now put the son age to get the father age

Age of Father = 3x
= 3(14)
= 42 (Age of Father in 10 years’ time)

Now just subtract the son’s age from father’s age to get the answer.

Age of Father when his son was born = 42 -14 = 28 Years

So, the Father’s age was 28 years when his son was born.

(B) How many tiles of 20cm2 will be required to have a footpath 1m wide
carried around the outside of grassy plot 24m long and 14m broad?

Answer:

This question was taken from the Geometry Unit, in which we need to find out the
number of tiles for making the footpath 1 meter wide outside around the grassy plot.

According to question grassy plot area

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

We use the following formula to calculate the area,

Area = Length * Width
So So the area of the grassy plot
= 24 * 14
= 336 m2

Now we need find the total area of grassy plot with footpath

Now calculate the area with a footpath

Area = Length * Width
= 26 * 16
= 416 m2

Now subtract the area of the grassy plot from the area of the grassy plot with a footpath
to get the area of a footpath.

= 416 m2 – 336 m2
= 80 m

Let’s convert the m2 to cm2

80 m2 = 800,000 cm2 (As 1 m2 = 10,000 cm2)
One tile = 20 cm2

Now divide the total area to find out the number of tiles;

Number of tiles = 800,000/20

Number of tiles = 40,000

(C) Mr. Faheem has dinner with his family at a restaurant that offers a
10% discount on food. The marked price of the food that they order was
Rs. 15000/- Given that there were service charges of 10% and GST is
17%, calculate the total amount of money he has to pay.

Answer:

From the information given in the question, we conclude that the problem deals with
discount, GST, and service charges on the paid amount. So,

Total price after discount is

D. Price= List price x discount rate

= 15000 x 10%

= 15000 x 10/100

= 1500

Total price after discount= 15000-1500

= 13500

Now service charges are 10%

So,

= 13500x 10/100

= 1350

And, GST is 17% so,

 = 13500 x 17/100

= 2295

Therefore, the total amount the family needs to pay= 13500 + 1350 + 2295

= 17145

Hence, 17145 is the total amount that the family needs to pay after all the taxes and
discount.

(D) Mr. Khawaja walked for 45 minutes at the rate of 3km/h and then ran
for half an hour at a certain speed. At the end of that time, he was 6km
away from the starting point. How fast did he run?

Answer:

This question was taken from the Time and Distance Unit in which we need to calculate
the speed of Mr. Khawaja running
Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

We used the following formula to solve this type of question,

Distance = Speed * Time

In given question, there are 2 part,

1. He walked for 45 minutes at a speed of 3km/h. (Find distance covered)

2. He runs at a certain speed for half-hour and covers a distance. (Find distance
and speed)

So, calculate the distance according to first part by using the above formula,

Distance = Speed * Time

= 3 Km/h * 0.75 h
= 2.25 Km

We need to convert the minutes in hours = 45/60 = 0.75 hour

So in the first 45 minutes, he covers 2.25 km.

Now find the distance cover by him by running as his total covered distance is 6 km.
Distance covered by running = Total distance covered – Distance covered by
Walked
= 6 – 2.25
= 3.75 km

As you calculate

Distance = 3.75 km
Time = half hour = 0.5 hours (30min/60 = 0.50)

Solve the 2 part to find the speed of his running,

Distance = Speed * Time

????? = ???????? / ????
Speed = 3.75 / 0.5
Speed = 7.5 Km/h

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Question – 07
(A) A child went 90 meters in the east then he turned right and went 20
meters. Subsequently, he turned right and after going 30 meters he
reaches his uncles home. From there, he went 100 meters to his north.
Determine How far he is from the starting point?

Answer:

This question was taken from the Direction problem Unit in which we required to
calculate the distance from the starting point:

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

According to the question statement

Point A is the Starting point of the child and point F is the ending and we need to find
the distance from point A to F, for this first we find the distance between A to E and E to
F,

AE = AB – EB (AB=90 and DC=EB=30)

= 90 m – 30 m = 60 m

Similarly

EF = DF – EF
= 100 m – 20 m = 80 m (DF=100 and BC=DE=20)

Now According to Pythagoras Theorem

(AF)2 = (AE)2 + (EF)2

Put the value of AF and EF as calculated above

Using the Pythagorean theorem

x²= 80² + 60² m

Taking square root on both sides

So, the child is 100m away from his starting point.

(B) The average of 11 numbers is 63, that of first 6 numbers is 60, and
that of last 6 numbers is 65, find the 6th number

Answer:

This question was taken from Average Unit in which we required to find the 6th number,
We use following formula to calculate the average;

??????? = ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????????/????? ???????????

According to question statement Average of;
11 numbers = 63
First 6 number = 60
Last 6 number = 65
Now we just need to calculate the sum of all number, first and last 6 number, So
according to above
formal:

??? ?? ??????????? = ??????? ∗ ????? ??????????n

Sum of 11 Numbers = 11 * 63 = 693
Sum of first 6 Numbers = 6 * 60 = 360
Sum of last 6 Numbers = 6 * 65 = 390

Now add the sum of first and last 6 numbers and subtract the sum of 11 numbers to get
the 6th number
Sum of first 6 Numbers = 360
Sum of last 6 Numbers = 390/750 (Addition)
Sum of 11 Numbers = 693

6th number = 57 (Subtraction)

Now the 6th number is 57

(C) This question was taken from the Polynomial function unit in which
we required to complete the table and draw a graph.

Answer:

According to question:

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

Now draw a graph according to the above-completed table:

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

(D) Mr. Raheel invested Rs. 60,000 in an account that earns simple
interest at the end of five years, the investment is worth Rs. 85000.
Calculate the rate of simple interest per year.

Answer:

This question was taken from Simple interest Unit in which we required to calculate the
rate of interest
per year.
According question statement:

Principal amount / invested amount = Rs.60,000

Time Period = 5 Years

Amount including interest after 5 years = Rs. 85,000

Simply find the interest earn on invested amount

Interest = Amount after 5 years – Invested amount

Interest = 85,000 – 60,000 = Rs.25,000

Now use the following formula for calculating the Interest rate per year;

Simple interest = Principal amount ∗ Interest rate ∗ time/100

???????? ???? = ?????? ???????? ∗100/????????? ?????? ∗ ????

Put the value in the above formula to get the interest rate per year

??????? ???? = 25,000 ∗100/60,000 ∗ 5 = 2,500,000/300,000 = 25/3

By dividing we get

Interest rate = 8.33 % per year

Question – 08

(A) This question is taken from the jumbled word Unit in which we
required to find the correct word

Answer:

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

(B) This question was taken from the Geometry Unit in which we
required to find the triangles in given shapes

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

So, if we total triangles from above (fig. 1. And 2.), it will become 10 triangles.
Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

So, if we total the above, it will become 6 triangles

Total Triangles = 10 + 6 = 16.

(C) This question was taken from the Geometry Unit in which we
required to calculate the area and perimeter of the given shape.

Answer

For calculating the area use following formula: Area = Length * Width
Solution by Dr. Nishat Afshan

(D) This question was taken from the number series Unit in which we
required to find the missing figures.

Answer: