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PROJECT REPORT
ON

The institution of engineers (India)

(ESTABLISHED 1920, INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1935)

8, GOKHALE ROAD KOLKATA-700020

CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNDER ESTEEMED GUIDENCE BY: PREPARED BY:-

Dr. ITRAT AMIN SIDDHIQUE GINNY PALIWAL

(MIE) Membership No. ST 636180-9

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PARTICULARS TITLES PAGENO.

1 FRONT PAGE 1

2 CANDIDATE DECLARATION 3

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

4 APPROVAL OF PROJECT 5

5 SUMMARY OF PROJECT 6-8

6 ABSTRACT 9

7 INTRODUCTION 10

8 RESEARCH ANALYSIS REPORT 11

9 NEED OF PROJECT 12-26

10 CONCLUTION 27-28

11 RECOMMENDATION 29
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CANDIDATE DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I, GINNY PALIWAL declare that the project “SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING LOAD
BEARING STRUCTURE:” is of my own ideas and words and where

others ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data /fact /source in my submission.
I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute
and can also evoke action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from
whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

PLACE: ROORKEE GINNY PALIWAL

DATE: ST- 636180-9

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

i (MIE) for their guidance and supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project
and also for their support in completing the project .

I would like to express my parents and my family members for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completing this project.

I have taken efforts in this project However; it would not have been possible without the kind support and
help of many individuals and organizations I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to DR. ITRAT AMIN SIDDHIQUE

My thanks and appreciation also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who willingly
helped me out me with their activities.

GINNY PALIWAL

ST-636180-9
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APPROVAL OF PROJECT

This is to certify that the GINNY PALIWAL, Membership No. ST-636180-9 has completed his project work

on “SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE ” under my

supervision and guidance.

I wish her best of luck and success in the life.

PLACE: IIT ROORKEE MR. ITARAT AMIN, MIE

Date (PROJECT GUIDE)

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SUMMARY OF PROJECT

 TITLE-

“ SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF EXISTING LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE:”

 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY-

 Earthquake Resistant construction ,the fabrication of a building or structure that is able to
withstand the sudden ground shaking that is characterstics of earthquakes. thereby minimizing
structural damage and human deaths and injuries .Suitable constructions methods are required
to ensure that proper design objectives for earthquake resistance are met .Construction
methods can vary dramatically throughout the world
,so one must be aware of local construction methods and resources availability before
concluding whether a particular earthquake resistant design will be practical and realistic for
the region.
Building failure during earthquake often are due to poor construction methods or
inadequate material. Building failures are also frequently attributed to a shortage of
suitable and locally available materials.

 To study damage of any structure and its causes.

 To increase load carrying capacity of Building.
 To study increment of strength by modification of building component.
 To Increase the lateral strength and stiffness of building.
 To eliminate or reduce the effect of irregularities.
 This aims to eliminate the possibility of progressive collapse.
 To ensure adequate stability against overturning and sliding.
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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT METHOD USED DIFFERENT BUILDING

NOWADAY. Earthquake is a big disaster that come through the people. Recently strong earthquake
tremors were experience in delhi NCR in October 2023.The earthquake resistant can apply on such kind of
building such as FRAME STRUCTURE BUILDING AND LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE BUILDINGS.

Now we are here discussed on this project about retrofitting load bearing structure in existing building

RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY

Sustainable development has become the challenge for humanity particularly with rapid growth of
urbanization. Critical issue is to provide food, shelter and other basic needs to rapidly growing world
population and save natural resources on which the very existence of population depends. We have got
wide variation in the Perception of responsibility to future generations and ethical issue. There is an
urgent need of us the professional to understand and implement cleaner production and sustainable
development and maintenance objectives at all level of responsibility. The design, construction,
operation, maintenance, and removal of buildings takes enormous amounts of energy, water and
materials, and generates large quantities of waste, air and water pollution. As the environmental impact
of buildings becomes more apparent, a concept called green building is gaining momentum. Green or
sustainable building is the practice of creating healthier and more resource efficient models of
construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition. Research and experience increasingly
demonstrates that when buildings are designed and operated with their lifecycle impacts in mind, they
can provide great environmental, economic, and social benefits. Hence sustainability in construction and
maintenance has become so important, while developing all civil Engineering Infrastructure

THE EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE PROJECT

This study carried out many of the results of improvements and modifications of structural
system in trying to achieve this goal the best alternative will be selected considering factors such
as functionally, economy sustainability and social impact.
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PLACES/SITES TO BE VISITED :- Primary school ,

PREPARED BY :- GUIDED BY:-

GINNY PALIWAL Dr.I.A. SIDDHIQUE( MIE)

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ABSTRACT
- Earthquakes are the induction of transformation in the earth internal structure .Seismic activity is
common in most part of the world ,through the frequency of its occurrence is a function of local
tectonic setup. The part earthquake experiences have demonstrated huge loss of life and building
stock, affecting the social and economic conditions of a country .Through it is not possible to prevent
an earthquake ,the least can be achieved in reducing the damage is to make the building earthquake
resistant .With the advancement in our understanding of the earthquake ,most of the countries have
mandated the incorporation of seismic provision in building design and architecture.
In the event of an earthquake, the seismic waves originating from the focus is transmitted in all the
possible directions.These shocks waves are propagated in the form of body waves and surface waves
through earth’s interior and are highly random in nature .These ground motion cause structure to
vibrate and induce the inertia forces in the structural elements .In the absence of seismic design ,the
building may fail ,leading to a catastrophe.The seismic design philosophy aim to primarily ensure life
safety and secure functionality of the building.
No region in the whole of the india can be considered as earthquake free due to the ongoing
subduction of the Indian plate under the Eurasian plate. The paper aim to create an awareness about
the earthquake safe building various seismic zones. This study investigates the contraction practices
wherever found necessary with the revelance to the codal provisions in addition the possible future
trend in the earthquake resistant technology has also been discussed.

NEED OF PROJECT
A large number of existing buildings in India is severely deficient against earthquake forces and the
number of such buildings are growing very rapidly. This has been highlighted in the past earthquake.
Retrofitting of any existing building is a complex task and requires skill, retrofitting of RC buildings is
particularly challenging due to complex behaviour of the RC composite material. The behaviour of the
buildings during earthquake depends not only on the size of the members and amount of
reinforcement, but to a great extent on the placing and detailing of the reinforcement. The
construction practices in India result in severe construction defects, which make the task of retrofitting
even more difficult. Appropriate maintenance prolongs the life span of a structure and can be used to
prevent such damages can help to avoid failures which may result due to these damages. Higher
operational loads, complexity of design and longer life time periods imposed to civil structure make it
increasingly important to monitor the health of these structures.
 .Due to revision of code
 .Well designed but poor construction
 .Improving performance of building for higher earthquakes
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INTRODUCTION
Large stocks of existing structures and infrastructure are deteriorated with use and time and
might have passed their design life and require retrofitting and rehabilitation. The cost of
retrofitting various infrastructures is estimated in the lakhs of rupees. To overcome the ill effects
caused by these deteriorated buildings Repair and Rehabilitation works are carried out from time
to time. Many of the existing structures were designed to codes that have since been modified
and upgraded. Change in use or higher loads and performance demands require modifications
and strengthening of structural elements. Concrete construction is generally expected to give
trouble free service throughout its intended design life.

However, these expectations are not realized in many constructions because of structural
deficiency, material deterioration, unanticipated over loadings or physical damage. Premature
material deterioration can arise from a number of causes, the most common being when the
construction specifications are violated or when the facility is exposed to harsher service
environment than those expected during the planning and design stages.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. To increase life of the building.

2. To know the health of the structure and its expected life.
3. To check the actual reliability of the structure
4. To recommend rehabilitation techniques
5. To highlight the critical areas and repairs them immediately
6. To save life of lives in the building.
7. To know the real condition of the building whether it is safe for dwelling or not.

 RESEARCH ANALYSIS REPORT

Steps to be followed in Structural Auditing

STEP 1: It is imperative that we must have Architectural and Structural plans of the buildings. It will
be helpful if we have detailed structural calculations including assumptions for the structural design.
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STEP 2: If the Architectural plans and Structural plans are not available, the same can be prepared by
any Engineer.

STEP 3: Inspection of the Building - A detailed inspection of the building can reveal the
Following:

Any settlements in the foundations.

Cracks in columns, beams and slabs.

Concrete disintegration and exposed steel reinforcements photographs can be helpful. Slight

tapping using hammer can reveal deterioration in concrete.

Corrosion in reinforcement.

Status of Balconies – sagging, deflection, cracks.

Status of Architectural features viz. Chhajjas.

Cracks in walls indicating swelling in R.C.C. members or deflection or corrosion. Leakages from

terrace & Toilet blocks.

Leakages & dampness in walls resulting into cracks and corrosion. Status of

repairs & last repaired.

What was repaired?

Who was the Agency?

How much was spent for repairs?

Building plans are available? When approved?

STEP 4: Preparation of Audit Report: On the basis of inspection of building an Audit Report is
prepared.

STEP 5: Tests Recommended: It is important that various tests are carried out in the old buildings.
This will give an idea about the extent of corrosion, distress and loss of strength in concrete &
steel.

STEP 6: Highlight the critical areas and how to go for repairs.

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 Why retrofitting is required?

 The need for retrofitting is to solve problem raised due to excessive loading, seismic
effects, poor workmanship or poor construction material. If building is in out dated
condition according to IS codes there is need to be retrofitted.
 Damage to the structural members.
 Excessive loading.
 Errors in design or construction.
 Seismic damage
 Structural failure.
 Corrosion due to penetration honeycombs.
 Change in use of building
 Upgradation of code

 REPAIR, RETROFITTING AND REHABILITATION OF

STRUCTURES
CONTENTS

Definition

Masonry Construction Aspect for Earthquake Resistance

Materials for Repairs of Crack Repair of Brick Masonry Repair

of Wall due to dampness

Efflorescence in Walls

Repair of RCC Slab Plate

Bonding

Fibre Wrap Technique

 REPAIR
The main purpose of repair is to bring back the architectural shape of the building so that all services
start working and the functioning of building is resumed quickly. Repair does not pretend to improve
the structural strength of the building .

The action will include the following:

Patching up of defects such as cracks and fall of plaster. Repairing

doors, windows, replacement of glass panes.

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Checking and repairing electric wiring.

Rebuilding non-structural walls, compound walls, etc. Re-

plastering of walls as required.

Relaying cracked flooring at ground level.

Decoration – white washing, painting, etc.

Checking and repairing gas pipes, water pipes and plumbing services.

STRENGTHNING AND RESTORATION

It is the restitution of the strength of the building had before the damage occurred. The main
purpose of restoration is to carry out structural repairs to load bearing elements. Some of the
approaches are stated below: Removal of portion of cracked masonry walls and piers and
rebuilding them in richer mortar Addition of reinforcing mesh on both face of the crack wall,
holding it to the wall through spikes or bolts and then covering it suitably Injecting epoxy like

material, which is strong in tension into the cracks in walls, column, beam and footing

STRATEGIES FOR STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING

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RETROFITTING
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged buildings. It is an
improvement over the original strength when the evaluation of the building indicates that the
strength available before the damage was insufficient and restoration alone will not be
adequate in future quakes.

 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

(a ) PLAN OF A BUILDING

 The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the
axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion earthquake and is dangerous.
 Simple and regular shapes behave better during earthquake than shapes with many
projections.
 If longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient gap 25 to 40 mm in
between should be provided.
 The projection in plan shall not exceed L/3 or B/3 in length or width respectively.
 Length of block in plan should not exceed

(b) MASNORY MORTAR

As per IS : 4326-1993, buildings are classified into A to E
categories, according to earthquake resistance, as under

BUILDING DESIGN SEISMIC

CATEEGORY COEFFICIENT

A 0.04 to less than 0.05

B 0.05 to 0.06

C More than 0.06 and less than

0.08
D 0.08 to less than 0.12

E 0.12 and above

The proportion of masonry mortar shall not be poor than (1:6)

cement-sand.

BUILDING CATEGORY MASONRY MORTAR

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A Cement-sand 1:6 or Lime-Cinder 1:3 or richer

B, C Cement-Lime-Sand 1:2:9 or Cement-sand 1:6 or richer

D, E Cement-sand 1:4 or Cement-Lime-sand 1:1:6 or richer

(c) WALL DIMENSION AND BUILDING HEIGHT

For single storey building, wall thickness shall not be less than 1 brick (190 MM) For
Three storey building, wall thickness in ground storey shall not be less than 1 1 2 brick
and in the upper floors wall thickness shall not be less than 1 brick.
Wall thickness shall not the less than 1/16 of the distance between two cross walls. The floor
height shall not exceed 3.0 m.

BUILDING CATEGORY MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STOREYS

A, B, C 3

D 2

(b) WALL OPENING

In walls the size of opening shall be small and located in the middle of the wall. Opening
Shall be located at minimum distance of ¼ into height of opening from the inner corner. This
distance shall not be less than 60cm
Total length of openings in a wall shall not exceed :
One Storey Building = 50% of the distance between two cross walls. Two
Storey building = 42% of the distance between two cross walls. Three Storey
building = 33% of the distance between two cross walls.
The horizontal distance between two nearby openings shall not be less than 0.5 x height of
opening and not less than 60cm.
The vertical distance between two openings shall not be less than 0.5 x Width of opening
and not less than 60cm.
 If above criteria are not satisfied, the opening shall protected by 2-8mm diameter of bars.

(c) MASONRY BOND

For getting sufficient strength masonry work shall be carried out in proper bond with vertical
joints in one vertical line in the alternate courses. First of all wall shall be constructed for 60cm
height at the corners, than central portion of wall shall be constructed. At the junction of two
walls, toothed joint shall be provided.
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(d) HORIZONTAL BANDS

PLINTH BAND- Plinth bands are provided when soil is soft or uneven in their
properties. This band also acts as DPC

LINTEL BAND- This is most important band and will in corporate in itself all doors
and window lintels. It must be provided in all storeys in buildings. The
reinforcement of lintels should be provided extra.

ROOF BAND- This band will be required at eaves level of trussed roofs and also
below or in the level with such floors which consists of joists.

GABLE BAND- Masonry gable ends must have the triangular portion of masonry
enclosed in a band, the horizontal part will be continuous with the eave level band.
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Fig.4: Strengthening of Beam by adding steel plates

In some cases, it is needed to reduce the load on the beam that needs strengthening before
implementing the previous steps, either partial or complete unloading. This is made by putting steel
beams on top or below the concrete beams, as shown in Fig5.

Fig.5: Reducing the load on the beam using steel beam

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The following photos were taken during strengthening an existing building; they present the practical

method of implementing some strengthening techniques.

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(15) STRENGTHEING BY INTERIOR REINFORCING

A common method of providing additional reinforcement across cracked surfaces is to install

new dowels into holes drilled perpendicular to the cracked surfaces. The entire length of the
dowel is fixed to the concrete by the use of bonding matrix.

The structure must be shored and jacked if it is desire to relieve the member’s dead load stresses
so that new reinforcing will resists the original dead load. Several bonding materials may be used.
Portland cement grout, epoxy, and other chemicals adhesives have been successfully installed
within the annular space between the dowel and sides of the predrilled hole.

The dowels may be deformed steel reinforcing bars, stainless steel rods or bolts. Coating steel
dowels with either zinc galvanizing or fused epoxy is acceptable. If all components are chemically
compatible with the bonding material.
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Total length of openings in a wall shall not exceed :

One Storey Building = 50% of the

distance between two cross walls.

Two Storey building = 42% of the

distance between two cross walls.

Three Storey building = 33% of the

distance between two cross walls.

The horizontal distance between two nearby openings shall not be less than 0.5 x height of

opening and not less than 60cm. The vertical distance between two openings shall not be less

than 0.5 x Width of opening and not less than 60cm.

If above criteria are not satisfied, the opening shall protected by 2-8mm diameter of bars.
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Principle of Seismic Safety of Masonry

Buildings

• Integrity of various components

• Roof to wall
• Wall to wall at corners
• Wall to foundation
• Limit on openings
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ADDING A BAND
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Interface Bond between wall and band

CASE STUDY
Inspection of Building
An Inspection is a qualitative assessment of damaged building, based on the experience and skill of
the engineer. A systematic inspection provides a fair idea about the irregularities in building configuration,
construction defects and most importantly, the signs of distress and deterioration of the structure. It is
helpful in deciding the extent of investigation and selection of material & technique to enhance the
structural performance of building.

Firstly, we go for a personal visit of this school for visual Inspection.

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In visual inspection we find that most of walls have several crackers – Flexural, diagonal, shear &
Tensile cracks approximately in the width of 0.5-1mm.

Beam are also having some hair cracks which are shear cracks.

Columns & walls are also settled some columns concrete cover is deteriorated;
therefore, reinforcement is visible & rusted.

Roof bottom face is damped.

Beams are slightly Bent down in the mid.

Floors Of rooms and veranda are damaged & settled.

Toilets are not in usable condition.

In visual inspection we find that most of walls have several crackers – Flexural, diagonal, shear &
Tensile cracks approximately in the width of 0.5-1mm.

Beam are also having some hair cracks which are shear cracks.

Columns & walls are also settled some columns concrete cover is deteriorated; therefore,
reinforcement is visible & rusted.

Roof bottom face is damped.

Beams are slightly Bent down in the mid.

Floors Of rooms and veranda are damaged & settled.

Toilets are not in usable condition

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Evaluation Of Building
To Clear all the situation there is a need to perform some taste on the different component of
building.

DETAILED INVASTEGATION: - After perform some non-destructive taste on this building to find
out actual strength & condition of the building

Field measurements are taken & Preparation for the as-found Plans.

By using Rebound hummer, we tasted compressive strength of the columns, beam and Roof
strength.

We found that column which is designed for a strength of M20 it just has 15.5N/mm2 and Beam
should have design strength of 20N/mm2 but it shows only 17 N/mm2 strength & most of main
reinforcement of roof is rusted approximately 30 %. Concrete of column & beam are honey
combed both type big honeycomb & small honeycomb.Core test of concrete – 3 cores are taken by
cutting in same sections. if the average equivalent cube strength of the cores is equal to 85% of
strength of core, then it is ok. Here, when we tasted compressive strength test of the core in
laboratory get an average strength of 15N/mm2 of columns and 18N/mm2 of beam. So that, some
beams are in acceptable condition but few columns & beams should be necessarily strengthen.

After studying all aspect of this case, we concluded to Retrofit the building. The Retrofit of this
building would be done step by step according to the sequence.

Dismantling & demolishing work

Retrofitting of masonry walls

Fixing of joints walls to column, beam & slab

Repair of cracks

Repair of Door, windows & ventilators

Electrical & sanitary works

Repair of Floors

Repair of Plast
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Firstly, we start with strengthen of column, beam & slab by using reinforced cement concrete
jacketing method. Which includes

dismantling & demolishing of weaker portion

chipping of concrete cover

cleansing of surface

application of anti-corrosive coating

Application of bond coat

Grouting of epoxy resin

Shotcreting

Curing

Repair

Finishing

Whole building columns and beam are not jacketed only few columns & beams are retrofitted,
which are in critical situation. Here is total 8 columns & mainly 4 beams which, are in critical
condition & we decided it to Retrofit. The size of existing columns is 230x300mm and strength of
these found near about 15.5N/mm sq. as the result of rebound hammer test To strengthen the
building, it is necessary re
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CONCLUSIONS
Final Conclusions

In this study, first the seismic resistance of seven-story steel moment frame building was
evaluated. The three-dimensional “Equivalent Static Analysis-ESA”, “Response Spectrum
Analysis-RSA” and “Time History Analysis-THA” evaluations were carried out. The 3D ESA
and RSA was carried out in order to obtain the fundamental period, dominant mode
shapes and the base shear. In ESA, the fundamental period of the structure is 2.42sec. The
roof-displacement is 4.89in and the total base shear of the structure is 875.87k which is
obtained and distributed as story lateral loads throughout the building as described in
ASCE7- 05 Chapter 12.
In RSA the fundamental period of the structure is 2.47sec. and the roof- displacement is
4.05in where the first 20 mode shapes are combined with the CQC method. The
displacements were scaled by a scale factor of 1.517 due to obtained base shear 490.62k is
less than 85% of the equivalent lateral force method base shear. In the 3D THA with
recorded ground motion parameters of Northridge, CA Earthquake (1994) at discrete time-
steps, the fundamental period of the structure is 2.32sec. and the roof-displacement is
5.19in. As shown in the analysis above, the drift demands haven’t been met with allowable
limits in ASCE7.

The steel moment frame structure is retrofitted with concentrically steel braces in the
interior spans to decrease the deformations into acceptable limits. The retrofitted section
was analyzed by two-dimensional “Pushover Analysis”. The structure was pushed to a
target displacement (20in) where serious damage starts to occur. Plastic hinges as
expected initially started to occur on diagonal braces of the first three floors as a result of
each step of pushing the building. When the target displacement was reached, plastic
hinges started to occur in the first floor column which is an indication of significant
damage and relatively fewer damages were obtained after the third storey. When
evaluating the performance impact of retrofit implementation, it was quite obvious that
the addition of braces to the moment frame served to stiffen the building sufficiently and
help the structure resist lateral load
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Generally, the structural retrofit improved the seismic resistance of the building and it can be
considered in the retrofit of moment frame structures to prevent the risk of structural collapse
under the design load with much more confidence. This study shows how the pushover analysis
may be used in order to estimate the seismic resistance of existing or retrofitted

structures as well as how the linear analysis may be followed by a detailed nonlinear
analysis of part of the structure. One of the most significant advantages of nonlinear
pushover analysis beyond the linear analyses is the opportunity to evaluate damage. The
pushover analysis can give valuable information about performance of building in expected
future seismic events
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Recommendations
In this research of seismic retrofits, there were numerous points which were not covered by the
scope of this due to limitations in time and resources. However, they might be considered to
create a more detailed research for future work. These recommendations for further research
work are discussed below.

For this study, only one computer software was used to run all the analyses. Although, SAP 2000
is largely accepted in academia and engineering offices for structural analysis, it is advisable to
use different applications to compare the results rather than to rely on information from one
source. In further research, it is highly recommended to use different structural analysis software
to validate the results.

Due to the time constraints in developing this thesis, only the linear analyses were modeled in
three-dimensional model. Non-linear pushover analysis was modeled two- dimensional system
in retrofitted building. Additionally, the building was simplified in model with basic structural
framing which didn’t include many elements such as stairs, elevators, mechanical equipment,
etc. Furthermore, non-linear time-history analysis was not analyzed which would provide the
thesis with more accurate results. In further research, three-dimensional non-linear analyses
with both pushover and time-history including the weak zones are highly recommended to
capture more realistic behavior of the structure.
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