Project Report

On

School Management System

(Core JAVA)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR

Six Months Industrial training

SUBMIT BY:
Navjot Singh
2001947

BHAI GURDAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

I hereby certify that “Navjot singh” 2001947 of BHAI GURDAS INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY has undergone six months industrial
training from AUGUST to ……………our organization to fulfil the requirements
for the award of degree of B.TECH. (7th Sem). He/She works on ‘School project
management’ project during the training under the supervision of Er.Raghunath.
During his/her tenure with us we found him/her sincere and hardworking.
Wishing him/her a great success in the future.

Signature of the Student Signature of the

SUPERVISOR (S)
(Seal of Organization)

Er.Raghunath

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are highly grateful to the Director Tanuja Srivastava, BHAI GURDAS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, for providing this opportunity
to carry out the six weeks industrial training at BJS HUB, Bangaluru.

The constant guidance and encouragement received from Mr…………

(Class Incharge) and Mr. …………..(HOD), BHAI GURDAS INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, has been of great help in carrying out the
project work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks. The authors would like
to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to Er.Avinash Gupta
Director/CEO of Company.

Without the wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been impossible to
complete the report in this manner. The help rendered by Er.Raghunath
Supervisor
Trainer for experimentation is greatly acknowledged.

The authors express gratitude to other faculty members of BHAI GURDAS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, for their intellectual support
throughout the course of this work.

NAME- NAVJOT SINGH

ROLL NO.- 2001947
CLASS/SEM.-BTECH(CSE)/7th

INDEX
Sr.No. Topic Name Remarks
• Introduction to Java
• History
• Advantages
• Features
• Role of Java
• Applications of Java
• Scope
• Versions of Java
• Datatypes of Java
• Java Character Set
• Tokens used in Java
• Basic syntax to write Java program
• Type Casting
• Packages used to take input from user
• How to take input from user with program
• Operators in Java
• Flowchart of Compilation and Interpretation
• Statements and its types
• Difference between Break and Continue
• Buffered Reader
• ParseInt
• Array
• Class and Object
• Functions and its types
• How to use functions in a class
• Garbage Collection
• Finalize Method
• Call by Value
• Recursion
• What is JDBC?
• Differentiate between Get Text and Get Text
• Use of forName, getConnection, prepareStatement
function
• Driver Manager
• NetBeans
• Wamp Server
• How Insertion and Selection done in Javaform in
NetBeans
• How Deletion and Updation done in Javaform in
NetBeans
• System Requirement Specifications
• Introduction to Project: Library Management
System
• Nature of Library Management System
• Scope of Library Management System
• Database Dataflow diagram
• Database Screenshots
• Database Entries Screenshots
• PROJECT Screenshots
 • Future Work
• Bibliography

• Introduction to Java
Java is a class-based object-oriented simple programming language. Though we can not consider
it to be fully object-oriented as it supports primitive datatypes. It is a general-purpose, high-
level programming language that helps programmers and developers to write a code once and
run it anywhere.
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that was developed by Sun
Microsystems (now owned by Oracle Corporation) in the mid-1990s. It is known for its
simplicity, portability, and robustness, and is widely used for building a variety of applications,
including web, desktop, mobile, and enterprise software.
One of Java's key features is its "write once, run anywhere" principle, which means that Java
programs can run on any device or operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
installed. This platform independence is achieved by compiling Java source code into bytecode,
which can then be executed by the JVM.
Java is an object-oriented language, which means it supports the concepts of classes and objects.
It provides a rich set of features for object-oriented programming, such as inheritance,
encapsulation, and polymorphism. This allows developers to create modular and reusable code,
making it easier to build and maintain complex applications.
Furthermore, Java has a vast standard library that provides a wide range of classes and methods
for common programming tasks, such as input/output operations, networking, and database
connectivity. Additionally, there is a thriving ecosystem of third-party libraries and frameworks
that further enhance Java's capabilities and make development more efficient.

• History

• Java's history dates back to the early 1990s when a team of developers at Sun Microsystems,
led by James Gosling, started working on a project called "Green." The goal of the project
was to develop a language that could be used to program consumer electronics, such as set-
top boxes.
• Initially, the team developed a language called Oak, which was later renamed Java due to
trademark conflicts. The name "Java" was inspired by the coffee consumption habits of the
development team. The language was designed to be simple, portable, and secure, with built-
in support for networking and distributed computing.
• In 1995, Sun Microsystems officially released Java to the public. The release included the
Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.0, which consisted of the Java compiler, the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), and a set of libraries. Java's key feature, the "write once, run anywhere"
principle, was made possible by the JVM, which could execute bytecode on any platform.
• Java gained popularity quickly, particularly in the realm of web development. Applets, which
were small Java programs embedded in webpages, allowed for interactive and dynamic
content on the early web. However, as the web evolved, the usage of Java applets declined
due to security concerns and the emergence of alternative technologies.
• In the late 1990s, Java began to gain significant traction in enterprise software development.
Its object-oriented nature, extensive libraries, and platform independence made it an ideal
choice for building large-scale applications. The Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE),
introduced in 1998, brought important updates and improvements to the language.
• In 2006, Sun Microsystems released Java as an open-source project under the GNU General
Public License (GPL). This move helped to further expand Java's reach and fostered a strong
community around the language. Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems in 2010 and
became the custodian of Java.
• Java's popularity has remained strong, and it has maintained its position as one of the most
widely used programming languages. It has found applications in various domains, including
web development, mobile app development (particularly for Android), enterprise software
development, scientific computing, and more.

• Advantages
• Simple
Java is a simple programming language since it is easy to learn and easy to understand. Its syntax
is based on C++, and it uses automatic garbage collection; therefore, we don't need to remove the
unreferenced objects from memory. Java has also removed the features like explicit pointers,
operator overloading, etc., making it easy to read and write.

• Object-Oriented
Java uses an object-oriented paradigm, which makes it more practical. Everything in Java is an
object which takes care of both data and behavior. Java uses object-oriented concepts like object,
class, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction.

• Secured
Java is a secured programming language because it doesn't use Explicit pointers. Also, Java
programs run inside the virtual machine sandbox. JRE also provides a classloader, which is used
to load the class into JVM dynamically. It separates the class packages of the local file system
from the ones that are being imported from the network.

• Robust
Java is a robust programming language since it uses strong memory management. We can also
handle exceptions through the Java code. Also, we can use type checking to make our code more
secure. It doesn't provide explicit pointers so that the programmer cannot access the memory
directly from the code.

• Platform independent
Java code can run on multiple platforms directly, I.e., we need not compile it every time. It is
right once, runs anywhere language (WORA) which can be converted into byte code at the
compile time. The byte code is a platform-independent code that can run on multiple platforms.

• Multi-Threaded
Java uses a multi-threaded environment in which a bigger task can be converted into various
threads and run separately. The main advantage of multi-threading is that we need not provide
memory to every running thread.

• Rich Standard Library

Java provides a comprehensive standard library, known as the Java Development Kit (JDK),
which offers a wide range of pre-built classes and methods for common programming tasks. This
saves developers time and effort by providing ready-to-use functionality for tasks like
input/output operations, networking, database connectivity, and more.

• Performance and Scalability

While Java is often criticized for its performance compared to low-level languages like C or C+
+, it offers high performance in terms of execution speed and efficiency compared to many other
high-level languages. Additionally, Java's scalability makes it suitable for building large-scale,
enterprise-level applications that can handle heavy loads and concurrent operations.
• Features
• Object Oriented:
In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the Object
model.
• Simple:
Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it
would be easy to master.

• Secure:
With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems.
Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption.

• Platform Independent:
Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it
is not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform-independent byte code.
This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on
whichever platform it is being run on.

• Robust:
Java makes an effort to eliminate error-prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile
time error checking and runtime checking.

• Portable:
Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the
specification makes Java portable. The compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean
portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset.

• Architecture-neutral:
Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the
compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system.

• Dynamic:
Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an
evolving environment. Java programs can carry an extensive amount of run-time
information that can be used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run-time.

• Interpreted:
Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored
anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an
incremental and light-weight process.
• High Performance:
With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance.

• Multithreaded:
With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can perform many
tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive
applications that can run smoothly.

• Distributed:
Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.

• Role of Java

Java plays a significant role in various domains and has become a fundamental technology in
the software development industry. Here are some key roles that Java fulfills:

• Video games:
When it comes to game development, programming languages such as C# and C++ are
employed by game engines such as Unity and Unreal Engine. Java, on the other hand, is a
great choice if you want to study graphics and game development from the ground up.
There are numerous frameworks and libraries available, such as LibGDX and OpenGL.

• Web-based programmes:
Java is a well-known server-side programming language that is often used for constructing
web applications. Spring, Struts, Hibernate, Apache Hadoop, and JSF are among of the
most popular Java frameworks for constructing Web applications. Java is also used by
famous websites such as LinkedIn, AliExpress, Amazon, and many others.

• Big data:
Aside from Python, which is used in Big Data, there are many other popular programming
languages. Even so, when it comes to Big Data Technology, most programmers prefer Java.
The reason for this is that most famous Big Data tools, such as Hadoop and Deeplearning4j,
use Java and its community support is excellent when it comes to Big Data Technology.

• Internet of Things (IoT) :

Developers often regard Java as the best language for IoT device development. There are
several factors behind this: primarily, it is a programming language that is platform
 agnostic. As a result, you only have to create your code once, and it will operate on a
variety of devices, reducing your overall workload.
It’s also the best choice for IoT because of its adaptability and mobility, as it’s used for web
development, Android development, desktop app development, and a variety of other
things. Compared to other programming languages, integrating multiple technologies is
easier with Java. For these reasons, is employed in automotive navigation systems, various
medical gadgets, and embedded electronics.

• Android apps:
Java is the official programming language for Android development, with Java accounting
for 46.2 percent of all Android applications. It’s used by Android Studio, which is the
official IDE for developing Android apps. So, if you are familiar with the Java
programming language, Android development will be considerably easier for you.

• Desktop applications:
Java is also well-known for creating graphical user interfaces for desktop applications.
There are numerous Java Frameworks available, making GUI Application Development a
breeze. Swing, AWT, JavaFX, Griffon, and many others are among them. So, if you’re
planning to create a desktop application, Java is a great option for you.

• Applications of Java
• Mobile App Development:
The Java programming language can be considered as the official language for mobile
application development. Most of the android applications build using Java. The most
popular android app development IDE Android Studio also uses Java for developing android
applications. So, if you are already familiar with Java, it will become much easier to develop
android applications. The most popular android applications Spotify and Twitter are
developed using Java.

• Desktop GUI Applications:

We can also develop a GUI application using Java. Java provides AWT, JavaFX, and Swing
for developing the GUI based desktop application. The tools contain the pre-assembled
components like list, menu, button.

• Web-based Applications:
It is also used for developing the web-based application because it provides vast support for
web development through Servlet, JSP, and Struts. It is the reason that Java is also known as
a server-side programming language. Using these technologies, we can develop a variety of
applications. The most popular frameworks Spring, Hibernate, Spring Boot, used for
 developing web-based applications. LinkedIn, AliExpress, web.archive.org, IRCTC, etc. are
the popular websites that are written using Java programming language.

• Game Development:
Java is widely used by game development companies because it has the support of the open-
source most powerful 3D engine. The engine provides unparalleled capacity when it comes
to the context of the designing of 3D games. The most popular games developed in Java are
Minecraft, Mission Impossible III, etc. There are some popular Frameworks and Libraries
available for Game Development, like - LibGDX and OpenGL.

• Big Data Technology:

As many programming languages are available for Big Data Technology but still Java is the
first choice for the same. The tool Hadoop HDFS platform for processing and storing big
data applications is written in Java. In big data, Java is widely used in ETL applications such
as Apache Camel and Apache Kafka. It is used to extract and transform data, and load in big
data environments.

• Distributed Applications:
The JINI (Java Intelligent Networking Infrastructure) provides the infrastructure to register
and find distributed services based on its specification. It implements a mechanism that is
known as JavaSpaces. It supports the distribution, persistence, and migration of objects in a
network.

• Cloud-Based Applications:
A cloud application is the on-demand availability of IT resources via the internet. The cloud-
based application provides the service at a low cost. Java provides the environment to
develop cloud-based applications. We can use Java to develop SaaS (Software as a Service),
LaaS (Logging as a Service), and PaaS (Platform as a Service). The cloud application widely
used to share data between companies or to develop applications remotely.

• IoT Application:
IoT is a technology that connects the devices in its network and communicates with them.
IoT has found almost in all the small devices such as health gears, smartphones, wearables,
smart lighting, TVs, etc. For developing the IoT application there is a lot of programming
languages that can be used but Java offers an edge to developers that is unparalleled. IoT
programmers gravitate towards Java because of its security, flexibility, and versatility.

• Scope
The scope of Java remains strong and promising in the software development industry. Here are
some key factors that contribute to the continued scope and relevance of Java:

• Wide Adoption:
Java is one of the most widely adopted programming languages in the world. It has a vast
and active developer community, which ensures a steady supply of resources, frameworks,
libraries, and tools. The extensive adoption of Java ensures a high demand for Java
developers and opportunities for career growth.

• Enterprise Applications:
Java has a strong foothold in the development of enterprise-level applications. Its
scalability, robustness, and support for distributed computing make it an ideal choice for
building large-scale, mission-critical software systems. The need for enterprise
applications is likely to persist, ensuring a steady demand for Java developers with
enterprise development skills.

• Android Development:
Java is the primary programming language for Android app development. Android has a
massive market share in the mobile industry, and Java remains essential for building
Android applications. As mobile app usage continues to grow, the demand for skilled Java
developers in the Android ecosystem will remain significant.

• Big Data and Analytics:

Java is widely used in big data processing and analytics frameworks such as Apache
Hadoop and Apache Spark. With the exponential growth of data and the increasing need
for data analysis, the demand for Java developers with expertise in big data technologies is
expected to rise.

• Internet of Things (IoT):

Java's platform independence and support for embedded systems make it suitable for IoT
development. As the IoT industry continues to expand and connect more devices, the
demand for Java developers who can build IoT applications and integrate them with
various platforms and devices is expected to increase.

• Cloud Computing:
Java is extensively used in cloud computing platforms and technologies. Many cloud-
based services, including serverless computing, containerization, and microservices
architectures, rely on Java. As more organizations adopt cloud technologies, the demand
for Java developers with cloud computing skills is likely to grow.

• Machine Learning and AI:

 Java is increasingly being used in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Libraries like Deeplearning4j and DL4J provide Java interfaces for building and training
machine learning models. As AI technologies continue to evolve and find applications in
various industries, the need for Java developers who can work with AI frameworks is
expected to rise.

• Continued Updates and Support:

Java has a history of regular updates and releases, ensuring that the language remains
modern, secure, and aligned with industry needs. The commitment of Oracle Corporation
and the active Java community to improving the language and expanding its capabilities
contribute to its continued scope and relevance.

While technology landscapes evolve, Java's versatility, platform independence, performance, and
extensive ecosystem make it well-positioned to adapt and continue to thrive. By staying updated
with emerging technologies and frameworks, Java developers can leverage the language's
strengths and explore new opportunities across various domains.

• Versions of Java
Java had several major versions, each with its own set of features and improvements. Here are
some of the major versions of Java up to Java 16:

• Java 1.0 (January 23, 1996): The first official release of Java, introducing the core language
features and libraries.

• Java 1.1 (February 19, 1997): Added significant improvements, including inner classes and
JavaBeans.

• Java 1.2 (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.2) (December 8, 1998): Introduced the Java
Collections Framework, Swing GUI toolkit, and the Java Plug-in.

• Java 1.3 (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.3) (May 8, 2000): Added the HotSpot JVM,
an XML parser, and the Java Sound API.

• Java 1.4 (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 1.4) (February 6, 2002): Brought improvements
like assert keyword, regular expressions, and the Java Web Start.

• Java 5 (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 5.0) (September 30, 2004): Introducing major
features like Generics, Annotations, Enumerations, and Autoboxing/Unboxing.

• Java 6 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 6) (December 11, 2006): Focused on performance
improvements and web services enhancements.

• Java 7 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 7) (July 28, 2011): Introduced features like the try-
with-resources statement, strings in switch, and the Fork/Join Framework.

• Java 8 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 8) (March 18, 2014): A significant release with
features like Lambda expressions, Stream API, and Date/Time API.

• Java 9 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 9) (September 21, 2017): Introduces the modular
system (Project Jigsaw), the Flow API, and the Process API improvements.

• Java 10 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 10) (March 20, 2018): Introduced local-variable
type inference (var keyword) and other minor enhancements.

• Java 11 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 11) (September 25, 2018): Long-Term Support
(LTS) version, removed some deprecated APIs, and introduced new features.

• Java 12 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 12) (March 19, 2019): Brought improvements like
switch expressions and enhancements to the Garbage Collector.
• Java 13 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 13) (September 17, 2019): Introduced new
features like text blocks and enhancements to the Z Garbage Collector.

• Java 14 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 14) (March 17, 2020): Added features like pattern
matching for instanceof, records, and more.

• Java 15 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 15) (September 15, 2020): Introduced Sealed
Classes, hidden classes, and Text Blocks enhancements.

• Java 16 (Java Platform, Standard Edition 16) (March 16, 2021): Introduced features like
JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator) and JEP 395: Records.

• Datatypes of Java

Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable. There are
two types of data types in Java:

Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int,
long, float and double.

Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types include Classes, Interfaces, and
Arrays.
• Primitive data types:

1. Boolean Data Type

Boolean data type represents only one bit of information either true or false which is intended to
represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra, but the size of the boolean data type
is virtual machine-dependent. Values of type boolean are not converted implicitly or explicitly
(with casts) to any other type. But the programmer can easily write conversion code.

Syntax:
boolean booleanVar;
Size: Virtual machine dependent

2. Byte Data Type

The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two’s complement integer. The byte data type is useful for
saving memory in large arrays.

Syntax:
byte byteVar;
Size: 1 byte (8 bits)

3. Short Data Type

The short data type is a 16-bit signed two’s complement integer. Similar to byte, use a short to
save memory in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.

Syntax:
short shortVar;
Size: 2 bytes (16 bits)

4. Integer Data Type

It is a 32-bit signed two’s complement integer.

Syntax:
int intVar;
Size: 4 bytes ( 32 bits )

Remember: In Java SE 8 and later, we can use the int data type to represent an unsigned 32-bit
integer, which has a value in the range [0, 232-1]. Use the Integer class to use the int data type as
an unsigned integer.

5. Long Data Type

The range of a long is quite large. The long data type is a 64-bit two’s complement integer and
is useful for those occasions where an int type is not large enough to hold the desired value. The
size of the Long Datatype is 8 bytes (64 bits).

Syntax:
long longVar;

Remember: In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the long data type to represent an unsigned 64-bit
long, which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 264-1. The Long class also
contains methods like comparing Unsigned, divide Unsigned, etc to support arithmetic
operations for unsigned long.

6. Float Data Type

The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating-point. Use a float (instead of
double) if you need to save memory in large arrays of floating-point numbers. The size of the
float data type is 4 bytes (32 bits).

Syntax:
float floatVar;

7. Double Data Type

The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating-point. For decimal values,
this data type is generally the default choice. The size of the double data type is 8 bytes or 64
bits.

Syntax:

double doubleVar;

Note: Both float and double data types were designed especially for scientific calculations, where
approximation errors are acceptable. If accuracy is the most prior concern then, it is
recommended not to use these data types and use BigDecimal class instead.

It is recommended to go through rounding off errors in java.

8. Char Data Type

The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character with the size of 2 bytes (16 bits).

Syntax:
char charVar;

• Non-primitive data types:

The Reference Data Types will contain a memory address of variable values because the
reference types won’t store the variable value directly in memory. They are strings, objects,
arrays, etc.

1. Strings
Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference between a character array and a
string in Java is, that the string is designed to hold a sequence of characters in a single variable
whereas, a character array is a collection of separate char-type entities. Unlike C/C++, Java
strings are not terminated with a null character.
Syntax: Declaring a string

<String_Type> <string_variable> = “<sequence_of_string>”;

Example:

// Declare String without using new operator

String s = "GeeksforGeeks";

// Declare String using new operator

String s1 = new String("GeeksforGeeks");

2. Class
A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the
set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. In general, class
declarations can include these components, in order:

Modifiers: A class can be public or has default access. Refer to access specifiers for classes or
interfaces in Java
Class name: The name should begin with an initial letter (capitalized by convention).
Superclass(if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword
extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.
Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any,
preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.
Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.

3. Object
An Object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents real-life entities. A
typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods.
An object consists of :

State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object
to other objects.
Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to interact with other objects.

4. Interface
Like a class, an interface can have methods and variables, but the methods declared in an
interface are by default abstract (only method signature, no body).

Interfaces specify what a class must do and not how. It is the blueprint of the class.
An Interface is about capabilities like a Player may be an interface and any class implementing
Player must be able to (or must implement) move(). So it specifies a set of methods that the class
has to implement.
If a class implements an interface and does not provide method bodies for all functions specified
in the interface, then the class must be declared abstract.
A Java library example is Comparator Interface. If a class implements this interface, then it can
be used to sort a collection.

5. Array
An Array is a group of like-typed variables that are referred to by a common name. Arrays in
Java work differently than they do in C/C++. The following are some important points about
Java arrays.

In Java, all arrays are dynamically allocated. (discussed below)

Since arrays are objects in Java, we can find their length using member length. This is different
from C/C++ where we find length using size.
A Java array variable can also be declared like other variables with [] after the data type.
The variables in the array are ordered and each has an index beginning with 0.
Java array can also be used as a static field, a local variable, or a method parameter.
The size of an array must be specified by an int value and not long or short.
The direct superclass of an array type is Object.
Every array type implements the interfaces Cloneable and java.io.Serializable.

• Java Character Set

Characters are the smallest units (elements) of Java language that are used to write Java tokens.
These characters are defined by the Unicode character set.

A character set in Java is a set of alphabets, letters, and some special characters that are valid in
java programming language.

The first character set used in the computer system was US-ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII pronounced as ass-kee)). It is limited to represent only
American English.

US-ASCII consists of uppercase and lowercase Latin alphabets, numerals, punctuation, a set of
control codes, and a few miscellaneous symbols.
Unicode defines a standardized 16-bit character coding system. It currently supports more than
34,000 defined characters derived from 24 languages from America, Europe, Middle East,
Africa, and Asia (including India).

However, we use mostly basic ASCII characters to develop a program that includes letters,
digits, and punctuation marks used in normal English.

Java language uses the character sets as the building block to form the basic elements such as
identifiers, variables, array, etc in the program. These are as follows:

Letters: Both lowercase (a, b, c, d, e, etc.) and uppercase (A, B, C, D, E, etc.) letters.
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Special symbols: _, (, ), {, }, [, ], +, -, *, /, %, !, &, |, ~, ^, <, =, >, $, #, ?, Comma (,), Dot (.),
Colon (:), Semi-colon (;), Single quote (‘), Double quote (“), Back slash (\).
White space: Space, Tab, New line.
Unicode represents a standardized and universal character set that can be extended to
accommodate additions.

When the program source code file encoding does not support Unicode in Java, we can define
Unicode characters as escape sequences by using the notation \uXXXX, where XXXX specifies
the character’s 16-bit representation in hexadecimal.

• Tokens used in Java

A token is the smallest element of a program that is meaningful to the compiler. Tokens
can be classified as follows:
 • Keywords
• Identifiers
• Constants
• Special Symbols
• Operators

• Keyword: Keywords are pre-defined or reserved words in a programming language. Each

keyword is meant to perform a specific function in a program. Since keywords are referred
names for a compiler, they can’t be used as variable names because by doing so, we are
trying to assign a new meaning to the keyword which is not allowed. Java language supports
following keywords:

abstract assert boolean

break byte case
catch char class
const continue default
do double else
enum exports extends
final finally float
for goto if
implements import instanceof
int interface long
module native new
open opens package
private protected provides
public requires return
short static strictfp
super switch synchronized
this throw throws
to transient transitive
try uses void
volatile while with

• Identifiers: Identifiers are used as the general terminology for naming of variables,
functions and arrays. These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily long sequence
of letters and digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as a first character. Identifier
names must differ in spelling and case from any keywords. You cannot use keywords as
identifiers; they are reserved for special use. Once declared, you can use the identifier in later
program statements to refer to the associated value. A special kind of identifier, called a
statement label, can be used in goto statements.
Examples of valid identifiers :

MyVariable
MYVARIABLE
myvariable
x
i
x1
i1
_myvariable
$myvariable
sum_of_array
geeks123
Examples of invalid identifiers :

My Variable // contains a space

123geeks // Begins with a digit
 a+c // plus sign is not an alphanumeric character
variable-2 // hyphen is not an alphanumeric character
sum_&_difference // ampersand is not an alphanumeric character

• Constants/Literals: Constants are also like normal variables. But, the only difference is,
their values can not be modified by the program once they are defined. Constants refer to
fixed values. They are also called as literals.
Constants may belong to any of the data type.
Syntax:

final data_type variable_name;

• Special Symbols: The following special symbols are used in Java having some special
meaning and thus, cannot be used for some other purpose.
[] () {}, ; * =
Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element reference. These
indicate single and multidimensional subscripts.
Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls and function
parameters.
Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces marks the start and end of a block of
code containing more than one executable statement.
comma (, ): It is used to separate more than one statements like for separating parameters
in function calls.
semi colon : It is an operator that essentially invokes something called an initialization
list.
asterick (*): It is used to create pointer variable.
assignment operator: It is used to assign values.

• Operators: Java provides many types of operators which can be used according to the
need. They are classified based on the functionality they provide. Some of the types are-
• Arithmetic Operators
• Unary Operators
• Assignment Operator
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Ternary Operator
• Bitwise Operators
• Shift Operators
• instance of operator
• Precedence and Associativity
• Basic syntax to write Java Program

class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

• The main Method

The main() method is required and you will see it in every Java program:

public static void main(String[] args)

Any code inside the main() method will be executed. Don't worry about the keywords before and
after main. You will get to know them bit by bit while reading this tutorial.
For now, just remember that every Java program has a class name which must match the
filename, and that every program must contain the main() method.

• System.out.println()
Inside the main() method, we can use the println() method to print a line of text to the screen:

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World");
}

• Type Casting

Type casting is a method or process that converts a data type into another data type in both ways
manually and automatically. The automatic conversion is done by the compiler and manual
conversion performed by the programmer. In this section, we will discuss type casting and its
types with proper examples.

• Types of Type Casting

There are two types of type casting:

• Widening Type Casting

• Narrowing Type Casting

• Widening Type Casting

Converting a lower data type into a higher one is called widening type casting. It is also known
as implicit conversion or casting down. It is done automatically. It is safe because there is no
chance to lose data. It takes place when:

Both data types must be compatible with each other.

The target type must be larger than the source type.
byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
For example, the conversion between numeric data type to char or Boolean is not done
automatically. Also, the char and Boolean data types are not compatible with each other. Let's
see an example.

• WideningTypeCastingExample.java

public class WideningTypeCastingExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 7;
//automatically converts the integer type into long type
long y = x;
//automatically converts the long type into float type
float z = y;
System.out.println("Before conversion, int value "+x);
System.out.println("After conversion, long value "+y);
System.out.println("After conversion, float value "+z);
}
}

Output:
Before conversion, the value is: 7
After conversion, the long value is: 7
After conversion, the float value is: 7.0
In the above example, we have taken a variable x and converted it into a long type. After that, the
long type is converted into the float type.

• Narrowing Type Casting

Converting a higher data type into a lower one is called narrowing type casting. It is also known
as explicit conversion or casting up. It is done manually by the programmer. If we do not
perform casting then the compiler reports a compile-time error.
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
Let's see an example of narrowing type casting.

In the following example, we have performed the narrowing type casting two times. First, we
have converted the double type into long data type after that long data type is converted into int
type.

• NarrowingTypeCastingExample.java

public class NarrowingTypeCastingExample

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double d = 166.66;
//converting double data type into long data type
long l = (long)d;
//converting long data type into int data type
int i = (int)l;
System.out.println("Before conversion: "+d);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("After conversion into long type: "+l);
//fractional part lost
System.out.println("After conversion into int type: "+i);
}
}

Output:
Before conversion: 166.66
After conversion into long type: 166
After conversion into int type: 166

• Packages used to take input from User

Java Scanner Class

Java Scanner class allows the user to take input from the console. It belongs to java.util package.
It is used to read the input of primitive types like int, double, long, short, float, and byte. It is the
easiest way to read input in Java program.

• Syntax
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
The above statement creates a constructor of the Scanner class having System.inM as an
argument. It means it is going to read from the standard input stream of the program. The
java.util package should be import while using Scanner class.

It also converts the Bytes (from the input stream) into characters using the platform's default
charset.

• Methods of Java Scanner Class

Java Scanner class provides the following methods to read different primitives types:

Method Description
int nextInt() It is used to scan the next token of the input as an
integer.
float nextFloat() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a float.
double nextDouble() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a
double.
byte nextByte() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a byte.
String nextLine() Advances this scanner past the current line.
boolean nextBoolean() It is used to scan the next token of the input into a
boolean value.
long nextLong() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a long.
short nextShort() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a Short.
BigInteger nextBigInteger() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a
BigInteger.
BigDecimal nextBigDecimal() It is used to scan the next token of the input as a
BigDecimal.

• How to take input from user with program

• Program:

import java.util.Scanner;
class UserInputDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc= new Scanner(System.in); //System.in is a standard input stream
System.out.print("Enter first number- ");
int a= sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter second number- ");
int b= sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter third number- ");
int c= sc.nextInt();
int d=a+b+c;
System.out.println("Total= " +d);
}
}

• Output:
• Operators in Java

Operators in Java are the symbols used for performing specific operations in Java. Operators
make tasks like addition, multiplication, etc which look easy although the implementation of
these tasks is quite complex.

• Types of Operators in Java

•
There are multiple types of operators in Java all are mentioned below:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Unary Operators
• Assignment Operator
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Ternary Operator
• Bitwise Operators
• Shift Operators
 • instance of operator

1. Arithmetic Operators
They are used to perform simple arithmetic operations on primitive data types.

* : Multiplication
/ : Division
% : Modulo
+ : Addition
– : Subtraction

• Example:

// Java Program to implement

// Arithmetic Operators
import java.io.*;

// Drive Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main (String[] args) {

// Arithmetic operators
int a = 10;
int b = 3;

System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b));

System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b));
System.out.println("a * b = " + (a * b));
System.out.println("a / b = " + (a / b));
System.out.println("a % b = " + (a % b));

}
}

Output:

Addition:30
Substraction:10
Multiplication:200
Division:2

2. Unary Operators
Unary operators need only one operand. They are used to increment, decrement, or negate a
value.

– : Unary minus, used for negating the values.

+ : Unary plus indicates the positive value (numbers are positive without this, however). It
performs an automatic conversion to int when the type of its operand is the byte, char, or short.
This is called unary numeric promotion.
++ : Increment operator, used for incrementing the value by 1. There are two varieties of
increment operators.
Post-Increment: Value is first used for computing the result and then incremented.
Pre-Increment: Value is incremented first, and then the result is computed.
– – : Decrement operator, used for decrementing the value by 1. There are two varieties of
decrement operators.
Post-decrement: Value is first used for computing the result and then decremented.
Pre-Decrement: The value is decremented first, and then the result is computed.
! : Logical not operator, used for inverting a boolean value.

• Example:

// Java Program to implement

// Uniary Operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class GFG {
// main function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Interger declared
int a = 10;
int b = 10;

// Using uniary operators

System.out.println("Postincrement : " + (a++));
System.out.println("Preincrement : " + (++a));

System.out.println("Postdecrement : " + (b--));

System.out.println("Predecrement : " + (--b));
 }
}

Output:

Postincrement : 10
Preincrement : 12
Postdecrement : 10
Predecrement : 8

3. Assignment Operator
‘=’ Assignment operator is used to assign a value to any variable. It has right-to-left
associativity, i.e. value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on
the left, and therefore right-hand side value must be declared before using it or should be a
constant.

The general format of the assignment operator is:

variable = value;
In many cases, the assignment operator can be combined with other operators to build a shorter
version of the statement called a Compound Statement. For example, instead of a = a+5, we can
write a += 5.

+=, for adding the left operand with the right operand and then assigning it to the variable on the
left.
-=, for subtracting the right operand from the left operand and then assigning it to the variable on
the left.
*=, for multiplying the left operand with the right operand and then assigning it to the variable on
the left.
/=, for dividing the left operand by the right operand and then assigning it to the variable on the
left.
%=, for assigning the modulo of the left operand by the right operand and then assigning it to the
variable on the left.

• Example:

// Java Program to implement

// Assignment Operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main(String[] args)
{

// Assignment operators
int f = 7;
System.out.println("f += 3: " + (f += 3));
System.out.println("f -= 2: " + (f -= 2));
System.out.println("f *= 4: " + (f *= 4));
System.out.println("f /= 3: " + (f /= 3));
System.out.println("f %= 2: " + (f %= 2));
System.out.println("f &= 0b1010: " + (f &= 0b1010));
System.out.println("f |= 0b1100: " + (f |= 0b1100));
System.out.println("f ^= 0b1010: " + (f ^= 0b1010));
System.out.println("f <<= 2: " + (f <<= 2));
System.out.println("f >>= 1: " + (f >>= 1));
System.out.println("f >>>= 1: " + (f >>>= 1));
}
}

Output:

f += 3: 10
f -= 2: 8
f *= 4: 32
f /= 3: 10
f %= 2: 0
f &= 0b1010: 0
f |= 0b1100: 12
f ^= 0b1010: 6
f <<= 2: 24
f >>= 1: 12
f >>>= 1: 6

4. Relational Operators
These operators are used to check for relations like equality, greater than, and less than. They
return boolean results after the comparison and are extensively used in looping statements as
well as conditional if-else statements. The general format is,

variable relation_operator value

Some of the relational operators are-

==, Equal to returns true if the left-hand side is equal to the right-hand side.
!=, Not Equal to returns true if the left-hand side is not equal to the right-hand side.
<, less than: returns true if the left-hand side is less than the right-hand side.
<=, less than or equal to returns true if the left-hand side is less than or equal to the right-hand
side.
>, Greater than: returns true if the left-hand side is greater than the right-hand side.
>=, Greater than or equal to returns true if the left-hand side is greater than or equal to the right-
hand side.

• Example:

// Java Program to implement

// Relational Operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class GFG {
// main function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Comparison operators
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int c = 5;

System.out.println("a > b: " + (a > b));

System.out.println("a < b: " + (a < b));
System.out.println("a >= b: " + (a >= b));
System.out.println("a <= b: " + (a <= b));
System.out.println("a == c: " + (a == c));
System.out.println("a != c: " + (a != c));
}
}

Output:

a > b: true
a < b: false
a >= b: true
a <= b: false
a == c: false
a != c: true

5. Logical Operators
These operators are used to perform “logical AND” and “logical OR” operations, i.e., a function
similar to AND gate and OR gate in digital electronics. One thing to keep in mind is the second
condition is not evaluated if the first one is false, i.e., it has a short-circuiting effect. Used
extensively to test for several conditions for making a decision. Java also has “Logical NOT”,
which returns true when the condition is false and vice-versa

Conditional operators are:

&&, Logical AND: returns true when both conditions are true.
||, Logical OR: returns true if at least one condition is true.
!, Logical NOT: returns true when a condition is false and vice-versa

• Example:

// Java Program to implemenet

// Logical operators
import java.io.*;

// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main (String[] args) {
// Logical operators
boolean x = true;
boolean y = false;

System.out.println("x && y: " + (x && y));

System.out.println("x || y: " + (x || y));
System.out.println("!x: " + (!x));
}
}

Output:
x && y: false
x || y: true
!x: false
• Flowchart of Compilation and Interpretation concept
The process begins with the Java source code, which is typically written with a .java extension.
The Java source code is passed through the Java Compiler (javac). The compiler checks the
syntax and semantics of the code and converts it into an intermediate form known as bytecode.
The bytecode is saved in a .class file, which contains instructions that can be executed by the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
The JVM acts as an interpreter for the bytecode. It reads and executes the bytecode line by line,
translating it into machine code or native code for the underlying system on-the-fly.
The JVM then produces the output of the program based on the bytecode execution or displays
an error message if any issues are encountered during interpretation.

• Statements and its types

In Java, a statement is an executable instruction that tells the compiler what to perform. It forms
a complete command to be executed and can include one or more expressions. A sentence forms
a complete idea that can include one or more clauses.

• Types of Statements
Java statements can be broadly classified into the following categories:

• Expression Statements
• Declaration Statements
• Control Statements

• Expression Statements
Expression is an essential building block of any Java program. Generally, it is used to generate a
new value. Sometimes, we can also assign a value to a variable. In Java, expression is the
combination of values, variables, operators, and method calls.

There are three types of expressions in Java:

Expressions that produce a value. For example, (6+9), (9%2), (pi*radius) + 2. Note that the
expression enclosed in the parentheses will be evaluate first, after that rest of the expression.
Expressions that assign a value. For example, number = 90, pi = 3.14.
Expression that neither produces any result nor assigns a value. For example, increment or
decrement a value by using increment or decrement operator respectively, method invocation,
etc. These expressions modify the value of a variable or state (memory) of a program. For
example, count++, int sum = a + b; The expression changes only the value of the variable sum.
The value of variables a and b do not change, so it is also a side effect.

• Declaration Statements
In declaration statements, we declare variables and constants by specifying their data type and
name. A variable holds a value that is going to use in the Java program. For example:

int quantity;
boolean flag;
String message;
Also, we can initialize a value to a variable. For example:

int quantity = 20;

boolean flag = false;
String message = "Hello";
Java also allows us to declare multiple variables in a single declaration statement. Note that all
the variables must be of the same data type.

int quantity, batch_number, lot_number;

boolean flag = false, isContains = true;
String message = "Hello", how are you;

• Control Statement
Control statements decide the flow (order or sequence of execution of statements) of a Java
program. In Java, statements are parsed from top to bottom. Therefore, using the control flow
statements can interrupt a particular section of a program based on a certain condition.

• Types of Statements in Java

 There are the following types of control statements:

• Conditional or Selection Statements

if Statement
if-else statement
if-else-if statement
switch statement
• Loop or Iterative Statements
for Loop
while Loop
do-while Loop
for-each Loop
• Flow Control or Jump Statements
return
continue
break

• Example of Statement
//declaration statement
int number;
//expression statement
number = 412;
//control flow statement
if (number > 10 )
{
//expression statement
System.out.println(number + " is greater than 100");
}

• Difference between Break and Continue Statement

In Java, both break and continue are control flow statements used to alter the flow of a loop (e.g.,
for, while, do-while) based on specific conditions. However, they serve different purposes:

• Break statement:

Purpose: The break statement is used to terminate the execution of a loop prematurely, causing
the program to exit the loop entirely.
Use case: When a specific condition is met inside the loop, and you want to stop the loop from
further iterations and continue executing the code outside the loop.
Effect: When the break statement is encountered, the control immediately exits the loop, and the
program continues with the code that follows the loop.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

if (i == 5) {
break; // The loop will exit when i becomes 5
}
System.out.println(i);
}

Output: 1 2 3 4

• Continue statement:
Purpose: The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the loop's body for the current
iteration when a specific condition is met, and it continues with the next iteration.
Use case: When you want to skip some part of the loop for certain conditions but continue with
the next iteration.
Effect: When the continue statement is encountered, the loop immediately jumps to the next
iteration, and the code below the continue statement for the current iteration is skipped.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

if (i == 3) {
continue; // The loop will skip the iteration when i is 3
}
System.out.println(i);
}

Output: 1 2 4 5

• Buffered Reader

In Java, BufferedReader is a class in the java.io package that allows you to read text from a
character-input stream efficiently. It provides buffering capabilities, which means it reads data
from the input stream in chunks and stores them in an internal buffer. This buffering helps to
reduce the number of actual reads from the underlying input stream, leading to improved
performance.

To use BufferedReader, you typically create an instance of it by wrapping it around an existing

Reader (such as InputStreamReader, which converts bytes to characters) to add buffering
functionality.

• ParseInt

ParseInt is a method in Java that belongs to the Integer class, which is a wrapper class for the
primitive data type int. The purpose of the parseInt method is to parse a String representation of
an integer and convert it into its corresponding int value.

Here's the syntax of the parseInt method:

public static int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException
Parameters:

s: A String that represents the integer value to be parsed.

Return:

An int value representing the parsed integer.

• Array

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally, The
elements of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where we
store similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.

Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index, 2nd element
is stored on 1st index and so on.

Unlike C/C++, we can get the length of the array using the length member. In C/C++, we need to
use the sizeof operator.

In Java, array is an object of a dynamically generated class. Java array inherits the Object class,
and implements the Serializable as well as Cloneable interfaces. We can store primitive values or
objects in an array in Java. Like C/C++, we can also create single dimentional or
multidimentional arrays in Java.

Moreover, Java provides the feature of anonymous arrays which is not available in C/C++.

• Advantages

Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data efficiently.
Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

• Disadvantages

Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't grow its size at
runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java which grows automatically.

• Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.

• Single Dimensional Array

• Multidimensional Array

Syntax to Declare an Array in Java

dataType[] arr; (or)

dataType []arr; (or)
dataType arr[];
Instantiation of an Array in Java

arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
Example of Java Array
Let's see the simple example of java array, where we are going to declare, instantiate, initialize
and traverse an array.

//Java Program to illustrate how to declare, instantiate, initialize

//and traverse the Java array.
class Testarray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
a[0]=10;//initialization
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
//traversing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
Output:

10
20
70
40
50

• Class and Object

• A class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects. It defines the structure and behavior
of objects that will be created based on it. A class contains data members (fields) and
methods that define the properties and actions of the objects of that class.

Here's the syntax for defining a class in Java:

// Class declaration
public class MyClass {
// Data members (fields)
dataType fieldName1;
dataType fieldName2;
// ...

// Constructor(s)
public MyClass() {
// Constructor code (optional)
}

// Methods
returnType methodName1(parameters) {
// Method body
// ...
return returnValue;
}

returnType methodName2(parameters) {
// Method body
// ...
return returnValue;
 }

// ...
}

public: The access modifier specifies the visibility of the class. In this case, it is declared as
public, which means the class can be accessed from any other class.

class: The keyword used to define a class.

MyClass: The name of the class, which follows Java naming conventions (usually starts with an
uppercase letter).

dataType: The data type of the fields or the return type of methods.

fieldName1, fieldName2: The names of the data members (fields) in the class.

returnType: The data type of the value returned by a method.

methodName1, methodName2: The names of the methods in the class.

parameters: The input parameters (if any) that a method can take.

return: The keyword used to return a value from a method.

• An object is an instance of a class. When you create an object, memory is allocated to store
its data members, and you can access the methods and fields of the class through that object.

Here's how you can create an object of the class and access its members:

java
Copy code
// Creating an object of MyClass
MyClass myObject = new MyClass();

// Accessing fields and calling methods

myObject.fieldName1 = value1;
myObject.fieldName2 = value2;
// ...
dataType result = myObject.methodName1(arguments);
dataType result2 = myObject.methodName2(arguments);
// ...
In this example, myObject is an object of the class MyClass, and you can access its fields and
call its methods using the dot notation (objectName.fieldName or objectName.methodName()).

Using classes and objects is a fundamental concept in Java, allowing you to create reusable and
organized code by encapsulating data and behavior within classes.

• Functions and its types

Function, also known as method in Java is a collection of instructions that performs a specific
task. It provides the reusability of code. We can also easily modify code using methods. In this
section, we will learn what is a method in Java, types of methods, method declaration, and how
to call a method in Java.

What is a method in Java?

A method is a block of code or collection of statements or a set of code grouped together to
perform a certain task or operation. It is used to achieve the reusability of code. We write a
method once and use it many times. We do not require to write code again and again. It also
provides the easy modification and readability of code, just by adding or removing a chunk of
code. The method is executed only when we call or invoke it.

The most important method in Java is the main() method. If you want to read more about the
main() method, go through the link https://www.javatpoint.com/java-main-method.

Method Declaration
The method declaration provides information about method attributes, such as visibility, return-
type, name, and arguments. It has six components that are known as method header, as we have
shown in the following figure.
• Method Signature: Every method has a method signature. It is a part of the method
declaration. It includes the method name and parameter list.

• Access Specifier: Access specifier or modifier is the access type of the method. It
specifies the visibility of the method. Java provides four types of access specifier:

Public: The method is accessible by all classes when we use public specifier in our application.
Private: When we use a private access specifier, the method is accessible only in the classes in
which it is defined.
Protected: When we use protected access specifier, the method is accessible within the same
package or subclasses in a different package.
Default: When we do not use any access specifier in the method declaration, Java uses default
access specifier by default. It is visible only from the same package only.

• Return Type: Return type is a data type that the method returns. It may have a primitive
data type, object, collection, void, etc. If the method does not return anything, we use void
keyword.

• Method Name: It is a unique name that is used to define the name of a method. It must be
corresponding to the functionality of the method. Suppose, if we are creating a method for
 subtraction of two numbers, the method name must be subtraction(). A method is invoked by
its name.

• Parameter List: It is the list of parameters separated by a comma and enclosed in the pair
of parentheses. It contains the data type and variable name. If the method has no parameter,
left the parentheses blank.

• Method Body: It is a part of the method declaration. It contains all the actions to be
performed. It is enclosed within the pair of curly braces.

• Naming a Method

While defining a method, remember that the method name must be a verb and start with a
lowercase letter. If the method name has more than two words, the first name must be a verb
followed by adjective or noun. In the multi-word method name, the first letter of each word must
be in uppercase except the first word. For example:

Single-word method name: sum(), area()

Multi-word method name: areaOfCircle(), stringComparision()

It is also possible that a method has the same name as another method name in the same class, it
is known as method overloading.

• Types of Method
There are two types of methods in Java:

• Predefined Method
• User-defined Method

• Predefined Method
In Java, predefined methods are the method that is already defined in the Java class libraries is
known as predefined methods. It is also known as the standard library method or built-in method.
We can directly use these methods just by calling them in the program at any point. Some pre-
defined methods are length(), equals(), compareTo(), sqrt(), etc. When we call any of the
predefined methods in our program, a series of codes related to the corresponding method runs in
the background that is already stored in the library.
Each and every predefined method is defined inside a class. Such as print() method is defined in
the java.io.PrintStream class. It prints the statement that we write inside the method. For
example, print("Java"), it prints Java on the console.

Let's see an example of the predefined method.

Demo.java

public class Demo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// using the max() method of Math class
System.out.print("The maximum number is: " + Math.max(9,7));
}
}

Output:

The maximum number is: 9

In the above example, we have used three predefined methods main(), print(), and max(). We
have used these methods directly without declaration because they are predefined. The print()
method is a method of PrintStream class that prints the result on the console. The max() method
is a method of the Math class that returns the greater of two numbers.

We can also see the method signature of any predefined method by using the link
https://docs.oracle.com/. When we go through the link and see the max() method signature, we
find the following:

Method in Java
In the above method signature, we see that the method signature has access specifier public, non-
access modifier static, return type int, method name max(), parameter list (int a, int b). In the
above example, instead of defining the method, we have just invoked the method. This is the
advantage of a predefined method. It makes programming less complicated.

Similarly, we can also see the method signature of the print() method.

• User-defined Method
The method written by the user or programmer is known as a user-defined method. These
methods are modified according to the requirement.

How to Create a User-defined Method

Let's create a user defined method that checks the number is even or odd. First, we will define
the method.

//user defined method

public static void findEvenOdd(int num)
{
//method body
if(num%2==0)
System.out.println(num+" is even");
else
System.out.println(num+" is odd");
}
We have defined the above method named findevenodd(). It has a parameter num of type int.
The method does not return any value that's why we have used void. The method body contains
the steps to check the number is even or odd. If the number is even, it prints the number is even,
else prints the number is odd.

• How to use functions in a class

• How to Call or Invoke a User-defined Method

Once we have defined a method, it should be called. The calling of a method in a program is
simple. When we call or invoke a user-defined method, the program control transfer to the called
method.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class EvenOdd
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
//creating Scanner class object
Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number: ");
//reading value from the user
int num=scan.nextInt();
//method calling
findEvenOdd(num);
}
In the above code snippet, as soon as the compiler reaches at line findEvenOdd(num), the control
transfer to the method and gives the output accordingly.

Let's combine both snippets of codes in a single program and execute it.

EvenOdd.java

import java.util.Scanner;
public class EvenOdd
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
//creating Scanner class object
Scanner scan=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number: ");
//reading value from user
int num=scan.nextInt();
//method calling
findEvenOdd(num);
}
//user defined method
public static void findEvenOdd(int num)
{
//method body
if(num%2==0)
System.out.println(num+" is even");
else
System.out.println(num+" is odd");
}
}

Output 1:

Enter the number: 12

12 is even

Output 2:

Enter the number: 99

99 is odd

• What is Garbage Collection

Garbage collection is a process in Java (and other programming languages with automatic
memory management) that automatically reclaims memory occupied by objects that are no
longer in use or no longer reachable by the application. It helps manage memory efficiently and
ensures that the program does not suffer from memory leaks, where memory is allocated but
never released.

In Java, objects are created dynamically on the heap (a region of memory used for dynamic
memory allocation). When an object is no longer referenced by any variable or data structure in
the program, it becomes eligible for garbage collection.

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is responsible for garbage collection, and it periodically checks
for objects that are no longer reachable and releases their memory. The JVM uses different
garbage collection algorithms to perform this task, and the choice of the algorithm depends on
the JVM implementation and configuration.

• Garbage collection can be divided into the following steps:

Mark: The garbage collector traverses the object graph starting from the root objects (typically
global variables, local variables in active method frames, and static variables) and marks all the
objects that are still reachable.

Sweep: The garbage collector goes through the entire heap and reclaims memory occupied by
objects that were not marked as reachable. These objects are considered garbage and are freed.

Compact (optional): Some garbage collectors, like the generational garbage collector, may
perform additional steps, such as compacting the memory to reduce fragmentation.

The garbage collection process is automatic and transparent to the Java developer. Java
developers do not need to manually manage memory deallocation, unlike in languages like C and
C++. However, it's still essential to be mindful of object lifetimes and avoid unnecessary object
creation to improve performance.

The garbage collection process is an essential aspect of Java's memory management model,
allowing developers to focus on writing code without worrying about manual memory
management, leading to more reliable and secure software development.
• Finalize Method

The finalize() method in Java is a method defined in the Object class. It allows an object to
perform some cleanup operations just before it is garbage collected by the JVM. The finalize()
method is called by the garbage collector when it determines that there are no more references to
the object, and the object is about to be removed from memory.

Here's the general syntax of the finalize() method:

java
Copy code
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
// Cleanup code here
}
The finalize() method has the following characteristics:

Access Modifier: The finalize() method is defined with the protected access modifier. This
means that only the object itself or a subclass can override and call the finalize() method directly.
It cannot be accessed from other classes.

Return Type: The finalize() method has a return type of void, meaning it does not return any
value.

Exception: The finalize() method declares throws Throwable. This allows it to throw any
exception, but it's generally not recommended to throw exceptions from the finalize() method.

It's important to note that the finalize() method has been deprecated starting from Java 9, and it is
strongly discouraged to use it for resource cleanup or any critical operations. The reason for
deprecation is that the finalize() method has several drawbacks and is not reliable for resource
management.

• Call by Value

In Java, when you pass primitive data types (like int, double, char, etc.) or references to objects
as arguments to a method, it uses a mechanism called "call by value." This means that the value
of the variable is passed to the method, rather than the actual variable itself.
Call by value means that changes made to the parameter inside the method do not affect the
original value of the variable in the calling code.

• Example:

class Operation
{
int data=50;
void change(int data)
{
data=data+100;//changes will be in the local variable only
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
Operation op=new Operation();

System.out.println("before change "+op.data);

op.change(500);
System.out.println("after change "+op.data);

}
}

• Recursion

Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself directly or indirectly to solve
a problem. In other words, a function in a recursive approach is defined in terms of itself.
Recursive functions are commonly used when a problem can be broken down into smaller, more
manageable subproblems that can be solved using the same algorithm.

A recursive function typically consists of two parts:

Base case(s): These are the simplest instances of the problem that can be solved directly without
further recursion. Base cases are essential to prevent infinite recursion and ensure that the
recursion eventually terminates.

Recursive case(s): These are the cases where the function calls itself with a modified version of
the problem, bringing it closer to the base case. The function continues to call itself recursively
until it reaches the base case(s).

• Here's a classic example of a recursive function to calculate the factorial of a non-

negative integer:

public class RecursionExample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n = 5;
int factorial = calculateFactorial(n);
System.out.println("Factorial of " + n + " is: " + factorial);
}

public static int calculateFactorial(int n)

{
// Base case: factorial of 0 is 1
if (n == 0)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
// Recursive case: n! = n * (n-1)!
return n * calculateFactorial(n - 1);
}
}
}

Output:
• What is JDBC?

JDBC stands for "Java Database Connectivity." It is a Java-based API (Application

Programming Interface) that provides a standard way for Java applications to interact with
relational databases. JDBC allows Java programs to connect to and manipulate data stored in a
database using SQL (Structured Query Language) statements.

With JDBC, developers can create database connections, execute SQL queries, retrieve query
results, and manage database transactions within their Java applications. JDBC abstracts the
complexities of connecting to various database systems and provides a unified interface for
interacting with different databases, such as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL
Server, and more.

JDBC consists of classes and interfaces that define the methods and operations necessary for
database communication. It includes components like DriverManager (for managing database
connections), Connection (for representing a connection to the database), Statement (for
executing SQL queries), ResultSet (for holding query results), and PreparedStatement (for
executing parameterized queries efficiently), among others.

• Differentiate between Get Text and Set Text

"Get text" and "set text" are terms commonly used in programming to refer to actions involving
data retrieval and data modification, respectively. These terms are often associated with user
interface elements, like text fields or labels, in software applications. Here's a brief
differentiation between the two:

Get Text:

"Get text" refers to retrieving the current content or value of a text-based user interface element.
In the context of user interfaces, it means reading the text that is already present in a specific
component, such as a text field or label.
This action is used when you want to display or use the content of the element elsewhere in the
application, such as displaying it in a different part of the interface or processing it in some way.
Set Text:

"Set text" refers to updating or changing the content or value of a text-based user interface
element.
In the context of user interfaces, it means modifying the text that is displayed in a specific
component, such as updating the text of a button, label, or text field.
This action is used when you want to change the visible content of the element based on user
interactions or other programmatic events.
In summary, "get text" is about retrieving the current content of a user interface element, while
"set text" is about updating or changing the content of the element. These actions are
fundamental when dealing with user input and display in software applications.

• Write the use of forName, getConnection, prepareStatement

function

Let's provide an example that combines the use of forName, getConnection, and
prepareStatement functions in the context of JDBC (Java Database Connectivity). In this
example, we'll demonstrate how to connect to a MySQL database, execute a parameterized SQL
query using a prepared statement, and retrieve data from the database.

Example:

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class JDBCExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String jdbcDriver = "com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver";
 String databaseUrl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String username = "username";
String password = "password";

try {
// Dynamically load the JDBC driver class
Class.forName(jdbcDriver);

// Establish a database connection

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(databaseUrl, username,
password);

// SQL query with a parameter

String sqlQuery = "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = ?";

// Create a PreparedStatement with the parameterized query

PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sqlQuery);
preparedStatement.setString(1, "HR"); // Set the parameter value

// Execute the query

ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();

// Process the query results

while (resultSet.next()) {
int employeeId = resultSet.getInt("employee_id");
String firstName = resultSet.getString("first_name");
String lastName = resultSet.getString("last_name");
String department = resultSet.getString("department");

System.out.println("Employee ID: " + employeeId);

System.out.println("Name: " + firstName + " " + lastName);
System.out.println("Department: " + department);
System.out.println();
}

// Close resources
resultSet.close();
preparedStatement.close();
connection.close();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("JDBC driver class not found: " + e.getMessage());
} catch (SQLException e) {
System.err.println("Database error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
In this example:

• We dynamically load the MySQL JDBC driver using Class.forName.

• We establish a connection to the database using DriverManager.getConnection.
• We create a prepared statement with a parameterized SQL query using
connection.prepareStatement.
• We set the parameter value using setString on the prepared statement.
• We execute the query using executeQuery and process the results using a ResultSet.
• Finally, we close the resources (result set, prepared statement, and connection) in the finally
block to ensure proper cleanup.
This example demonstrates the use of these functions to connect to a database, execute a
parameterized query, and retrieve data from it using JDBC.

• Driver Manager

DriverManager is a class in Java that plays a crucial role in the Java Database Connectivity
(JDBC) API. It is used to manage a list of database drivers. When working with databases using
JDBC, the DriverManager class is responsible for:

Loading JDBC Drivers: The DriverManager class is used to load JDBC drivers dynamically.
JDBC drivers are required to establish a connection between a Java application and a specific
database system. The DriverManager class uses the forName method to load the appropriate
driver class based on the database URL provided.

Establishing Database Connections: Once the driver is loaded, the DriverManager helps in
establishing connections to the database. It provides methods like getConnection that take a
database URL, username, and password as parameters and return a Connection object
representing the connection to the database.

Managing Multiple Drivers: The DriverManager can handle multiple drivers simultaneously. It
maintains a list of registered drivers and attempts to find a suitable driver that can establish a
connection to the specified database URL.

• Here's a simple example demonstrating the use of DriverManager to

connect to a database using JDBC:

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class DatabaseConnectionExample {

 public static void main(String[] args) {
String jdbcUrl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String username = "username";
String password = "password";

try {
// Dynamically load the MySQL JDBC driver class
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

// Establish a database connection

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(jdbcUrl, username, password);

// Perform database operations...

// Close the connection

connection.close();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
System.err.println("JDBC driver class not found: " + e.getMessage());
} catch (SQLException e) {
System.err.println("Database connection error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

In this example, we:

• Use Class.forName to load the MySQL JDBC driver class.

• Use DriverManager.getConnection to establish a connection to the specified database URL.

The DriverManager class simplifies the process of managing database connections and driver
loading in Java applications, making it an essential part of JDBC-based database interactions.

• Net Beans

NetBeans is an integrated development environment (IDE) that provides a comprehensive set of

tools for software development in various programming languages, primarily Java. It offers
features for coding, debugging, profiling, designing graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and more.
NetBeans is open-source and free to use, making it a popular choice among developers,
especially those working with Java and related technologies.

• Key features and components of NetBeans include:

• Multi-Language Support: While NetBeans has a strong focus on Java development, it also
supports other languages like JavaScript, HTML, CSS, PHP, and more. This makes it
suitable for a wide range of projects.

• Integrated GUI Builder: NetBeans includes a powerful and user-friendly GUI builder that
allows developers to create graphical user interfaces visually. It simplifies the process of
designing and laying out components in Java Swing applications.

• Code Editor and Code Generation: The IDE provides a feature-rich code editor with syntax
highlighting, code completion, and various productivity tools. It can generate boilerplate
code for common tasks, reducing manual coding effort.

• Debugging and Profiling: NetBeans offers robust debugging capabilities, including

breakpoints, variable inspection, and step-by-step debugging. It also provides profiling tools
to analyze application performance and memory usage.

• Version Control: NetBeans supports version control systems such as Git, Subversion, and
Mercurial, enabling seamless collaboration and code management.

• Maven and Ant Integration: It integrates with build systems like Apache Maven and Apache
Ant, making it easier to manage project dependencies and build processes.

• Plugin Ecosystem: NetBeans has a rich ecosystem of plugins and extensions that enhance its
functionality. Developers can find and install plugins for various frameworks, libraries, and
tools.

• Java EE and Web Development: NetBeans has extensive support for Java Enterprise Edition
(Java EE) development, making it suitable for creating web applications using technologies
like JavaServer Faces (JSF), Java Persistence API (JPA), and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB).

• Mobile Development: NetBeans provides tools for developing mobile applications for
platforms like Android and Java ME (Micro Edition).

• Community and Open Source: NetBeans is developed as an open-source project under the
Apache Software Foundation. This allows for community contributions and ensures
continuous improvement.

NetBeans has gained popularity for its user-friendly interface, strong support for Java
development, and the range of features it offers to streamline the software development process.
It's worth noting that the IDE landscape evolves, and developers often choose their tools based
on personal preferences and project requirements.
• Wamp Server

WampServer is a software bundle that provides a platform for developing and testing dynamic
web applications locally on a Windows environment. The name "WampServer" is derived from
the combination of the software components it includes: Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP.
It simplifies the process of setting up a web development environment on your local machine,
allowing you to work on web projects before deploying them to a live web server.

Here's a breakdown of the components included in WampServer:

• Windows: WampServer is designed to run on Windows operating systems. It provides a user-
friendly installation and management interface for configuring and controlling the other
components.

• Apache: Apache is a widely used open-source web server software. In the context of
WampServer, Apache serves as the web server that handles incoming HTTP requests and
serves web pages to users' browsers.

• MySQL: MySQL is a popular open-source relational database management system

(RDBMS). WampServer includes MySQL to provide a local database where you can store
and manage data for your web applications.

• PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language commonly used for web development.
WampServer bundles PHP, allowing you to write dynamic code that interacts with databases
and generates web content.

• phpMyAdmin: WampServer also includes phpMyAdmin, a web-based graphical user

interface for managing MySQL databases. It allows you to create, modify, and interact with
databases and tables without writing SQL commands manually.

• The main benefits of using WampServer include:

• Easy Installation: WampServer provides a simple installation process that sets up a complete
web development environment on your Windows machine.

• Local Development: With WampServer, you can develop and test your web applications
locally before deploying them to a live web server. This is particularly useful for debugging
and troubleshooting.

• Isolation: Since WampServer runs locally on your computer, you can work on your projects
without affecting any live websites or servers.

• Offline Access: You can develop and test your applications even when you don't have an
active internet connection.

• Integrated Tools: The inclusion of Apache, MySQL, PHP, and phpMyAdmin in a single
package simplifies the setup and management of your development environment.

However, it's important to note that while WampServer is convenient for local development, it is
not suitable for production use. For deploying applications to a live web server, you would need
to configure and secure a production environment with separate installations of Apache, MySQL,
and PHP.
Alternatives to WampServer include XAMPP (which is similar and also includes Perl) and
individual component installations (e.g., installing Apache, MySQL, and PHP separately). Your
choice of local development environment depends on your preferences and project requirements.

• How Insertion and Selection done in JavaForm in NetBeans

To achieve this, you would typically use the Java Database Connectivity
(JDBC) API. Here's a basic example demonstrating how to insert and select
data from a database using Java and JDBC:

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class DatabaseExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String jdbcUrl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase";
String username = "username";
String password = "password";

try {
// Establish a database connection
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(jdbcUrl, username, password);

// Insert data into the database

insertData(connection, "John", "Doe");

// Select and display data from the database

selectData(connection);

// Close the connection

connection.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
System.err.println("Database error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void insertData(Connection connection, String firstName, String lastName)

throws SQLException {
String insertSql = "INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name) VALUES (?, ?)";
 PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(insertSql);
preparedStatement.setString(1, firstName);
preparedStatement.setString(2, lastName);
int rowsAffected = preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(rowsAffected + " rows inserted.");
preparedStatement.close();
}

private static void selectData(Connection connection) throws SQLException {

String selectSql = "SELECT * FROM employees";
PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(selectSql);
ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();

while (resultSet.next()) {
int employeeId = resultSet.getInt("employee_id");
String firstName = resultSet.getString("first_name");
String lastName = resultSet.getString("last_name");
System.out.println("Employee ID: " + employeeId);
System.out.println("Name: " + firstName + " " + lastName);
System.out.println();
}

resultSet.close();
preparedStatement.close();
}
}

In this example:

• We establish a connection to the database using DriverManager.getConnection.

• The insertData method inserts a new record into the database using a parameterized SQL
insert statement.
• The selectData method retrieves and displays all records from the database using a
parameterized SQL select statement.
• Make sure to replace jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase, username, and password with
your actual database connection details, and adjust the SQL statements to match your
database schema.

This example is a simplified illustration of inserting and selecting data using JDBC. In a real-
world scenario, you would handle exceptions, manage connections more efficiently (possibly
using connection pooling), and organize your code in a more structured manner.

• How Deletion and Updation done in JavaForm in NetBeans

Deletion and updating operations in a Java Form (JFrame) created using the NetBeans GUI
Builder typically involve working with components like buttons, text fields, and possibly data
sources like databases. Below, I'll provide a step-by-step guide on how to implement deletion
and updating functionality in a Java Form using NetBeans:

Deletion:

• Design UI:

• Create a JFrame using the NetBeans GUI Builder.

• Drag and drop a JTable onto the JFrame to display your data.
• Drag and drop a "Delete" button onto the JFrame.

• Populate the JTable:

• Populate the JTable with data from your data source (e.g., a database or an array).
• You can do this in the constructor or an initialization method of your JFrame.

• Delete Button Action:

• Double-click the "Delete" button to create an event handler.

• In the event handler method, retrieve the selected row index from the JTable.
• Delete the corresponding data from your data source (e.g., remove a record from the
database or an element from your data list).
• Remove the selected row from the JTable's model.
•

private void jButtonDeleteActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

DefaultTableModel model = (DefaultTableModel) jTable1.getModel();
int selectedRow = jTable1.getSelectedRow();
if (selectedRow != -1) {
// Assuming 'dataList' is your data source
dataList.remove(selectedRow);
model.removeRow(selectedRow);
}
}

Updating:

• Design UI:

• Drag and drop a "Details" panel onto the JFrame to show editable fields for updating
data.
• Drag and drop an "Update" button onto the JFrame.
• Update Button Action:

• Double-click the "Update" button to create an event handler.

• In the event handler method, retrieve the selected row index from the JTable.
• Populate the editable fields with the data from the selected row.
• Modify the data in your data source with the updated values (e.g., update a record in the
database or modify an element in your data list).
• Update the JTable's model with the new data.

private void jButtonUpdateActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) {

DefaultTableModel model = (DefaultTableModel) jTable1.getModel();
int selectedRow = jTable1.getSelectedRow();
if (selectedRow != -1) {
// Assuming 'dataList' is your data source
Person person = dataList.get(selectedRow);

// Retrieve data from editable fields

String newName = jTextFieldName.getText();
int newAge = Integer.parseInt(jTextFieldAge.getText());

// Update the data source

person.setName(newName);
person.setAge(newAge);

// Update the JTable's model

model.setValueAt(newName, selectedRow, 1);
model.setValueAt(newAge, selectedRow, 2);
}
}
• SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS

• Hardware Requirements:
• Pentium4 2GHz and Above
• 512MB RAM minimum
• 15” Color Monitor

• Software Requirements:
• Operating System: Windows XP/Vista7/8 Operating System.
• Front End tools : Notepad,NetBeans IDE 7.2.1,Notepad++
• Backend : MySQL Server
• Output: Window Application
 • Webserver : Wamp Server

• INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

“LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”

A library management system is software that is designed to manage all the functions of a
library. It helps librarian to maintain the database of new books and the books that are borrowed
by members along with their due dates.
 This system completely automates all your library’s activities. The best way to maintain,
organize, and handle countless books systematically is to implement a library management
system software.
A library management system is used to maintain library records. It tracks the records of the
number of books in the library, how many books are issued, or how many books have been
returned or renewed, etc.
You can find books in an instant, issue/reissue books quickly, and manage all the data efficiently
and orderly using this system. The purpose of a library management system is to provide instant
and accurate data regarding any type of book, thereby saving a lot of time and effort.

• WHAT IS LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

A library management system is software that is designed to manage all the functions of a
library. It helps librarian to maintain the database of new books and the books that are borrowed
by members along with their due dates. This system completely automates all your library’s
activities. A library management system is used to maintain library records. It tracks the records
of the number of books in the library, how many books are issued, or how many books have been
returned or renewed or late fine charges, etc. You can find books in an instant, issue/reissue
books quickly, and manage all the data efficiently and orderly using this system. The purpose of
a library management system is to provide instant and accurate data regarding any type of book,
thereby saving a lot of time and effort.

• FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

The main functions of the library management system are to realize the automation
of the management of library borrowing and return of books the timely addition
and destruction of books and the update of users and book information. Around
these main functions, this system involves the following core functions such as:

• Library management
• Book information management
• Query function

• Our Project contain 1 Module:

• Admin:
Admin can create information about:
 1.Books Stored
2.Student ID
3.View Books
4.Delete Entries
5.Store Entries

• Nature of Library Management System

The purpose of this study is to design and implement an integrated Library Management
System (LMS) to improve the efficiency of library operations and enhance the user experience
for patrons.

• Recording and keeping track of library resources

• Ensuring every learner or reader gets access to the required resources on time
• Making and managing library budget
• Promoting library resources

• The Benefits of Having a Library Management System

The task of managing a library is not easy. Librarians look after thousands of books and manage
the catalog. They also ensure that the needs of all readers are met on time. They work with
different stakeholders-students, academicians, and other library staff to ensure everyone gets
what they need. To manage the library smoothly, librarians also need to have specific skills. For
example, they must know the art of managing and working in a team. With various
responsibilities in hand, the task of managing a library becomes even more challenging.
However, the workload can be decreased by using an effective library management system. With
the help of software for library management, librarians can improve their efficiency and cater to
different stakeholders hassle-free.

• Features of a library management system:

 The main features that any educational institution can look for before investing in a library
management system are:

• Manage books and sections

An efficient library management system provides information on the list of books available in
the library. Stakeholders can search for their favorite books by entering keywords like authors,
titles, racks, or genres. The system simplifies the book return and borrowing facilities. With the
help of this system, librarians can manage piles of books, research papers, and magazines with a
few taps.

• Manage book requests

Traditionally, librarians have to go through huge piles of books to find a particular book. They
manually search for the available books and then allocate them to the users. However, with an
automated library management system, they can easily manage the book request without facing
roadblocks. Moreover, the system should also provide information on book availability. It must
inform users if the book is currently available or is issued to someone else.

• Multi-library management
The system should manage all the libraries in an institute efficiently. Many educational institutes
have multiple libraries to facilitate a better learning environment. However, managing those
books stacks and keeping track of book issues and requests become troublesome in such cases.
Therefore, having a library management system on the side can make the task easy. It provides
management with complete summaries data of all the libraries.

• Easy book search

Traditionally, students and other users looking for a book need to roam from one corner to
another of the library. It consumes their time and effort. Then they stand at the library counter to
get their book issued. All these hassles can be ignored by adopting a library management system.
The software enables its users to search for any book at their fingertips. Users can enter the data
on the system to know if the book is available.

• A catalog
With the help of a catalog, management can get accurate information on the status of each book.
They can understand if the books are available, borrowed, reserved, or lost. Moreover, the
management can keep a count on the number of books by checking the booking status.

• Easy access
The library management software must be easily accessible to everyone from any location. It
must ensure that users can use the system through their mobile devices and laptops. Improving
the accessibility of the software will ease the work of library managers and other stakeholders.
• Scope of Library Management System

Library management systems are designed to manage the movement of books and maintain
records of the members in a library. The software solution is designed based on the system
requirements, the people involved, the content of the operation and the activity to be performed.

• Better Efficiency
Library management software can improve the overall efficiency of a school in many ways. For
example, imagine a librarian managing the daily data on various tasks like the number of books
issued, borrowed, returned, etc. It is a difficult task; prone to human errors. Instead, library
management system software can easily manage these tasks without errors. Students can also
find books quickly, helping them save valuable time.
• Time-saving
As mentioned above, managing library activities manually is a time-consuming process. During
exam time, the demand for books in the library increases, which makes students wait longer to
get the desired book. A good library management app can solve these issues. The librarian can
use the system to distribute books to the students efficiently. Also, students can check whether a
particular book is currently available to borrow using the app. Thus, the app can save a lot of
time for both schools and students.
• Cost-effective
Needless to say, library management software can save your money in different ways. Schools
do not need to get separate software since the library management system software often comes
as a part of your Software. Moreover, schools can eliminate the use of paper-based procedures
and reduce expenses. Sometimes, many books from the library may get lost due to poor
management. But, library management software allows schools to track and manage books
efficiently to prevent loss or theft.

• Better Security
Online library management software is way more secure than paper-based procedures. For
example, entering the personal details of students in a register while borrowing books is less
accurate. Anyone can access this data, or it may get lost easily. Instead, library management
system software can be used to store this data safely in a secured location. Only authorized
people say a librarian has access to these data. Furthermore, details of the books are also stored
confidentially to prevent any kind of loss or theft.
• Increased Engagement
More engagement can be seen in the library since all the books are available at the fingertips of
students. Some students may not want to go to the library since finding the book they want from
thousands of books is time-consuming. But, a library management system software allows them
to find a particular book easily. Moreover, students can also see whether the book is currently
available or not. Thus, the software can make a library more engaging than ever.
• Easy Access
Easy accessibility is another important advantage of a library management system. Librarians
can access all the library data from anywhere using their smartphones or computers. They don't
even have to be at the library to know about anything related to the library. This single app can
manage the library collection, scheduling, books, and services. Students can also access library
facilities with ease using their smartphones.
• Flexible Reports
A robust library management app allows librarians to analyze reports with ease. The flexible
reporting feature shows graphs and charts to understand things easily. Moreover, since the
system automatically generates the reports, there is no chance of any errors. This feature enables
more efficient bookings, book distribution and tracking. This dynamic reporting also improves
the performance of the library and helps in decision-making.
• Error-free
An online Library management system is entirely error-free since it is automated. As a result, the
system allows you to manage library tasks more efficiently than the traditional system. This
seamless flow of the process also enables students to borrow books and return them in time.
Furthermore, the system requires very less workforce and human intervention. Eventually, the
tasks get completed more quickly without hassles.
• Customizable
Needless to say, every school's library is different. The procedure to borrow and return books
may also be different. Library management software is easily customizable. It means you can set
up the system according to your needs. For example, schools can give access to students to
borrow books only on a particular day of the week based on their grades. So that all grades get
equal opportunities to borrow books.

• DATABASE Data Flow diagram

• Our backend contain two tables and one database:

• Database Name:
• library_project
• Table Name:
• books_info
• books_issued
 Database Screenshots

Database Name: library_project

Table : book_info
Table : books_issued
 Database Entries Screenshots

• book_info
• books_issued
 PROJECT SCREENSHOTS

Step 1: Open project

Step 2: Run Project
Project Contain 7 forms but it performs 9 functions:
• login:
• admin:
• ListofBooks:
• addbook:
• deletebook:
• searchbook:
• booksissued:
• newissue:
• logout:
• FUTURE WORK OF LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Reduces Manual Work and Saves Time

Processes can be accomplished with a few clicks. This will help the students, teachers, and
school admin save time and hassle in an academic setting. The future scope of library
management system will aim to eliminate manual labor
Digital libraries of the future will give access to a large variety of multimedia and multi ‐type
documents created by integrating content from many different heterogeneous sources that range
from repositories of text, images, and audio‐video, to scientific data archives, and databases.
Streamlining workflows using automation and artificial intelligence isn't just a cost-saving
measure; it can also free up librarians to spend more time interacting with patrons and providing
other services that demonstrate real value to stakeholders.

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• LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INTRODUCTION PROJECT -

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