SKAA 4223

Structural Analysis
Dr. Redzuan Abdullah
Faculty of Civil Engineering
M50-43
019-7720622 / 07-5538654
Static Determinacy
• A structure is in equilibrium when there is no
resultant force acting in the three orthogonal
directions
• The equilibrium equations for a structure in 3D are:
 Fx  0  Fy  0  Fz  0
 M x 0  M y 0  M z 0

• For 2D structure
 Fx  0  Fy  0  Mo  0
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Static Determinacy
• If reaction forces and internal forces can be
determined using the above equations, it is called
‘statically determinate structure’
• Otherwise, it is called ‘statically indeterminate
structure’
• The structure is indeterminate if the number of
unknown forces is more than the number of static
equilibrium equation

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Beam and Frame
• 2D beam and frame
r  3n, statically determinate
r  3n, statically indeterminate
• Degree of redundancy
i  r  3n
• r = force and moment reaction components
• n = number of part
• i = degree of static redundancy = The additional eqns
needed to solve for the unknown eqns. This is referred
to as compatibility eqns
i0 Unstable
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Example
Classify each of the beams as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
number of degrees of indeterminacy. The beams are
subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known
and can act anywhere on the beams.

r  3, n  1,3  3 1 Statically determinate

r  5, n  1,5  3 1 Statically indeterminate to

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the second degree
r  6, n  2, 6  3  2  Statically determinate

Statically indeterminate to the first

r  10, n  3, 10  3  3  degree

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Example
Classify each of the pin-connected structures as statically
determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The structures are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act
anywhere on the structures.

r  7, n  2, Statically indeterminate to the first degree

76

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 Statically
determinate
r  9, n  3,9  9

r  10, n  2,10  6 Statically indeterminate to the fourth

degree

r  9, n  3,9  9
Statically determinate 8
Truss
• 2D Truss b  r  2 j statically determinate
b  r  2 j statically indeterminate

• Degree of redundancy
i br 2j
• b = number of truss member
• r = number of reaction force
• j = number of joint

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Stability
• The structure will collapse or unstable when i < 0
• In certain cases a structure can also becomes
unstable even if it is statically determinate or
statically indeterminate
• Stability will have to be determined either through
inspection or by force analysis
• External Stability
• A structure is externally unstable if the support reactions
have lines of action that are either concurrent or parallel

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Externally unstable structure

Fx 0

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• Internal Stability - Truss
• The internal stability of a truss can be checked by careful
inspection of the arrangement of its members
• If it can be determined that each joint is held fixed so
that it cannot move in a “rigid body” sense wrt the other
joints, then the truss will be stable
• A simple truss will always be internally stable
• If a truss is constructed so that it does not hold its joints
in a fixed position, it will be unstable or have a “critical
form”

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Example
• Classify each of the trusses below as stable,
unstable, statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. The trusses are subjected to
arbitrary external loadings that are assumed to be
known & can act anywhere on the trusses.

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• Externally stable
• Reactions are not concurrent or parallel
• b = 19, r = 3, j = 11
• b + r =2j = 22
• Truss is statically determinate
• By inspection, the truss is internally stable

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• Externally stable
• b = 15, r = 4, j = 9
• b + r = 19 > 2j =18
• Truss is statically indeterminate to the 1st degree
• By inspection, the truss is internally stable

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• Externally stable
• b = 9, r = 3, j = 6
• b + r = 12 = 2j
• Truss is statically determinate
• By inspection, the truss is internally stable

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• Externally stable
• b = 12, r = 3, j = 8
• b + r = 15 < 2j
• The truss is internally unstable

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More examples

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Kinematic Indeterminacy
• When a structure is loaded, its joint or node will
rotate, translate or both
• In the analysis by deflection method, rotation and
translation (or deflection) at the nodes are
unknown quantities
• The deflection at any node is independent if its
quantity, and is not affected by the deflection at
other nodes
• The number of independent deflection at the
nodes is called kinematic indeterminacy
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Kinematic Indeterminacy
• The number of kinematic indeterminacy is often
referred to as Degree of Freedom (DOF)
• DOF is the number of displacement components at
the nodes
D2
D1

• The above beam has 2 DOF

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Kinematic Indeterminacy
• Determine the number of static and kinematic
indeterminacy for the structures below

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 A B
A 1 B 2
1 2

Principle of Superposition R
A
1 d1
d1
B
d2
2
d2
P
R P
A B

=
1d d22
• The total response at a

=
R A 1 P
A
point in the structure due

=
d1 d2
to several loads can be R A P

=
determined by adding the R1
d11 d21
P2

=
d11 d21
response due to each R1 A
P2
+
load acting separately R1
d11
+
d21
B P2
+
• Conditions for +
B

d11 d21
superposition R1 B P2
d22
• The material is in the R2
d12
d12 +
d22 P2
linear-elastic region: obey R2 B
P2
Hooke’s Law d12 R = R1 + R2 d22
P2
• Small displacement such R2 RP==RP1 ++RP2
1 2

that the position and d12

Pd= =
1
P1d+ P+2 d
11 12 d22
direction of load are R1==Rd111++Rd2 12
d P2
R2 d2 = d21 + d22
unchanged P2==Pd121++P2d22
d
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d1 = d11 + d12
R = R1 + R2
Force-Displacement Relationship
F  D: F = k D, or
k
D  F: D = f F
D
Where k = f -1
F
k = Stiffness (N/m)

f = Flexibility(m/N)

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Analysis of Indeterminate
Structure
• In the analysis, indeterminate structure can be
simplified by separating it into simpler
components. The discretized components must
meet the following conditions
• Equilibrium of forces
• Compatibility of displacement
• Relationship between force and deflection

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Methods of Analysis
• There are two methods of analysis where the above
conditions can be met
• Force method
• Displacement method

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Force Method
• In the force method, the redundant forces is the
primary unknowns

P P

d
D
1
F
D+dF=0 Compatibility Equation

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Displacement Method
• In the displacement method the displacement is
the primary unknown
P

P = KD Equilibrium Equation

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 Force Vs Displacement method
Unknown
Unknown Equation used
coefficient
Compatibility and
Redundant Flexibility
Force method force-displacement
force coefficient
relation
Displacement
Displacement Equilibrium and force- Stiffness
at node
method displacement relation coefficient
(DOF)

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Matrix method
• In this course, matrix is used for the solution of
both force and displacement methods of analysis
• When using matrix,
• The Force method is also known as Flexibility method
• The Displacement method is also known as Stiffness
method
• The matrix solution procedure for stiffness method
is suitable for computer programming. This is also
known as modern method of analysis

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From Whatspp

Life is full of illusion

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End of Introduction

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