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Table of Contents
SL NO Topic Page number
1 The concept of Matrix 1-2
2 Types of Matrices 2-6
3 Algebric Operations of Complex 6-11
number
4 Ditterminant 11-14
5 Crammer’s rule 14-16
6 Gauss eliminatiuon method 16-17
The concept of Matrix:

The concept of a matrix is a fundamental mathematical concept that is widely used in various fields,
including mathematics, physics, engineering, computer science, and more. A matrix is a rectangular array
of numbers or elements arranged in rows and columns. It is represented in the following form:
𝑎11 … … . 𝑎1𝑛
[ : : : ]
𝑎𝑛1 : 𝑎𝑛𝑛
where a₁₁, a₁₂, ..., a₁ᵢ are the elements of the first row, a₂₁, a₂₂, ..., a₂ᵢ are the elements of the second row,
and so on. The matrix has j rows and i columns, and we often refer to it
as an (j x i) matrix.
Matrices are used to represent and manipulate various types of data and mathematical objects. Some key
concepts related to matrices include:
➢ Entries/Elements: The individual numbers in a matrix are called entries or elements. For example,
a₁₂ refers to the element in the first row and second column.
➢ Order/Dimension: The order or dimension of a matrix refers to the number of rows and columns it
contains. For example, an (j x i) matrix has j rows and i columns.
➢ Row and Column Vectors: If a matrix has only one row (j = 1), it is called a row vector. If it has
only one column (i = 1), it is called a column vector.
➢ Square Matrix: A square matrix has the same number of rows and columns (j = i). For example, a
(3 x 3) matrix is a square matrix.
➢ Zero Matrix: A matrix where all the elements are zero is called a zero matrix and is denoted by the
symbol "0".
Identity Matrix: An identity matrix, denoted by "I", is a square matrix with ones on the main diagonal
(from the top left to the bottom right) and zeros elsewhere.
Matrix Operations: Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied with each other following specific
rules. Matrix multiplication is not commutative (i.e., A * B ≠ B * A), but it is associative (i.e., A * (B *
C) = (A * B) * C).

Matrices are extensively used in solving systems of linear equations, representing linear transformations,
solving optimization problems, data analysis, graphics, and many other applications. They serve as
powerful tools in various mathematical and computational tasks, providing a concise and efficient way to
represent and process data and relationships between variables.

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Types of Matrices

Rectangular Matrix

A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns.
For example,

1 5 −2
3 −4 7 
 
is a matrix of the order 2× 3 .

Diagonal Matrix
A 𝑚 × 𝑚 square matrix B = [bij] is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero,
that is a matrix B =[bij]m×m is said to be a diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j.

For example,

1 0 0
 −3 0 
 
1 ,  , 0 2 0 
0 5
 0 0 3 
are diagonal matrices of order 1, 2, 3, respectively.

Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in its principal diagonal are equal to
some non-zero constant. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal,
that is, a square matrix B = [bij]n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if
bij = 0, when i ≠ j
bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
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For example,

5 0 0
 −1 0 
1 ,  0 
−1 
, 0 5
0  0 0 5 
are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Zero/Null Matrix
A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
For Example,

0 0 0
0 0 
 
0 ,  , 0 0 0 
0 0
 0 0 0 
are all zero matrices of the order 1, 2 and 3 respectively. We denote zero matrix by O.

Unit or Identity Matrix

If a square matrix has each diagonal elements as 1 and all non diagonal elements as 0 , it is called identity
matrix and denoted by I. A square matrix A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix if aij = 1 if i = j
aij = 0 if i ≠ j

Equal Matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and if their corresponding elements are
equal .
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In. When the order is clear from the context, we
simply write it as I. For example,

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1 0 0
1 0 
1 ,   , 0 1 0 
0 1
 0 0 1 
are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix
when k = 1. But every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.

Upper Triangle Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as the upper triangular
matrix. For example,

1 −4 5
0 2 7 

 0 0 8 

Lower Triangle Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as the lower triangular
matrix. For example,

 1 0 0
 −4 6 0 
 
 −9 3 5 

Symmetric Matrix

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A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if aij = aji for all i and j, where aij is an element present at (i,j)th
position (ith row and jth column in matrix A) and aji is an element present at (j,i)th position (jth row and
ith column in matrix A). In other words, we can say that matrix A is said to be symmetric if the
transpose of matrix A is equal to matrix A itself (AT=A). Let’s take an example of a matrix,

1 3 8 
3 8 −4 
 
8 −4 6 
It is symmetric matrix because aij = aji for all i and j. Here, a12 = a21= 3, a13 = a31= 8 and a23 = a32 = -4 In
other words, the transpose of Matrix A is equal to Matrix A itself (AT=A) which means matrix A is
symmetric.

Skew Symmetric Matrix

Square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if aij =−aji for all i and j. In other words, we can say that
matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if transpose of matrix A is equal to negative of matrix A i.e
(AT =−A). Note that all the main diagonal elements in the skew-symmetric matrix are zero. Let’s take an
example of a matrix
0 6
( )
−6 0
It is skew-symmetric matrix because aij =−aji for all i and j. Here, a12 = 6 and a21= -6 which
means a12= −a21. Similarly, this condition holds true for all other values of i and j.

Theorems related Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix

• Theorem 1
For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and A – A′ is a
skew-symmetric matrix.

• Theorem 2
Any Square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
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Algebric Operations of Complex number

Addition of Matrices

One of the basic operations that can be performed on matrices is the addition operation. Just as we add
two or more integers, two or more matrices can also be added in a similar fashion. This is known as
Addition of Matrices.

Matrix addition is the operation of adding two or matrices by adding the corresponding entry of each
matrix together.

The most important rule to know is that when adding two or more matrices, first make sure the matrices
have the same dimensions. In order words, you can add a 2 x 3 with a 2 x 3 or a 2 x 2 with a 2 x 2.
However, you cannot add a 3 x 2 with a 2 x 3 or a 2 x 2 with a 3 x 3. For example, the addition of two
given matrices with dimension 2 × 2,

Commutative Law
If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say m × n, then A + B = B + A.
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Associative Law
For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the same order, say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B +
C).

Two matrices A and B are said to be conformable for subtraction if they have the same order (i.e. same
number of rows and columns) and their difference A - B is defined to be the addition of A and (-B).
i.e., A – B = A + (-B)

There are two types of multiplication for matrices:

• Scalar multiplication.

• Matrix multiplication.

Scalar multiplication is easy. You just take a regular number (called a "scalar") and multiply it on every
entry in the matrix.

A matrix is an array of numbers:

4 0 
1 −9 
 

To multiply a matrix by a single number is easy:

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We call the number ("2" in this case) a scalar, so this is called "scalar multiplication".

Matrix multiplication by a matrix

But to multiply a matrix by another matrix we need to do the "dot product" of rows and columns ... what
does that mean? Let us see with an example:

7 8
1 2 3    58 64 
4  9 10  = 
 5 6 139 154 


11 12 

To work out the answer for the 1st row and 1st column:
The "Dot Product" is where we multiply matching members, then sum up:

(1 2 3) • (7 9 11) = 1×7 + 2×9 + 3×11

= 58
Now 1st row and 2nd column:
(1 2 3) • (8 10 12)=1×8 + 2×10 + 3×12
= 64

Then we get:

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7 8
1 2 3    58 64 
4    9 10  = 
 6 154 
11 12  
5 139

When we do multiplication:
The number of columns of the 1st matrix must

equal the number of rows of the 2nd matrix.

And the result will have the same number of rows as the 1st matrix, and the same number of columns as
the 2nd matrix.

In General:
To multiply an m×n matrix by an n×p matrix, the n must be the same, and the result is an m×p matrix.

So ... multiplying a 1×3 by a 3×1 gets a 1×1 result:

4
1 2 3   = 1 4 + 2  5 + 3  6 = 32
  
5   

6 

But multiplying a 3×1 by a 1×3 gets a 3×3 result:

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4  4 1 4  2 4  3  4 8 12 
 5  1 2 3 = 5 1 5  2 5  3  = 5 10 15 
      
 6   6 1 6  2 6  3 6 12 18 

Identity matrix
The "Identity Matrix" is the matrix equivalent of the number "1":
• Example: A 3×3 Identity Matrix

1 0 0
I =
0 1 0


0 0 1


• It is "square" (has same number of rows as columns)

• It can be large or small (2×2, 100×100, ... whatever)

• It has 1s on the main diagonal and 0s everywhere else

• Its symbol is the capital letter I

It is a special matrix, because when we multiply by it, the original is unchanged:

A×I=A
I×A=A

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Order of Multiplication
• In arithmetic we are used to:

3 × 5 = 5 × 3(The Commutative Law of Multiplication)

• But this is not generally true for matrices (matrix multiplication is not commutative): AB ≠ BA

• When we change the order of multiplication, the answer is (usually) different.

Determinant:
Property-1
The value of the determinant remains unchanged if both rows and columns are interchanged.i.e. If A be a
square matrix then

det ( A ) = det ( AT )
Property-2
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the sign of determinant changes. i.e
If let A be a square matrix and det(A) be the determinant of this matrix .Now if we interchange two rows
and if det(B) be the new determinant then
det(B)= - det(A) .
Property-2

Property-3
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all corresponding elements are same), then
the value of the determinant is zero.
If we interchange the identical rows (or columns) of the determinant Δ, then Δ does not change.
However, by Property 2, it follows that Δ has changed its sign, therefore Δ = – Δ or Δ = 0.

Property-4
If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then its value gets
multiplied by k.

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Let Δ1 be the determinant consequently obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row by k. Then,
Δ1= k Δ

Property-5
If some or all elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as the sum of two (or more)
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two (or more) determinants.

Property-6
If the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows (or columns) are added to every element of
any row or column of a determinant, then the value of

determinant remains the same, i.e., the value of determinant remain same if we apply the operation Ri →
Ri + k Rj or Ci → Ci + k Cj .

Adjoint of a matrix
Given a square matrix A, the transpose of the matrix of the cofactor of A is called adjoint of A and is
denoted by adj A. An adjoint matrix is also called an adjugate matrix. In other words, we can say that
matrix A is another matrix formed by replacing each element of the current matrix by its corresponding
cofactor and then taking the transpose of the new matrix formed.

a a12 
A =  11
 a21 a22 

If

A11 A12 t
Then , adj A= [ ]
A21 A22
1 2
Example:Find the adjoint of the matrix:[ ]
3 4
1 2
Solution: We will first evaluate the cofactor of every element of [ ]
3 4

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• Cof(1) =4

• Cof(2)= -3

• Cof(3)=-2

• Cof(4)=1

Therefore,
𝑡
4 −3 𝑡 4 −2
adj A =(𝑐𝑜𝑓(𝑎𝑖𝑗 )) = [ ] =[ ]
−2 1 −3 1

Inverse of the Matrix

To find the inverse of a matrix A, i.e 𝐴−1 we shall first define the adjoint of a matrix. Let A be an n x n
matrix. The (i,j) cofactor of A is defined to be Aij = (
-1)ij det(Mij),where Mij is the (i,j)th minor matrix obtained from A after removing the ith row and jth
column. Let’s consider the n x n matrix A = (Aij) and define the n x n matrix Adj(A) = 𝐴𝑖𝑗 T. The matrix
Adj(A) is called the adjoint of matrix A.

When A is invertible, then its inverse can be obtained by the formula given below.
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|

The inverse is defined only for non-singular square matrices. The following relationship holds between a
matrix and its inverse:
AA-1 = A-1A = I, where I is the identity matrix.

Cramer’s Rule
Cramer’s Rule will give us the unique solution to a system of equations, if it exists. However, if the
system has no solution or an infinite number of solutions, this will be indicated by a determinant of zero.

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To find out if the system is inconsistent or dependent, another method, such as elimination, will have to
be used.

To understand Cramer’s Rule, let’s look closely at how we solve systems of linear equations using
basic row operations. Consider a system of two equations in two variables.

a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2

The solution of cramer’s rule is given as:

Dx
x=
D
Dy
y=
D
If we are solving for x, the x column is replaced with the constant column. If we are solving for y, the y
column is replaced with the constant column.

Exercises
• Solve the system with two variables by Cramer’sRule

4x-3y=11
6x+5y=7

• Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix inversion method:

5x + 2 y = 3
3x + 2 y = 5 .

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• The inverse of A is A-1 only when:

A × A-1 = A-1 × A = I

• Why Do we need an inverse?

Because with matrices we don't divide! Seriously, there is no concept of dividing by a matrix . But we can
multiply by an inverse, which achieves the same thing.

Say we want to find matrix X, and we know matrix A and B where XA = B .

It would be nice to divide both sides by A (to get X=B/A), but remember we can't divide .

The rank of a Matrix Definition

The rank of the matrix refers to the number of linearly independent rows or columns in the matrix. ρ(A) is
used to denote the rank of matrix A. A matrix is said to be of rank zero when all of its elements become
zero. The rank of the matrix is the dimension of the vector space obtained by its columns. The rank of
a matrix cannot exceed more than the number of its rows or columns. The rank of the null matrix is zero.

Nullity of a Matrix
The nullity of a matrix is defined as the number of vectors present in the null space of a given matrix. In
other words, it can be defined as the dimension of the null space of matrix A called the nullity of A. Rank
+ Nullity is the number of all columns in matrix A.

Properties of the Rank of the Matrix:

• Rank linear algebra refers to finding column rank or row rank collectively known as
the rank of the matrix.
• Zero matrices have no non-zero row. Hence it has an independent row (or column).
So, the rank of the zero matrices is zero.
• When the rank equals the smallest dimension it is called the full rank matrix.

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How to Find the Rank of the Matrix?

Let A = (aij)mxn be a matrix. A positive integer r is said to be the rank of matrix A if

• Matrix A has at least one r-rowed minor which is different from zero
• Every (r + 1) row minor of matrix A is zero.

Let A = (aij)mxn
is a matrix and B is its sub-matrix of order r, then ∣β∣ the determinant is called an r-rowed
minor of A.

Steps to Find the Rank of the Matrix by Minor Method:

(i) If a matrix contains at least one non-zero element, then ρ (A) ≥ 1
(ii) The rank of the identity matrix In is n.
(iii) If the rank of matrix A is r, then there exists at least one minor of order r which does
not vanish. Every minor of matrix A of order (r + 1) and higher-order (if any) vanishes.
(iv) If A is a matrix of m × n, then
ρ(A) ≤ min {m, n}
(v) A square matrix A of order n has to inverse if and only if ρ(A) = n.

Steps to Find the Rank of the Matrix by Normal Form:

The normal form of a matrix is obtained from its original matrix by undergoing transformations on
the rows and columns. The transformations include multiplying a row with a certain integer and
subtracting the values of the row from another row and placing the result in its previous place. Convert
the given matrix into its normal form and find its rank.
EXAMPLE:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Use Normal form to find the rank of matrix A, where A=[𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 ]
𝟒 𝟖 𝟏𝟐

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Therefore the rank of matrix A is 1

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Steps to Find the Rank of the Matrix by Echelon Form:

(i) The first element of every non-zero row should be 1.
(ii) The row in which every element is zero, then that row should be below the non-zero
rows.
(iii) Total number of zeroes in the next non-zero row should be more than the number of
zeroes in the previous non-zero row.
By elementary operations, we can easily bring the given matrix to the echelon form.

Note: The rank of a matrix does not change if we perform the following elementary row
operations are applied to the matrix:

(a) Two rows are interchanged (Ri ↔ Rj)

(b) A row is multiplied by a non-zero constant, (R ↔ kRi) where k ≠ 0
i

(c) A constant multiple of another row is added to a given row (Rᵢ ⟶ Rᵢ + kRⱼ), where i ≠ j.

Solved Problems:
1 2 3
Find the Rank of a Matrix Using the Echelon Form of A=[2 3 4]
3 5 7

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Gauss Elimination Method:

Gauss elimination method, also known as Gaussian elimination method, is an algorithm used to solve
systems of linear equations. It is named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The
method involves a series of elementary row operations performed on an augmented matrix to transform
the system of equations into an equivalent triangular form, making it easier to find the solutions.
A system of linear equations can be represented in matrix form as:
[A | B],
where A is the coefficient matrix, and B is the column matrix containing the constants on the right-hand
side of the equations. The augmented matrix [A | B] is used in the Gauss elimination method.
Here are the steps involved in the Gauss elimination method:
Step 1: Write the augmented matrix for the system of linear equations.
Step 2: Start with the first row and first column (the pivot element). If the pivot element is zero,
interchange the row with another row below it that has a non-zero element in the same column.
Step 3: Use elementary row operations to make all the elements below the pivot in the same column zero.
To achieve this, subtract appropriate multiples of the pivot row from the rows below.
Step 4: Move to the next row and next column and repeat Steps 2 and 3 until you have a triangular matrix
(upper triangular form) with zeros below the main diagonal.
Step 5: Now, use back substitution to find the values of the variables starting from the last equation and
working upwards.
Step 6: The values obtained in Step 5 are the solutions to the system of linear equations.
If during the process, you encounter a row of zeros on the left-hand side with a non-zero entry on the
right-hand side, it indicates that the system is inconsistent, meaning there is no solution. If all the entries

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on the left-hand side become zero, while the right-hand side is also zero, it means the system has
infinitely many solutions.

Gauss elimination method is widely used in numerical linear algebra and is an important tool for
solving systems of linear equations in various scientific and engineering applications. However, it is
worth noting that in practical implementations, one should be aware of issues like numerical stability and
the possibility of division by small numbers, which can affect the accuracy of the solution.
Top of Form

Example:
Solve the equations by Gauss elimination method.

Solution:

Multiplying the second and third equations by 2 and 1 respectively and

subtracting them from first equation we get

Multiplying third equation by –3 and subtracting from second equation we obtain

From the third equation x3 = 1, from the second equations x2 = x3 = 1 and from
the first equation 2x1 = 4- x2 - x3 = 2 or, x1 = 1.
Therefore, the solution is x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1.

2.3. Gauss – Jordan method

This method is used to determine the inverse of a square matrix.
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In this method, the given matrix A is augmented with a unit matrix of same size, i.e.,
if the order of A is n × n then the order of the augmented matrix [A:I] will be n×2n.
The augmented matrix looks like

Then the inverse of A is computed in two stages. In the first stage, A is converted
into an upper triangular form, using only elementary row operations (using Gauss
elimination method). In the second stage, the upper triangular matrix (obtained in first stage)
is reduced to an identity matrix by row operations. All these operations are operated on the
augmented matrix [A:I]. After completion of these stages, the augmented matrix [A:I] is
turned to [I:A-1] i.e., the inverse of A is obtained from the right half of augmented matrix.

At the end of the operations the matrix shown in (1) reduces to the following form:

2 4 5
Example: Find the inverse of the following matrix A=[1 −1 2]
3 4 5
Solution:

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Stage I. (Reduction to upper triangular form):

In the first column 3 is the largest element, thus interchanging first (R1) and third
(R3) rows to bring the pivot element 3 to the a11 position. Then the given matrix becomes

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Stage II. (Make the left half a unit matrix):

The left hand becomes a unit matrix, thus the inverse of the given matrix is

Sample questions:
Choose number of solutions of the system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2, 4𝑥 +
8𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 8

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a. infinitely many solutions b. no solutions

c. a unique solution d. none of these.
221
Determine the rank of the matrix ( ) and it is
663
a. 2 b. 3
c.1 d. none of these.
201
Identify the value of ‘a’ for which rank of the matrix ( 5 𝑎 3 ) is less than 3.
031
3 3
a.4 b. 5
3 d.1
c. 2
If 𝐴 is an orthogonal Matrix then identify the correct option?
a. 𝐴 = 𝐴−1 b. 𝐴 = −𝐴−1
c. 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1 d. 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴−1

Choose the correct option

a) The rank of a matrix is number of b) The rank of a matrix is number of
rows in the matrix columns in the matrix

c) The rank of a matrix is maximum d) The rank of a matrix is maximum

value in the matrix number of linearly independent rows or
columns in the matrix

Identify the correct option

rank of a matrix is always:
a) Greater than or equal to zero b) Greater than or equal to one

c) Greater than or equal to the number d) Greater than or equal to the number
of rows of columns

If a matrix has full rank, it means:

a) The matrix has no elements equal to b) The matrix has a determinant of 1

zero

c) The matrix has all its rows and d) The matrix is square
columns linearly independent

Select which of the following matrices always has a rank of 1

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a) Identity matrix b) Diagonal matrix

c) Zero matrix d) Singular matrix

Select the rank of the zeo matrix

a) 0 b) 1

c) Depends on the size of the matrix d) Cannot be determined

For a square matrix, examine when it is guaranteed to be invertible (non-singular)

a) When its rank is less than the b) When its rank is less than the
number of rows number of columns

c) When its rank is equal to the number d) When its rank is equal to the number
of rows of columns

Choose the correct option

The rank of a matrix cannot exceed:

a) The number of rows b) The number of columns

c) The minimum of the number of d) The maximum of the number of

rows and columns rows and columns

If the rank of a 3x3 matrix is then choose the correct option

a) The matrix is singular b) The matrix is invertible

c) The matrix has a determinant of zero d) The matrix has three linearly
independent rows and columns

Identify when a matrix has a rank 0

a) When it has all elements equal to 1 b) When it is an identity matrix

c) When it has no non-zero elements d) When it has only one row or one
column

Identify if a matrix has a rank equal to its number of rows, then:

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a) The matrix is a square matrix b) The matrix is a row matrix

c) The matrix is a column matrix d) The matrix is non-singular

For two matrices A and B of the same size then choose the correct statement

a) If rank(A) = rank(B), then A = B b) If rank(A) < rank(B), then A = B

c) If rank(A) > rank(B), then A = B d) None of the above

The rank of a matrix can be found by apply

a) Determinant of the matrix b) Trace of the matrix

c) Row-echelon form or reduced row- d) Inverse of the matrix

echelon form

If a 2x3 matrix has a rank of 2 then identify the correct option

a) The matrix is singular b) The matrix has two linearly

independent rows

c) The matrix has two linearly d) The matrix is not valid as it should
independent columns be a square matrix

Choose the maximum possible of a matrix of rank 4 X 5

a) 5 b) 4

c) 9 d) 8

Choose the correct option

If the rank of a matrix is less than the number of rows then the matrix is

a) Non-singular b) Singular

c) Square d) Symmetric

Identify matrices always has a rank of 2

a) A 2x2 matrix with all elements equal b) A 3x3 identity matrix
to 1

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c) A 2x3 matrix with two linearly d) A 3x3 diagonal matrix with all
independent rows diagonal elements non-zero

If the rank of a matrix is equal to the number of columns, then Identify the matrix

a) Non-invertible b) Singular

c) A row matrix d) A column matrix

Choose the correct option

The sum of the ranks of a matrix and its transpose is always:

a) Equal to the number of rows b) Equal to the number of columns

c) Equal to the maximum of the d) Equal to the minimum of the number

number of rows and columns of rows and columns

If the rank of a 3x2 matrix is 2, then Identify the matrix

a) The matrix is singular b) The matrix has two linearly

independent rows

c) The matrix has two linearly d) The matrix is not valid as it should
independent columns be a square matrix

Select the rank of an identity matrix is always:

a) 0 b) 1

c) The order of the matrix d) Undefined

Choose the correct determinant of a 1x1 matrix [a] from following given options

A) a B) 1

C) 0 D) -a

Choose the correct notation of determinant of a matrix A

A) |A| B) det(A)

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C) AT D) tr(A)

Choose the correct option

For a 2x2 matrix A = [[a, b], [c, d]], the determinant is given by:

A) ad - bc B) ab – cd

C) ac - bd D) a + d

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a triangular matrix is equal to:

A) 0 B) 1

C) The product of its diagonal elements D) The sum of its diagonal elements

Choose the correct option

If a matrix A is invertible, its determinant is:

A) 1 B) 0

C) Any real number D) Non-zero

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a matrix and its transpose are:

A) Always equal B) Always different

C) Equal if the matrix is square D) Equal if the matrix is symmetric

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a matrix A is zero if and only if:

A) A is a square matrix B) A is an identity matrix

C) A is singular (non-invertible) D) A is symmetric

Choose the correct option

If two rows of a matrix are interchanged, the determinant:

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A) Remains the same B) Becomes zero

C) Changes sign D) Doubles in value

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a block diagonal matrix is:

A) The sum of determinants of the B) The product of determinants of the

diagonal blocks diagonal blocks

C) Always equal to 1 D) Always equal to 0

Choose the correct option

For a 3x3 matrix A, the expansion of the determinant using the first row is given
by:

A) a(det(B)-det(C)) - b(det(A)-det(C)) B) a(det(B)+det(C)) - b(det(A)+det(C))

+ c(det(A)-det(B)) + c(det(A)+det(B))

C) a(det(B)+det(C)) + D) a(det(B)-det(C)) + b(det(A)-det(C))

b(det(A)+det(C)) + c(det(A)+det(B)) + c(det(A)-det(B))

If a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar k, the determinant of the resulting matrix

is:

A) k|A| B) |A|/k

C) k2|A| D) |A|/k2

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is always:

A) 0 B) 1

C) -1 D) Not defined

Choose the correct option

If two rows of a matrix are proportional, the determinant is:

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A) 0 B) 1

C) -1 D) Not defined

Identify the correct option

The determinant of the transpose of a matrix is equal to:

A) |A| B) -|A|

C) |A|T D) |A|-1

Choose the correct option

If the determinant of a 4x4 matrix A is 0, it implies that:

A) A is singular (non-invertible) B) A is invertible

C) A is an identity matrix D) A is a square matrix

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a product of two matrices A and B is equal to:

A) |A| + |B| B) |A||B|

C) |A| - |B| D) |A|T |B|

Choose the correct option

The determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to:

A) 1 B) The sum of its diagonal elements

C) The product of its diagonal elements D) The difference of its diagonal

elements

3. MARKS QUESTIONS
6 1 3 2
−2 0 1 4
1. Without expansion, illustrate that | | = 0.
3 6 1 2
−4 0 2 8

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2.Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the system – 4x + 2y – 9z = 2, 3x + 4y + z = 5, x – 3y + 2z = 8.

3.Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the system x-y=2, x+4y=5.

4.Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the system x+y+z=0, 2x-y-4z=15, x-2y-z=7.

0 −2 −3
5.Calculate the inverse, if it exists, of the matrix ( 1 3 3 ).
−1 −2 −2
0 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎
6.Without expanding illustrate that |𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑜 𝑐 − 𝑏 | = 0.
𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑐 0
𝑥 2 3
7.If x= - 4 is a root of |1 𝑥 1| = 0, calculate the other roots.
3 2 𝑥
4−𝑥 4+𝑥 4+𝑥
8.If |4 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥| = 0 then calculate values of x.
4+𝑥 4+𝑥 4−𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
9.If a+b+c ≠ 0 and |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = 0 then illustrate that a = b = c.
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
2 𝜆 −3
10.If A= (0 2 5 ), then calculate the value of 𝜆 for which A-1 exists.
1 1 3

5 marks:

1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2
1.Establish that |1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎 | = |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |.
1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 1 𝑐 𝑐2
2
1 𝑎 𝑎
2. Show that |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 | = (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 − 𝑏).
1 𝑐 𝑐2
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T
3. Recall that a square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A = −A. If A is a 5 × 5
skew-symmetric matrix, show that det(A) = 0.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
4. If det[𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 ]=5 , evaluate the determinant of the matrix [6𝑏1 3𝑏2 𝑏33 ].
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

2 −17 11
5. Calculate the inverse of the matrix [−1 11 −7]
0 3 −2
2 3 1
6. Calculate the inverse of the matrix [3 3 1]
2 4 1
1 1 3
7. Calculate the matrix P which transforms the matrix 𝐴 = [1 5 1] to the diagonal form. Hence
3 1 1
find 𝐴4 .

8. Show that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as sum of symmetric and skew
symmetric matrix.

𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 3
9. If | 𝑥 + 1 1 − 2𝑥 𝑥 − 4| = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 be an identity in 𝑥 where
𝑥−2 𝑥+4 3𝑥
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 are constants, then calculate the value of 𝑒.

1 2 3
10. Given 𝐴 = (0 1 2) use elementary row operations on 𝐴 to calculate 𝐴−1
0 0 1

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